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Atoms & Molecules
 MATTER
• Matter is made of tiny particles. These particles are too small
to be seen – even with a microscope!

• These particles are called atoms.

• Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.

Matter 4 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 STATES OF MATTER
• Matter is found in three different forms on Earth. We call
these forms the states of matter.
• Each state of matter is made of particles that are packed
together tightly, loosely or very loosely.
• There three major states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

Matter 5 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 SOLID
• Matter that is composed of atoms
tightly packed together is called solid.
• The atoms are packed so tightly that
they cannot move around. However,
the atoms are able to vibrate.
• A solid has a definite shape and
volume. In other words, a solid holds
its shape and volume on its own.
• Examples:
– Ice
– Pencil

Matter 6 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 States of Matter
SOLIDS
A SOLID is matter that has a defined shape and will not lose its shape.

FIXED VOLUME AND FIXED SHAPE

Molecules in a solid are tightly
Examples of solids:
1.Chair
packed and vibrate slightly, but
2.Table do not move around each other.
3.Golf Ball
4.Hockey Puck
5.Glass Jar
 LIQUID
• Matter that is composed of atoms
loosely packed together is called
liquid.
• There is some space between the
atoms so the atoms can slightly move
around.
• Liquids have definite volume but do
not have a definite shape. Liquids take
the shape of their container.
• Examples:
– Water
– Alcohol
Matter 8 © Stephanie Elkowitz
 States of Matter
LIQUIDS
A LIQUID is matter that will take the shape of any container it is placed in
put has a fixed volume.
Molecules in a liquid are loosely
Examples of LIQUIDS:
1.Water packed and can slide past each
2.Soda other.
3.Milk
4.Juice
5.Tomato Sauce
 GAS
• Matter that is composed of atoms
very loosely packed together is called
gas.
• There is a lot of space between the
atoms and they are constantly moving
around.
• Gases do NOT have a definite volume
or shape. Gases take the shape and
volume of their container.
• Examples:
– Water Vapor
– Oxygen
Matter 10 © Stephanie Elkowitz
 States of Matter
GASES
A GAS is matter that does NOT have a fixed shape or volume, but will
completely take up all the space in a container.

MOST GASES ARE INVISIBLE!!!!

Molecules in a gas are spread
Examples of GASSES: out and move freely.
1.Oxygen
2.Helium
3.Carbon Dioxide
4.Nitrogen
5.Carbon Monoxide
 PLASMA
• Plasma is a 4th state of matter.
• It is the most common state of
matter in the Universe, but it is
not commonly found on Earth.
• Plasma is most like a gas.
• When a gas is heated to a very
high temperature, electrons are
“torn off” the atoms. This results
in a mass of positively charged
atoms and negatively charged
electrons – a plasma.

Matter 12 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 PLASMA

• Plasma is found in the space between planets, solar systems

and galaxies.
• Stars, including our sun, are actually spheres of plasma.
Matter 13 © Stephanie Elkowitz
 PLASMA
• Plasma is not common on Earth but can be
found both naturally and manmade.
• Lightning forms plasma momentarily.
Lightning is very hot and heats air around it.
The heat from lightning causes the gas
around it to change into plasma. When you
observe the “bright light” of lightning, you
are actually observing plasma.
• Plasma can be man-made using electricity.
With fluorescent lights, electricity is passed
through a tube of neon gas. The electricity
transforms the neon gas into plasma. The
“glowing light” is plasma.
Matter 14 © Stephanie Elkowitz
Video: Fuse School
 HEATING & COOLING
• A phase change takes place because thermal energy is
transferred to or from a substance. The transfer of thermal
energy is called heat.

• Adding thermal energy to a substance is called heating.

• Removing thermal energy from a substance is called cooling.

Matter 18 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 HEATING & COOLING
• When a substance is heated, it melts or evaporates.
– When heat is added to a solid, it melts to a liquid.
– When heat is added to a liquid, it evaporates to a gas.

Solid Liquid Gas

Matter 19 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 HEATING & COOLING
• When a substance is cooled, it freezes or condenses.
– When a gas is cooled, it condenses to a liquid.
– When a liquid is cooled, it freezes to a solid.

Solid Liquid Gas

Matter 20 © Stephanie Elkowitz

 PHASE CHANGE
• A substance will change phases at a
specific temperature.
– Freezing Point: The temperature at
which a liquid freezes
– Melting Point: The temperature at
which a solid melts
The melting point of water is 0°C
– Boiling Point: the temperature at
which a liquid evaporates
– Condensation Point: the
temperature at which a gas
condenses

Matter 21 © Stephanie Elkowitz

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