2.

4 Levels of
Organisation in
Multicellular Organisms

TISSUE: A group of cells of the
same type that perform the
same function
ORGAN SYSTEM: Different organs that
work in an integrated manner to perform a
specific function
Smooth
muscle tissue
ORGAN : A group of different ORGAN : performs specific functions that
tissues join together to form cannot be performed by the tissues that
an organ make them individually
The Importance of Cell Organization
Enables division and specialization of tasks between cells

Enables cells to function more efficiently and effectively

Allows each cell to be modified to perform only certain functions

Establish a specific system to carry out the main specialised life functions

For example, the circulatory system for transporting essential materials and waste products for the body
B
A
D
Human Organ
System
 • ORGANS: Bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon

Skeletal System
• MAIN FUNCTION: Supports the body, protects the internal organs
and provides a base for muscle adhesion
Endocrine System
• ORGANS: The endocrine
gland that secretes
hormones
• MAIN FUNCTION:
Coordinates body
activities with the
nervous system
Respiratory System
• ORGANS: Trachea, nose, lungs
and diaphragm
• MAIN FUNCTION: Exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
between the body and external
environment
A
Muscular System
• ORGANS: Skeletal muscles,
smooth muscles and cardiac
muscles
• MAIN FUNCTION: Contracts and
relaxes to produce movements
in different parts of the body
 • ORGANS: Brain, spinal cord and
peripheral nerves
Nervous
System • MAIN FUNCTION: Detects and
sends information in the body, as
well as coordinates body activities
Digestive
System
• ORGANS: Mouth,
oesophagus, stomach,
liver, pancreas, small
intestine and large
intestine
• MAIN FUNCTION: Digest
food into a simpler form
for easy absorption
Blood Circulatory
System
• ORGANS: Heart, artery, vein and blood capillary

• MAIN FUNCTION: Transports nutrients,

respiratory gases and waste products
B
Urinary
System
• ORGANS: Kidney, ureter,
urethra and bladder
• MAIN FUNCTION:
Eliminates waste
products such as urea
and uric acid from the
body
Lymphatic
System
• ORGANS: Spleen, lymph
nodes and lymph vessels

• MAIN FUBCTIONS:
Maintains balance of
bodily fluids and
prevents infectious
diseases
Female
Reproductive System
• ORGANS: Ovary, uterus,
Fallopian tube, vagina and cervix

• MAIN FUNCTION: Produces

ovum and female sex hormones
Male Reproductive
System
• ORGANS: Testes, prostate gland
and penis

• MAIN FUNCTION: Produces

sperm and male sex hormone
Integumentary System
• ORGANS: Skin
• MAIN FUNCTION: Protects the body from
physical injury, infection and dehydration
C
FORMATI
VE
PRACTICE
X
Osteocyte
cells
• The smallest functional unit in all living things
• Specific organization
• Has a certain shape and size
• Ability to function on its own
• Enables division and specialization of function between cells
• Enables cells to function more efficiently and effectively
• Allows each cell to be modified to perform only certain functions
• Establish a special system to carry out the main special life functions
• For example, the circulatory system for transporting essential materials and
waste products for the body
• Consists of a group of cells specialized to a specific function
• Bone cells have a size / shape / arrangement that characterizes the bone
• Bone tissue serves to support the body
Organs and Systems
in Plants
 Plant
system

Shoot Root
system system
Shoot system
• ORGANS: leaves, shoots, flowers and
fruits.
• Stems and twigs are support systems that
support the leaves at a vertical position to
allow maximum absorption of sunlight
during photosynthesis.
• Flowers are involved in the pollination
process.
Root system

• consists of all roots in a plant that

function in absorbing water and
mineral salts as well as providing
support for plants.
FORMATI
VE
PRACTICE
• Organ
 P : Epidermal (cell)
Q : Palisade mesophyll cell

F1 : (The cells / Q) hava many chloroplasts

P1: to absorb more sunlight / light energy (during photosynthesis)
F2: Near upper epidermis layer
P2: to receive the maximum amount of sunlight / light energy
F3: Packed tightly ( in cylindrical shape)
P3: to receive the maximum amount of sunlight / light energy
 P1 : transport water and (dissolved) mineral salts (from the root to the stem
and leaves)
P2: provides mechanical support for the plant

Phloem Xylem
P1 Consist of sieve tubes and companion cells Consist of xylem vessels and tracheid
P2 Mainly contains living cells Mainly contains dead cells
P3 The sieve tube has pore / sieve tubes Xylem vessels are hollow / does not contain
contains cytoplasmic strands / cytoplasm cytoplasmic strands / cytoplasm
p4 End walls of sieve tube has sieve plate End walls of xylem are open
P5 Cell wall is not thickened with lignin Cell wall is thickened with lignin
F1 : The plant cannot stand upright
P1: Xylem will collapse
P2: No mechanical support for plant / no woody plant

OR

F2: Plant will wilt / die

P3: cannot transport water (and dissolve mineral)