608 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO.

3, SEPTEMBER 2009

An Unsymmetrical Two-Phase Induction Motor

Drive With Slip-Frequency Control
Naser M. B. Abdel-Rahim and Adel Shaltout

Abstract—This paper proposes a closed-loop control strategy

to operate an off-the-shelf single-phase induction motor (IM) as a
symmetrical two-phase IM. The proposed control strategy employs
the SFC technique to independently control the stator currents of
both the main and auxiliary windings, and make them follow a pre-
defined sinusoidal waveform. Simulation and experimental results
show that the proposed scheme is successful in operating the con-
ventional single-phase IM as a symmetrical two-phase IM with fast
dynamic and transient responses. In addition, the proposed control
system achieves cost-effectiveness in both initial and running costs.
Index Terms—Electric motor drive, single-phase induction mo-
tor (IM), slip-frequency control (SFC), unsymmetrical two-phase
IM.

I. INTRODUCTION
UMEROUS investigations have been carried out in the Fig. 1. Torque–speed characteristics are improved when the single-phase IM

N literature to combine the merits of the polyphase induc-

tion motors (IMs) (i.e., high performance) with those of the
is operated as an unsymmetrical two-phase motor [8].

single-phase IMs (i.e., widespread use and availability) [1]–[7].

and [4], where the motor torque has been controlled by vary-
These investigations have offered several control strategies and
ing the PDA of the motor terminal voltages. This scheme has
circuit topologies to operate the single-phase IM as a two-phase
suffered from degraded efficiency when the PDA between the
motor. The resulting two-phase IM drive has achieved cost-
terminal voltages is small.
effectiveness in both initial and running costs. Initial costs have
Although the PDA control scheme has been successful in
been reduced by: 1) dispensing the need to manufacture espe-
operating the two-phase motor with a variable frequency, it is
cially designed two-phase symmetrical motors and 2) increas-
complex to implement. Moreover, high-torque pulsations re-
ing the output power of the single-phase motor (see Fig. 1),
sult when the phase angle between the motor terminal voltages
thus allowing the use of a lower frame size to drive the same
is other than 90◦ . Torque pulsations become even more pro-
load. Running costs have been reduced by reducing the motor
nounced when the phase angle is small.
losses and improving its power factor, thus enhancing the motor
Space-vector closed-loop speed control of symmetrical two-
efficiency [8].
phase IMs has been reported in [5]. Though successful in con-
Open-loop speed control of the two-phase IM using two
trolling the speed of the motor, this control scheme has not been
single-phase half-bridge inverters operated in the square-wave
optimal in driving the unsymmetrical two-phase IM since it ne-
mode has been reported in [1] and [2]. With a square-wave volt-
glects the zero-sequence components of the voltages/currents.
age applied at the motor terminals, the motor terminal voltage
Taking the zero-sequence components into account has com-
and hence, line current had high harmonic content. This resulted
plicated the implementation of the digital current controller [5].
in increased torque harmonics as well as reduced motor overall
Rotor-flux-oriented space-vector control of unsymmetrical two-
efficiency. To alleviate such problem, a phase difference angle
phase IMs has been reported in [6] and [7]. Although this scheme
(PDA) control employing the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) se-
produces a high-dynamic-performance drive, yet it is compu-
lective harmonic elimination technique has been reported in [3]
tationally intense. Consequently, it requires high-power micro-
controller or microprocessor for its implementation.
Manuscript received September 6, 2006; revised January 8, 2009. Current In this paper, the slip-frequency control (SFC) technique is
version published August 21, 2009. The work of N. M. B. Abdel-Rahim was
supported by the United Arab Emirates University under Research Grant 04- proposed to independently control the stator currents of both
04-7-11/04. Paper no. TEC-00416-2006. the main and auxiliary windings, and make them follow a pre-
N. M. B. Abdel-Rahim is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, determined sinusoidal wave. By maintaining certain operating
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Cairo, 11240, Benha University, Egypt
(e-mail: nabdelrahim@gmail.com). conditions, the proposed control scheme reduces the inherent
A. Shaltout is with the Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Cairo torque oscillations of the two-phase unsymmetrical IM, thus
University, Giza 12613, Egypt (e-mail: aashaltout@yahoo.com). making it behave like its symmetrical counterpart. Simulation
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. and experimental results show that this control scheme pro-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2026599 vides excellent speed regulation with fast transient and dynamic
0885-8969/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
ABDEL-RAHIM AND SHALTOUT: AN UNSYMMETRICAL TWO-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH SLIP-FREQUENCY CONTROL 609

Fig. 2. Cross section of the unsymmetrical two-phase motor. Fig. 3. Revolving fields in the unsymmetrical two-phase motor.

(1) can be rewritten as

responses. In addition, this control strategy limits the motor   
(N1 I1 + N2 I2 sin γ) cos(ωt + θ)
line current during transient and dynamic stages to a maxi-
1   −N2 I2 cos γ sin(ωt + θ)


mum of twice the full-load current, which reduces the rating F (θ, t) = √   
of the power inverter, and hence, its cost. To the best of the 2  (N1 I1 − N2 I2 sin γ) cos(ωt − θ) 
+
authors’ knowledge, speed control of an unsymmetrical two- +N2 I2 cos γ sin(ωt − θ)
phase IM using the SFC scheme has not been reported in the (3)
literature. where the terms with cos(ωt + θ) and sin(ωt + θ) are the forward
rotating fields and the terms with cos(ωt − θ) and sin(ωt − θ) are
the backward rotating fields, and γ is the phase angle between
II. BALANCED OPERATION OF THE UNBALANCED the current in the main winding and the current in the auxiliary
TWO-PHASE MOTOR winding.
The objective of this paper is to use the SFC scheme to re- In order to produce a circular rotating field in the motor air
alize a high-performance two-phase IM drive, which makes the gap, and hence, eliminate the torque pulsations, the backward
unsymmetrical (unbalanced) two-phase IM behave like its sym- components of the stator MMF should be canceled. This can be
metrical (balanced) counterpart. To meet this objective, certain achieved if the following relationships between the current in
operating conditions have to be satisfied first. the main winding and the current in the auxiliary winding are
Fig. 2 shows a cross section of the two-phase unsymmetrical maintained:
motor (conventional single-phase IM). The stator windings are
I1 N1 = N2 I2 or I2 =a × I1 (4)
unsymmetrical, but they are orthogonal with 90 electrical de-
grees apart. The stator MMF along a position defined by angle and
θ (where θ = 0◦ defines the axis of the main winding) is given
by γ = 90o (5)
N1
a= . (6)
F (θ, t) = F1 (θ, t) + F2 (θ, t) N2
= i1 N1 cos θ + i2 N2 cos(θ + 90o ) (1)
Substituting (4) and (5) in (3) gives
√
where F1 (θ, t) is the MMF produced by the main winding, Ff (θ, t) = 2N1 I1 cos(ωt + θ). (7)
F2 (θ, t) is the MMF produced by the auxiliary winding, i1
and i2 are the currents in the main and auxiliary windings,
Equation (7) shows that the resultant motor MMF contains
respectively, and N1 and N2 are the effective numbers of turns
only the forward revolving component Ff (θ, t).
of the main and auxiliary windings, respectively.
Equation (1) shows that the MMFs produced by the main and
III. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE TWO-PHASE
auxiliary windings have different magnitudes since the stator
UNSYMMETRICAL IM UNDER SYMMETRICAL
windings have different numbers of turns and parameters values.
OPERATING CONDITIONS
These unequal MMFs result in an elliptical MMF in the motor
air gap, and hence, produce inherent torque pulsations. With both the auxiliary and main windings excited, the pul-
For the main and auxiliary currents given by sating field produced by each winding of the unsymmetrical
√ two-phase IM can be resolved into a forward and a backward
i1 = I1 m ax cos(ωt) = 2I1 cos(ωt) and revolving field. Consequently, there are four revolving fields in
√ the air gap of the unsymmetrical two-phase IM, as shown in
i2 = I2 m ax cos(ωt − γ) = 2I2 cos(ωt − γ), (2) Fig. 3.
610 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009

Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the unsymmetrical two-phase IM [9]–[11].

Fig. 4 shows the equivalent circuit of the unsymmetrical two- Referring to Fig. 4 and applying KVL for both the main and
phase IM with both windings excited [9]–[11], where auxiliary windings gives
−−→
Ef 1 induced electromotive force (EMF) in the forward −−→ −−→
V1 = I1 (Z1 + Zf 1 + Zb1 ) + Es1 + Es2 (8)
branch of the main winding by its forward revolving
field; −−→ −−→
−−→ V2 = I2 (Z2 + Zf 2 + Zb2 ) + Es3 + Es4 (9)
Es1 induced EMF in the forward branch of the main
winding by the forward revolving field of the aux- where Z1 is the series impedance of the main winding, which is
iliary winding; given by
−−→
Es2 induced EMF in the backward branch of the main Z1 = r1 + jX1 . (10)
winding by the backward revolving field of the aux-
iliary winding; Z2 is the series impedance of the auxiliary winding, which is
−→ given by
Eb1 induced EMF in the backward branch of the main
winding by its backward revolving field;
−−→ Z2 = r2 + jX2 (11)
Ef 2 induced EMF in the forward branch of the
auxiliary winding by its forward revolving and
field; jXm (rr /s + jXr )
−−→ Zf 1 = 0.5 × (12)
Es3 induced EMF in the forward branch of the auxiliary rr /s + j (Xr + Xm )
winding by the forward revolving field of the main
winding; Zf 1
−→ Zf 2 = (13)
Eb2 induced EMF in the backward branch of the a2
auxiliary winding by its backward revolving jXm (rr /(2 − s) + jXr )
Zb1 = 0.5 × (14)
−−→
field; rr /(2 − s) + j (Xr + Xm )
Es4 induced EMF in the backward branch of the auxil-
Zb1
iary winding by the backward revolving field of the Zb2 = . (15)
main winding. a2
r1 , r2 resistances of the main and auxiliary windings, re- with Zb1 and Zb2 being the equivalent series impedances of
spectively; the backward branches of the main and auxiliary windings,
X1 , X2 leakage reactances of the main and auxiliary wind- respectively.
ings, respectively; Referring to Fig. 4, the following relationships can be written
rr rotor resistance (referred to the main winding); as
Xr rotor leakage reactance (referred to the main −−→ −−→ Zf 1
winding); Es1 = −jaEf 2 = −jaI2 Zf 2 = −jaI2 2 (16)
a
Xm magnetizing reactance; −−→ −→ Zb1
s rotor slip. Es2 = jaEb2 = jaI2 Zb2 = jaI2 2 . (17)
a
ABDEL-RAHIM AND SHALTOUT: AN UNSYMMETRICAL TWO-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH SLIP-FREQUENCY CONTROL 611

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the unsymmetrical two-phase IM when operated

under symmetrical operating conditions.

Hence, (8) can be rewritten as

Zf 1 Zb1
V1 = I1 (Z1 + Zf 1 + Zb1 ) − jaI2 + jaI2 2 . (18) Fig. 6. Relationship between |I1 |, |I2 |, and ω s L for constant value of the
a2 a
motor magnetizing current.
Similarly, (9) can be rewritten as
I1 Zf 1 I1 Zb1
V2 = I2 (Z2 + Zf 2 + Zb2 ) + j −j . (19)
a a
Substituting I2 = jaI1 [which are the symmetrical operating
conditions given by (4) and (5)] in (18) and (19) gives
V1 = I1 (Z1 + 2Zf 1 ) (20)

Zf 1
V2 = I2 (Z2 + 2Zf 2 ) = I2 Z2 + 2 . (21)
a2
Equations (20) and (21) are used to derive a simplified equiva-
lent of the two-phase unsymmetrical motor when operated under
symmetrical operating conditions. This simplified equivalent is
shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 7. Unsymmetrical two-phase motor. (a) Auxiliary and main windings of
the single-phase motor. (b) D–Q transformation of the motor.
IV. CONSTANT AIR-GAP FLUX OPERATION
The essence of the SFC scheme is to maintain the motor With the magnitudes of the motor magnetizing currents kept
air-gap flux at its rated value at various operating conditions. fixed at their rated values for various operating conditions, the
Referring to Fig. 5, the magnetizing current of the main winding motor never enters saturation, and better utilization of the mo-
can be written in terms of ω as tor is ensured. Thus, this control scheme resolves IM into an
rr + jsXr equivalent separately excited dc motor in terms of its speed of
Im 1 = I1 (22) response, and not in terms of decoupling of the flux and torque
rr + js (Xm + Xr )
channels [12].
ωs − ω m ωsL The rated value of the motor magnetizing current of the one-
s= = (23)
ωs ωs phase operation (|Im 1 |f .l. ) is calculated using the motor param-
where eters given in Appendix A to give
ωsL is the rotor slip frequency in radians per second |Im 1 |f .l. = 1.71 A. (25)
ωs is the synchronous frequency in radians per second, and
Im 1 is the magnetizing current of the main winding. Substituting (25) into (24) results in
The magnitude of the current in the main windings |I1 | is 
2 (L + L )2
rr2 + ωsL
obtained by substituting (23) into (22) and rearranging |I1 | = 1.71
m lr
. (26)
 rr2 + ωsL2 L2
lr
2 (L + L )2
rr2 + ωsL m lr
|I1 | = |Im 1 | 2 L2 . (24) Once again, the current in the auxiliary winding is given in
rr2 + ωsL lr terms of the current in the main winding by (4). The relationship
Equation (24) presents the relationship between the rotor slip between the magnitude of the current in the main winding and
frequency ωsL and the magnitude of the magnetizing current of the rotor slip is shown in Fig. 6. The current in the auxiliary
the main winding |I1 |. In order to keep the air-gap flux of the winding is obtained by multiplying (26) by the ratio “a.” Fig. 6
main winding fixed at its rated value for various rotor slips, |Im 1 | is used in the look-up table shown in Fig. 8.
in (24) is kept constant at its full-load magnitude (|Im 1 |f .l. ). A Fig. 6 shows that a limit can be set on the maximum
similar expression can be obtained for the magnetizing current value of the main and auxiliary winding currents by limiting
of the auxiliary winding. the maximum excursion of the rotor slip frequency ωsL to a
612
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the proposed control scheme (P is the number of motor poles).
predetermined value. Limiting the maximum value of both the
main and auxiliary winding currents has the advantage of reduc-
ing the current ratings of the power inverter switching devices,
thus reducing the overall system cost.
In this paper, the maximum value of the currents of the main
and auxiliary windings is set to twice their full-load values.
V. PROPOSED DRIVE SYSTEM OF THE UNSYMMETRICAL
TWO-PHASE IM
Fig. 8 shows the proposed control scheme. The scheme em-
ploys the SFC strategy in order to realize single-phase IM drive
system with high dynamic performance. It consists of an inner
current loop and an outer speed-feedback loop.
The principle of operation of the control scheme is as follows.
First, the actual motor speed ωm is compared with its reference
signal ωref to produce the slip frequency ωerr . The slip fre-
quency ωerr is conditioned by the proportional–integral (PI)
regulator and then passed through a limiter, which limits the ex-
cursion of the slip frequency to a maximum predetermined value
(35 rad/s, as indicated in Fig. 6) to produce ωsL . The value of
ωsL is used along with the look-up table shown in Fig. 6 to
obtain the magnitude of the commanding signal of the current
in the main winding (|I1 |). The magnitude of the commanding
signal of the current in the auxiliary winding (|I2 |) is obtained
by multiplying |I1 | by the ratio “a.”
Second, ωsL is added to the motor actual speed ωm to pro-
duce ω. The variable ω is then multiplied by the number of
motor pole pairs to produce the inverter output frequency ωs .
The values of ωs along with |I1 | and |I2 |are used to determine
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
the reference waveforms of the current in the main (i1,ref ) and
auxiliary windings (i2,ref ), respectively.
Finally, the actual stator currents are compared with their re-
spective reference waveforms, i1,ref and i2,ref , in a hysteresis
current comparator. The output of the hysteresis comparator of
the auxiliary winding is used to control the inverter switching
devices S1 and S2 . Likewise, the output of the hysteresis cur-
rent controller of the main winding is used to control the inverter
switches S3 and S4 . Hence, the duration of the turn-ON/OFF inter-
val of each of the four devices is modulated such that the error be-
tween the actual motor speed and the reference speed is reduced.
VI. COMPUTER SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The stator windings (main and auxiliary) of the unsymmetri-
cal two-phase motor are orthogonal with a 90-electrical-degree
phase-shift. Hence, they readily lend themselves to the D–Q
axis representation in the stationary frame of reference.
The rotor is a squirrel cage and represented by equivalent
two coils transformed to the stationary D–Q axis, as shown in
Fig. 7(b). Since the two stator windings have different numbers
of turns, they will yield different mutual reactances. Therefore,
a transformation is made to refer the auxiliary winding to an
equivalent winding with the same number of turns as that of the
main coil. The voltage equations (in per unit) in the stationary
D–Q axis are given by (27)–(30) [13]:
1 •
v2 = r2 i2 +ψ (27)
ωs 2
1 •
v1 = r1 i1 + ψ (28)
ωs 1
ABDEL-RAHIM AND SHALTOUT: AN UNSYMMETRICAL TWO-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH SLIP-FREQUENCY CONTROL 613

1 • ωm
0 = rr ir d + ψ + ψr q (29)
ωs r d ωs
1 • ωm
0 = rr ir q + ψ − ψr d . (30)
ωs r q ωs
The equations of motion are given by
P
Te = (ψ  i1 − ψ1 i2 ) (31)
2ωs 2
• P
ωm = (Te − TL − Tdam p ). (32)
2J
The stator and rotor currents are given by
     
ψ2 X2 + Xm 0 Xm 0
 ψ  0 X1 + Xm 0 Xm 
 1   
 =  Fig. 9. (a) and (b) Time and frequency response of the electric torque of the
 ψr d   Xm 0 Xr + Xm 0  one-phase IM. (c) and (d) Time and frequency response of the electric torque of
the same IM when operated as a symmetrical two-phase IM. (a) One-phase IM
ψr q 0 Xm 0 Xm + Xr time response. (b) One-phase IM frequency response. (c) Two-phase IM time
 
i2 response. (d) Two-phase IM frequency response.
 i1 
 
×  (33)
 ir d 
ir q
where prime superscript denotes quantities referred to the main
(Q-winding) winding, ψ2 and ψ1 are the flux linkages of the
auxiliary (D) and main (Q) windings, respectively, ψr d and ψr q
are the D and Q rotor flux linkages, respectively, i2 and i1 are
the instantaneous currents in the main and auxiliary windings,
respectively, ir d and ir q are the D and Q rotor currents, respec-
tively, Te , TL , and Tdam p are the developed, load, and damping
torques, respectively, P is the number of poles, and
r2 = a2 × r2 X2 = a2 × X2
1
v2 = a × v2 i2 = i2 × . (34) Fig. 10. (a) Torque–slip characteristics. (b) Output power versus slip.
a
(c) Efficiency versus power.
Equations (30)–(34) are used to study the performance of the
proposed drive system and obtain the simulation results using
MATLAB/Simulink [14]. PI regulator of the outer feedback-loop speed are as follows:
The steady-state torques and the respective frequency spec- Kp = 1 and Ki = 0.250 (Appendix C). The hysteresis windows
trum of both modes of operation, namely, the one-phase and of the hysteresis current controllers of the currents in the main
two-phase symmetrical operation modes, are calculated using and auxiliary windings are chosen to be 10% of the maximum
(27)–(33), and depicted in Fig. 9. It is evident from the figure value of its respective full-load value. Simulation results show
that the proposed two-phase symmetrical operation scheme sup- that the scheme has been successful in driving the motor from
presses the double-frequency oscillations in the torque, which is standstill to full load in 0.4 s and its steady-state speed error is
a large component in the one-phase motor. The high-frequency 1.7%. Fig. 12 shows that the scheme is successful in limiting
components of the torque (evident from the time response) the starting current of the motor windings to approximately a
are due to the power inverter switching action. These high- maximum of 2 per unit (p.u.) of the full-load value of each
frequency components have little impact on the motor behavior winding.
since they will be filtered out by the combined inertia of the load
and the motor. It is also evident from the figure that the two-
phase mode of operation has higher average developed torque. VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The electric torque, output and input powers, and efficiency Experimental verification of the proposed scheme was carried
are calculated as reported in Appendix B and depicted in Fig. 10. out by constructing an experimental setup in the laboratory. The
It is evident from this figure that the proposed scheme provides experimental setup was built using a rapid control prototyping
considerable improvement in the motor performance. development system, which employs DS1104 by dSPACE [15].
Fig. 11 shows the simulation results of the speed response Figs. 13 and 14 show photographs of the experimental setup
of the two-phase unsymmetrical motor. The parameters of the that comprise the following.
614
Fig. 11. Simulation results of the motor speed.
Fig. 12. Simulation results of the current in the main and auxiliary windings.
Fig. 13. Photograph of the experimental setup (front view). (1): computer
monitor with Simulink program; (2): connector panel by dSPACE; (3): gate
drive circuit by SEMIKON; (4): power inverters; and (5): host computer with
DS 1104 board inside.
1) A dSPACE DSP board DS 1104 plugged into the moth-
erboard of a host computer: The DS 1104 performs all
real-time control functions, while the processor of the host
computer performs downloading of the control program,
data logging, and data communications. It is worth men-
tioning that all experimental results recorded in this paper
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
Fig. 14. Photograph of the experimental setup (backside view). (6): DC capac-
itors; (7): single-phase IM operated as a two-phase motor; (8): DC dynamometer;
(9): torque meter; and (10): load.
Fig. 15. Experimental results of the motor transient response at full load.
have been collected using the built-in data-acquisition ca-
pabilities of the DS 1104. These data were later plotted
using MATLAB package [14].
2) Two single-phase half-bridge inverters: The bridge invert-
ers are realized using SEMIKRON giant transistor mod-
ules [16]. The power transistor module employed contains
four insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), each of
which can handle 40 A (rms) at 1200 V.
3) Two current sensors employing printed circuit board
(PCB) mount Liaisons Electroniques-Mécaniques
(LEM’s) Hall effect transducers: These current trans-
ducers were used to sense the currents in the main and
auxiliary windings.
4) A single-phase motor with quadrature encoder (with 1024
pulses per revolution) fitted on the motor shaft to sense the
motor speed for feedback: The motor parameters are given
in Appendix A.
5) The load realized by mechanically coupling a dynamome-
ter to the shaft of the two-phase IM: The output of the dc
generator was connected to a resistive load.
Fig. 15 shows the transient speed response with the motor
fully loaded. The figure also shows that the control scheme is
ABDEL-RAHIM AND SHALTOUT: AN UNSYMMETRICAL TWO-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH SLIP-FREQUENCY CONTROL
Fig. 16. Motor steady-state speed and slip.
Fig. 17. Motor response to 100% step in the speed command.
Fig. 18. Motor response to triangular speed command.
capable of bringing the motor from standstill to full load in
approximately 0.4 s with steady-state speed error of 1.3% (see
Fig. 16). It can be seen that both the simulation results (shown
in Fig. 11) and the experimental results are in good agreement.
The motor efficiency was measured to be 84%. This amounts
to an efficiency gain of 8% compared to that when the motor is
operated as a single-phase motor with the same full-load value.
615
Fig. 17 shows the motor response to ±100% step in the speed
command. The figure shows that the proposed scheme is capable
of driving the motor in both clockwise and counterclockwise
directions with fast response. The figure also shows that the
scheme is successful in limiting the starting current of the motor
windings to approximately a maximum of 2 p.u. of the full-load
value of each winding.
Fig. 18 shows the motor response to triangular speed com-
mand. The figure shows that the motor speed can track its refer-
ence signal with very fast response and small steady-state error.
Figs. 15–18 show that the proposed control scheme results in a
high-dynamic-performance drive.
VIII. CONCLUSION
A high-dynamic-performance symmetrical two-phase IM
drive system has been realized using an off-the-shelf single-
phase IM. The proposed drive system employs the slip-
frequency scheme to independently control the currents in the
two stator windings of the single-phase IM. In addition to con-
tinuous speed control and an efficiency gain of 8%, the proposed
scheme provides the following cost-effective advantages.
1) The rating and, consequently, the cost of the inverter are re-
duced. The control scheme independently limits the start-
ing currents in both windings to predetermined values.
2) Notably, the proposed scheme achieves reduction of in-
herent torque pulsations in the unsymmetrical two-phase
IM, and hence, endows the unsymmetrical motor with a
desirable natural feature of its symmetrical counterpart.
3) The scheme does not require a powerful microcon-
troller/microprocessor for its implementation.
The proposed control strategy can be potentially extended to
three-phase motor drives when the three-phase IM loses one of
its windings.
APPENDIX A
Single-Phase IM Parameters
Output power = 1/3 hp, four poles, N1 /N2 = a = 1.10, and
η = 76%.
Rated voltage = 115.00 V (rms) and supply frequency =
50.00 Hz.
X1 = 2.22 Ω, r1 = 1.80 Ω, X2 = 2.80 Ω, and r2 = 4.10 Ω.
Xr = 2.22 Ω, rr = 2.01 Ω, and Xm = 40.22 Ω.
Rotational losses =√56 W and full-load slip = 5.0%.
Vdc = 170 V (115 2).
APPENDIX B
Calculation of Steady-State Quantities of the Two-Phase Mode
of Operation
For a certain slip “s,” the main and auxiliary currents are
obtained according to (20) and (21). The rotor copper losses
are calculated using the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 5 as
follows:
Pcur = Ir21 Rr + Ir22 Rr . (35)
616 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009

The motor air-gap power is given by [5] M. Corrêa, C. Jacobina, A. Lima, and E. Silva, “Induction motor drive
system for low-power application,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 1,
Rr Rr pp. 52–60, Jan./Feb. 1999.
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[15] (2004). [Online]. Available: www.dspace.de
[16] (2004). [Online]. Available: www.semikorn.com

TABLE II Naser M. B. Abdel-Rahim received the M.Eng. and

EFFECT OF K i WITH k p = 1 Ph.D. degrees from Memorial University of New-
foundland, St. John’s, NF, Canada, in 1989 and 1995,
respectively.
From 2000 to 2005, he was an Assistant Profes-
sor in the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU),
where he received several research projects funding
from the UAEU as well as from ABB. He is currently
an Associate Professor in the Department of Elec-
trical Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
He is the author or coauthor of numerous publica-
tions in international journals and refereed conferences, where he also served as
reviewer.

REFERENCES
[1] L. Mhango and G. Creighton, “Novel two-phase inverter-fed induction
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Adel Shaltout received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. de-
1984.
grees from Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, the M.Sc.
[2] E. R. Collins, Jr., H. B. Puttgen, and W. E. Sayle, II, “Single-phase in-
degree from McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
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Canada, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of
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1988, pp. 246–252.
He was a Visiting Professor at several universities.
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He is currently a Professor of electrical machines at
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Cairo University. His current research interests in-
Conf., Jun. 26–29, 1989, vol. 2, pp. 571–578.
clude electric machines, power systems, and renew-
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able power energy.
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