Fermentation = anaerobic respiration

- Incomplete breaks down of glucose with very little or O2 happen in

cytoplasm
- 2 types of fermentation
    1.) Lactic acid fermentation
    2.) Alcohol fermentation

Fermentation in human muscles

- A process in which the muscle cells continue to generate energy
ATP in the absence of oxygen.
- During vigorous exercise, muscles forced to do work without
enough 02 supply.
- The muscles are in O2 deficiency, O2 debt incurred.
- Glucose break down partially into lactic acid, less energy is
released
- Much of the energy is still trapped within the lactic acid.
C6H1206 -> 2C3H6O3 +150 kJ
(Glucose)              (Lactic acid) (energy)
- Accumulation of lactic acid to a high level will cause muscle
cramps & fatigue.
- The person needs to breathe in deeply & rapidly to inhale more O2
- The excess O2 is used to oxidize lactic acid to CO2 & water.
- Lactic acid + O2 -> CO2 + water +E
- Remaining lactic acid converted into glycogen & stored in muscle
cells.
- The O2 debt is paid off when all the lactic acid is removed.
What cause muscle cramp ?
-There have oxygen defiency in the muscle.
-Muscle cell will carry out lactic acid fermentation.
-Oxygen debt occurs
-Glucose does not break down completely(break down partially into
lactic acid and energy)
-Accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue.
-

How to recover from muscle cramp(pay back oxygen debt)?

- Increase the breathing rate/Breathe rapidly to inhale more O2
-Oxygen will oxidize lactic acid into carbon dioxide, water and
energy
- By removing all the lactic acid, manage to pay back the oxygen
debt.

Fermentation in bacteria
- Dairy products can be made by the fermentation of milk.
- Lactobacillus bacteria are used in the lactic acid fermentation to
produce yoghurt and cheese.
- The mixture is incubated for several hours
- These bacteria grow and reproduce rapidly.
- The ferment the milk sugar lactose to lactic acid.
- The presence of lactic acid lowers the pH in milk, coagulate casein
produce yogurt and give sour taste.

Fermentation in yeast
- Yeast carry out both aerobic &anaerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration/ fermentation in yeast produces ethanol, CO2 &
energy
- Enzyme involve : zymase.
- C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + CO2 + 210kJ (Glucose)                  (Ethanol)
(carbon dioxide) (energy)

Anaerobic respiration in plant

- Most of rice in south-east Asia are grown submerged in water in paddy
fields.
- There is little or no oxygen present in waterlogged soil.
- In these conditions, paddy plant can carry on respiring without oxygen.
- This is called anaerobic respiration and results in ethanol being formed
as a waste product.
- Cells in the roots of paddy plants has higher tolerant of ethanol , they
can therefore respirate anaerobically for longer periods.
- C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + CO2 + 210kJ (Glucose)                  (Ethanol)
(carbon dioxide) (energy)

Comparison between aerobic respiration and fermentation

Similarities:
a) Cellular respiration
b) Involve the breakdown of glucose
c) Release energy that is stored in the ATP molecules
d) Are catalyzed by enzymes
e) Both occur in animal and plant cells
f) Glucose is the main substance.

Differences:
Required Oxygen requirement Not required

Carbon dioxide, Products Ethanol,CO2, E(yeast)

water, E
Lactic acid, E (muscle)

38 molecules of Number of ATP 2 molecules of ATP

ATP molecules produced

2898 kJ Energy produced per 210 kJ (fermentation)

molecule of glucose
 150 kJ (muscle cells)

Cytoplasm and Locations Cytoplasm

mitochondria

Formative Practice 7.2(pg. 117)

1. State the meaning of aerobic respiration
    - Complete breakdown of glucose in presence of glucose in presence
of O2 to produce CO2, H2O and E

2. Fructose and galactose.

3. Glucose +oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water +energy
Formative Practice 7.3 (pg.121)
1. Bacteria, yeast and plant cells
4.Aerobic :
- complete breakdown of glucose
-need O2
- happen in mitochondria and cytoplasm

Fermentation:
-Incomplete breakdown of glucose
-Without O2
- Happen in cytoplasm.
Summative Practice 7
2. To produce energy
3. - Involve incomplete breakdown of glucose
    - Most of the energy are stilled trapped in the lactic acid.   
4. a) i) P- aerobic
                      Q- Lactic acid fermentation
                ii)P- CO2,H2O, E
                      Q- Lactic acid, E
b) – Muscle cell having oxygen defiency
        -Undergo lactic acid fermentation
        - Involve incomplete breakdown of glucose into lactic acid and E.
        - Lactic acid will accumulate and cause muscle cramp.
c) i) Alcohol fermentation
      ii) Glucose -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide + E
iii) Yeast