TITLE: Plan &Design

HYPOTHESIS: 3 different brands of black permanent markers consist of the same components.

AIM: To determine the components of 3 different brands of permanent .

APPARATUS/ MATERIALS:
Paper Mate Black Permanent Marker
Sharpie Black Permanent Marker
Faber Castell Black Permanent Marker
Ethyl alcohol(ethanol)
3 strips of Filter paper (7.5cm x 2.5 cm)
Ruler
3 250 cm3 beakers
Paper
Pencil

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw a horizontal line from the bottom edge of the paper and place a dot at the centre.
2. Add 10 ml ethanol in a beaker.
3. Place the it in the , ensuring that the spot is above the liquid Level.
4. After the alcohol travelled up the chromatogram remove it from the alcohol.
5. Mark with a pencil the position of each component separated.
6. Repeat for the other two.
7. Label where each component was most concentrated.
8.The retention factor (Rf) of each component was calculated using the formula:
Rf =Distance travelled by component÷Distance travelled by solvent (solvent front)

Diagram:
VARIABLES:
Controlled:
alcohol, size of filter paper ,ink dots.
Manipulated: Markers
Responding: Components

Data to be Collected:
Sharpie
Number of Components Retention Factor of Colour of Components
Components

Paper Mate
Number of Components Retention Factor of Colour of Components
Components

Faber-Castell
Number of Components Retention Factor of Colour of Components
Components

TREATMENT OF RESULTS:
Calculate the retention factor of each component.

EXPECTED RESULTS:
Table showing whether or not components are present in the 3 markers.
Component Sharpie Paper Mate Faber-Castell
TREATMENT OF RESULTS:
If the chromatograms present different components of varying Retention factors, colours and
amount of components, the hypothesis is rejected.
If the chromatograms present the same components of the same Retention factors, colours and
amount of components, the hypothesis is supported.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keeping the base line above the water.
2. Keeping the marker spot a reasonable size ,not to small to make them difficult to see and not
too large to cause spots to streak.

Assumptions:
1.The ink spot used is the most effective size.
2.The ink spots are uniform size.

Sources of error:
1.Human error when determining concentrated area with the naked eye
2.Parallax when taking measurements on the filter paper

Limitations:
1.Keeping the base line above alcohol level
2.Keeping chromatogram straight