NAME: TUSHAR KAUSHIK

ENROLL: 510418033
SUBJECT: Environmental Engineering Laboratory
TOPIC: Collection method of wastewater samples
Preservation methods and Drinking water standards
permitted and desired and General waste water
standards
DATE: 23/02/2021
WATER QUALITY STANDRADS (Indian Standard
Drinking Water IS 10500:2012)

1.Colour, Hazen Units

IS 10500
Desirable : 5 Hz. , Permissible : 25 Hz
Risks or effects Visible tint, acceptance decreases
2. Odour
IS 10500 Unobjectionable
Risks or effects Rotten egg, Musty, Chemical
3. Ph
IS 10500 Desirable :6.5 – 8.5, Permissible :No relaxation
Risks or effects Low pH - corrosion, metallic taste High pH – bitter/soda taste,
deposits
4.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
IS 10500 Desirable : 500 mg/l , Permissible : 2000 mg/l
Risks or effects Hardness, scaly deposits, sediment, cloudy colored water,
staining, salty or bitter taste, corrosion of pipes and fittings
5.Hardness
IS 10500 Desirable :300 mg/l , Permissible : 600 mg/l
Risks or effects Scale in utensils and hot water system, soap scums
6. Alkalinity
IS 10500 Desirable : 200 mg/l , Permissible : 600 mg/lit
Risks or effects Low Alkalinity (i.e. high acidity) causes deterioration of
plumbing and increases the chance for many heavy metals in water are
present in pipes, solder or plumbing fixtures.
7. Iron
IS 10500 Desirable : 0.3 mg/l , Permissible : 1.0 mg/l
Risks or effects Brackish color, rusty sediment, bitter or metallic taste, brown-
green stains, iron bacteria, discolored beverages
8. Manganese
IS 10500 Desirable : 0.1 mg/l , Permissible : 0.3 mg/l
Risks or effects Brownish color, black stains on laundry and fixtures at .2 mg/l,
bitter taste, altered taste of water-mixed beverages
9. SO4 Sulphate
IS 10500 Desirable : 200 mg/l, Permissible : 400 mg/l
Risks or effects Bitter, medicinal taste, scaly deposits, corrosion, laxative
effects, "rotten-egg" odour from hydrogen sulphide gas formation
10. NO 3- Nitrate
IS 10500 Desirable : 45 mg/l, Permissible : 100 mg/lit
Risks or effects Methemoglobinemia or blue baby disease in infants
11. Cl Chloride
IS 10500 Desirable : 250 mg/l , Permissible : 1000 mg/l
Risks or effects High blood pressure, salty taste, corroded pipes, fixtures and
appliances, blackening and pitting of stainless steel
12. Fluoride
IS 10500 Desirable : 1.0 mg/l, Permissible : 1.5 mg/l
Risks or effects Brownish discoloration of teeth, bone damage.

13. Arsenic
IS:10500 Desirable: 0.05 mg/l Permissible: No relaxation
Risks or effects Weight loss; Depression; Lack of energy; Skin and nervous
system toxicity
 General waste water standards

Environment (Protection) Act- 1986

• The general standard of discharge of environmental pollutant are given
under the Schedule VI of Environmental (Protection) Rules 1986.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

• It was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974  It Co-ordinates the activities of the State Pollution
Control Boards by providing technical assistance and guidance and also
resolves disputes among them.
 Sampling of Waste Water:

A source from which a sample is to be collected may not be a

homogeneous one and its quality may not be time invariant. If a
source is a flowing stream and its flow rate is time dependent, then
the quality of the sample collected from such a source would be time
dependent. While collecting a sample from a source one should bear
in mind the above mentioned factors and employ a proper sampling
technique in order to obtain a representative sample from the
source.

Two basic sampling techniques normally used are:

(a) Grab Sampling:
(b) Composite Sampling:
1.GRAB SAMPLING
• Grab sample consists of either a single discrete sample or
individual sample collected over a period of time not to exceed
15minute.
• The grab sample should be representative of the wastewater
conditions at the time of sample collections.
• The sample volume depends on the type on the type and
number of analyses to be performed.
• No special equipment is needed. Usually, a sampling container
is used to take the sample.
• The container can be dipped directly into the water or a
sampling rod can be used to collect the water and fill the
container
• Samples are then packed in a cooler box with ice and taken for
testing.

2.Composite Sampling
• Composite sample are collected over time, either by
continuous sampling or by mixing discrete samples.
• A composite sample represents the average wastewater
characterstics during the compositing period.
• Various methods for compositing are available and are based
on either time or flow proportioning.
• The choice of a flow proportion or time composite sampling
• These are then combined to reflect the overall condition of a
water body, like a lake.
• These sub-samples are often referred to as aliquots. In the
field, aliquots of 200 ml are used to make up an overall sample
of 1 000 ml.
 PRESERVATIVES

• Various methods of preservation and their application to waste

samples are explained in Table 1. The most practical and reliable
method of preservation in the field is refrigeration. Equipment is
usually available and it doesn't interfere with analysis. Putting
samples in ice and keeping them there until they are submitted to the
laboratory will preserve them well enough for most tests.
• Table 1
Preservatives used to reduce changes in the sample1

Preservative Action Applicable to

Mercuric Bacterial inhibitor Nitrogen forms, phosphorus forms

chloride (HgCl2)

Nitric acid Metals solvents, All metals

(HNO3) prevents
precipitation

Sulfuric acid Bacterial inhibitor Organic samples (COD, organic carbon, nitrogen, etc.)
(H2SO4)
Salt formation with Ammonia, amines
organic bases

Alkali (NaOH) Salt formation with Cyanides, organic acids

volatile compounds

Refrigeration or Bacterial inhibitor Acid — alkalinity, organic materials, BOD, color, odor,
freezing organic orthophosphate, organic nitrogen, carbon,
etc., biological organisms (coliforms, etc.)
• Proper preservation can only retard the chemical and biological
changes in the sample. Complete preservation is impossible in most
cases. Changes occur rapidly once the waste has been collected.

• Biological action involving nitrogen and phosphorus cycles are the

most notable changes in waste samples.

• Organic nitrogen is released as ammonia nitrogen when bacteria

decompose organic matter. Ammonia is lost as a gas or converted to
nitrites, which are rapidly oxidized to nitrates by bacteria. Nitrates can
be reduced back to ammonia by bacterial reduction. This cycle
continues unless retarded by a bacterial inhibitor.

• The nitrogen balance can be held in check for a maximum of seven

days by adding sulfuric acid and refrigerating the sample.

• In determining phosphorus content, preservation is not necessary if

total phosphorus is to be determined. However, if orthophosphate
(PO4) is to be determined, the sample should be preserved by adding
40 milligrams of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) per liter (about 1.05
quarts). Organic phosphorus is converted to orthophosphate by
bacterial decomposition.

• The waste sample should be immediately cooled to 40 degrees

Fahrenheit (about 4 degrees Celsius). This refrigeration will maintain
biochemical oxygen demand.

• Certain ions may change chemically in a waste sample. Metal ions

may be precipitated as insoluble salts or absorbed onto the wall of
the collection bottle, while other ions may change form. Preservation
is accomplished by refrigerating or by adding nitric acid.

• Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide), pH, and

temperature can change within minutes after collection. There are no
practical methods of preserving these. Analyses for them should be
performed at the collection site.

• Recommended preservatives and maximum holding periods for most

determinations made on wastes and waste waters are summarized in
Table 2.
 • Table 2
Sample preservation

Analyses Preservative Maximum holding

period

Total carbon 4 degrees Celsius 7 days

Organic carbon 2 milliliters sulfuric acid per liter 7 days

Total phosphorus 2 milliliters sulfuric acid per liter 7 days

Ortho phosphate 40 milligrams mercuric chloride per liter or 2 7 days

milliliters sulfuric acid per liter

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen 4 degrees Celsius and 0.8 milliliter sulfuric acid unstable
per liter

Nitrate (NO3-) 0.8 milliliter sulfuric acid per liter 7 days

Nitrate (NO2-) 0.8 milliliter sulfuric acid per liter 7 days

Ammonia-N 0.8 milliliter sulfuric acid per liter 7 days

Fecal coliform 4 degrees Celsius 6 hours

Total coliform 4 degrees Celsius 6 hours

Fecal streptococci 4 degrees Celsius 6 hours

Biochemical oxygen 4 degrees Celsius 6 hours

demand

Chemical oxygen 2 milliliters sulfuric acid per liter 7 days

demand

Dissolved oxygen, Must be determined immediately at collection site

temperature, pH

Total solids 4 degrees Celsius 7 days

Analyses Preservative Maximum holding
period

Volatile solids 4 degrees Celsius 7 days

Specific conductance 4 degrees Celsius 7 days

Alkalinity 4 degrees Celsius 24 hours

Acidity 4 degrees Celsius 24 hours

Heavy metals1 5 milliliters nitric acid per liter 6 months

Group I-II metals2 5 milliliters nitric acid per liter 6 months

Trace elements3 5 milliliters nitric acid per liter 6 months

Sulfate 4 degrees Celsius 7 days

Chloride none

THANK YOU