CHAPTER 7:

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
7.1 Production of energy through cellular
respiration
Cellular
respiration
Is a complex series of enzyme-
controlled biochemical reactions
which produces energy in the form
of ATP from the food we consume
 Types of cellular
respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
Fermentation
respiration respiration

Incomplete breakdown of
Occurs in the presence of Occurs in the absence of glucose in conditions of
oxygen oxygen limited oxygen or without
oxygen
7.2 Aerobic Respiration
• is the breakdown of glucose involving oxygen to produce chemical
energy.
• Oxygen is used to oxidise glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water
and energy.
• The aerobic respiration process
begins with the glycolysis
process.
• Glycolysis :
• the breakdown of glucose by
enzymes
• occurs in the cytoplasm.
• One glucose molecule is broken
down into two pyruvate
molecules.
• The following process occurs in
the mitochondrion.
• Pyruvate produced from
glycolysis is then oxidised
through a series of reactions to
produce carbon dioxide, water
and energy.
• A large amount of this energy is
used to produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) molecules.
ATP – ADP Cycle
• ATP molecules are produced when a
group of non-organic phosphate is added
to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

• ATP molecules have weak phosphate

links.
• When the phosphate links on ATP
molecules are broken, the energy
released is supplied to cells to help us
carry out our daily activities.
• The complete process of glucose oxidation is simplified as follows:

38 ATP
7.3 Fermentation
Fermentation
• is the incomplete breakdown of
glucose in conditions of limited
oxygen or without oxygen.
• is different from aerobic
respiration in its metabolic
Fermentation
pathway after the glycolysis stage.
• After glycolysis, the pyruvate Lactic acid
Alcohol
produced will undergo either fermentation

alcohol fermentation or lactic acid

Yeast Lactobacillus
fermentation.
Human
Plant
Muscle Cells
 Alcohol Fermentation
The incomplete breakdown of glucose to ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy.
Alcohol
Fermentation in
Yeast
• Yeast is an example of organism that can
undergo anaerobic respiration in the zymase
Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + Energy (210 Kj)
absence of oxygen
• Yeast carry zymase, an enzyme which
converts glucose to alcohol and carbon
dioxide.
• This process is known as alcoholic
fermentation
Alcohol
Fermentation in
Yeast
• In this process, the amount of energy
produced is small because some of the energy
is still trapped in the ethanol molecule
• Ethanol produced in the fermentation process
is used to make wine and beer
• Yeast is also used in bread making because the
carbon dioxide released during fermentation
helps raise the bread dough.
• The ethanol released evaporates during bread
baking
Alcohol Fermentation
in Plants
• Paddy plants that grow in waterlogged areas with less
oxygen can carry out alcohol fermentation.
• Ethanol produced in the tissues during the fermentation
process is toxic to most plants, but the cells of paddy
plants have a higher tolerance for ethanol compared to
other species
• Paddy plants produce plenty of alcohol dehydrogenase
enzymes that can break down ethanol molecules into
non-toxic carbon dioxide
FORMATIVE PRACTICE 1
MRSM 2020
Lactic Acid Fermentation
The breakdown of glucose into lactic acid and energy.
Lactic Acid
Fermentation in Human
Muscle Cells
• carried out by the muscle cells during vigorous training
• During vigorous training, the rate of oxygen used
exceeds the oxygen supplied by the blood circulatory
system
• The muscle is in an oxygen-deficiency state and is said to
undergo oxygen debt
• During this process, glucose cannot break down
completely. For each glucose molecule that is broken
down, only two ATP molecules or 150 kJ energy will be
produced
• The produced lactic acid accumulates until it reaches a
level of concentration that can cause fatigue and muscle
cramps
Lactic Acid
Fermentation in Human
Muscle Cells
• Once the vigorous activity stops, the intake of excess
oxygen will oxidise the lactic acid into carbon dioxide,
water and energy.

lactic Acid + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

• When all the lactic acid has been expelled, the oxygen
debt is repaid.
PRACTICE 2
NEGERI SEMBILAN 2019
Lactobacillus
Bacteria
• The bacteria Lactobacillus carries out milk
fermentation to produce yoghurt.
• Lactobacillus acts on the lactose (milk sugar)
and turns it into lactic acid.
• The lactic acid will then coagulate casein (milk
protein) to produce yoghurt.
• Lactic acid is the source of a sour taste in
yoghurt
Comparison between aerobic
respiration and
fermentation
Similarities Between Aerobic Respiration and Fermentation
Differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation
PRACTICE 3
JOHOR 2020
P1:Respirasi aerob
P2:Glukosa dioksidakan secara lengkap dengan kehadiran oksigen
P3:Glukosa dioksidakan kepada karbon dioksida , air dan tenaga
//persamaan kimia/perkataan
P4:Kuantiti tenaga yang dihasilkan adalah tinggi iaitu 36 ATP
P5:Berlaku di dalam mitokondria
P6:Respirasi anaerob / fermentasi
P7:Glukosa dioksidakan secara tidak lengkap tanpa kehadiran oksigen
P8:Glukosa dioksidakan kepada karbon dioksida , etanol dan tenaga//persamaan kimia/perkataan
P9:Kuantiti tenaga yang dihasilkan adalah rendah iaitu 2 ATP
P10:Berlaku di dalam sitoplasma
P1:Kadar pernafasan semasa aktiviti cergas adalah lebih tinggi daripada semasa
rehat
P2:Memerlukan lebih oksigen untuk pengoksidaan glukosa /respirasi sel
P3:Bagi menghasilkan lebih tenaga
P4:Kadar denyut jantung semasa aktiviti cergas adalah lebih tinggi daripada semasa rehat
P5:Memastikan aliran darah ke tisu adalah lebih cepat untuk membekalkan lebih banyak
oksigen dan glukosa ke tisu
P6:Bagi menghasilkan lebih tenaga
P1:Atlet melakukan senaman berkala / berterusan berbanding bukan atlet
P2:Senaman menguatkan otot jantung atlet
P3:Jantung atlet mengepam lebih banyak darah dalam setiap degupan ( berbanding bukan atlet )
P4:Lebih banyak oksigen diterima oleh sel otot atlet ( berbanding bukan atlet )
PRACTICE 4
SELANGOR 2020
Tissue J : (Skeletal) Muscle tissue
Cell K : Yeast
Process P : Anaerobic respiration
Process Q : Aerobic respiration

Word equation process Q : Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide +water+energy (38 ATP)
F1 : Cell K undergoes anaerobic respiration
E1 : Glucose breakdown (partially/incompletely)
E2 ; to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
E3 : Less ATP / 2 ATP is produced
F1 : Carbon dioxide released
E1 : traps in the dough
E2: causes the dough to rise
-Oxygen debt
(Reject : Anaerobic respiration is a process, not a condition)
AND
E1 : because of oxygen deficiency // lack of oxygen
E2 : to get more oxygen immediately
E3 : to oxidise lactic acid
PRACTICE 5
KEDAH 2014