The Necessity of

Mitosis for Living

Organisms
a) Development
of embryo
• Multicellular organisms begin from
one single cell called zygote
• Zygote divides by mitosis to form two
cells, then four and eight cells
• Cell division continuous until a solid
ball of cells called morula is formed
• Morula will form blastocyst
• Blastocyst develop into embryo
b) Growth of
Organism
• Involves the increase in the number of
cells
• Mitosis that occur at apical meristems
of shoot and root produces more new
cells
• This enables the stem to elongate
upwards and the roots to elongate
downwards
c) Tissue Healing
• Cell division by mitosis allows the
replacement of destroyed or dead cells
and repair damaged cells
• During wound healing, mitosis will
regenerate similar skin to replace the
damaged tissues
• Dead cells will also be replaced by new
cells produced by mitosis
• There are cells in the human body that
cannot be replaced by mitosis such as the
nerve cells
d) Regeneration
• Few organism such as lizards, can
maintain the stem cells in its body
until adulthood
• It can be used to regenerate of the lost
or wounded body parts when needed
e) Asexual Reproduction

• Does not involve gamete to produce new

individual
• Produces a new identical organism that has
the same genetic materials and the same
number of chromosomes as parent
• New organisms – CLONE
• Is a rapid reproduction method to:
1. Ensure survival of organisms
2. Increase number of organisms
• Weakness:
1. No genetic variation in all clones
2. Clones have the same level of resistance towards
certain diseases or changes in the environment
e) Asexual Reproduction

• Unicellular organisms: binary fission

• Multicellular organisms :
• Budding
• Vegetative reproduction
f) Tissue Culture

• Is a technique to grow tissues of

living organisms in a sterile
cultured medium that contains
nutrients and growth hormones
f) Tissue Culture
f) Tissue Culture

• Advantages:
• Enables thousand of new
plants that have good
characteristics and high
quality as the parent plant
to be produced in a short
period of time
g) Cultured Meat
• Is meat that is produced outside
the animal body in-vitro, either
by tissue culture or stem cells
taken from the animal itself
• Tissues or stem cells are put into
suitable medium to enable the
to reproduce and grow until the
become meat
Benefits of cultured meat

1. Reduce cost of breeding, processing and

transportation of livestocks
2. Can fulfil the meat stock demand due to
increasing human population
3. Does not need a wide area of land and
abundant water supply – thus will not
contribute to any kind of population
4. Animals' welfare issues can be reduced
5. Prevent meat from infection (e.g., mad cow
diseases)
h) Stem Cell Therapy

• Stem cells are undifferentiated cells

• When stem cells divide, they can differentiate to more
specific cell functions e.g., blood cells / nerve cells
• Can be obtained from human embryos and adult
tissues
• Adult’s stem cells can be found in bone marrow,
intestines and pancreas
• Stem cells commonly used in treatment of blood
cancer like leukaemia and lymphoma
h) Stem Cell
Therapy
PRACTICE 1
MRSM 2019
 Prophase

• Chromosomes condense (and tightly coiled)

• Shorter and thicker / visible under light microscope
• Consists a pair of sister chromatid (joint together at the centromere)
• Tissue culture
• Explant / tissue / aggregate cells is taken from the mother / parent plant
• Cells divide repeatedly
• By mitosis
• In differentiated mass of tissue
• Easy and faster (technique)
• Increase the production / number of banana plants in short time
• Continuous supply of young plants throughout the year
• Can choose only the good genetics / high quality (of parent plants)
• Produce genetically identical to parent plant

• Clones will have same characteristics / genetically identical as it parent cell

• Same level of resistance to diseases
• Because same DNA / genetic as its parent cell
PRACTICE 2
NEGERI SEMBILAN 2020
• Mitosis
YZWX
• In animal cell, cytokinesis occurs by constriction of the plasma membrane at the cell
equator
• while in a plant cell, a cell plate is form at the cell equator
• P1 : Bryophyllum undergoes asexual reproduction / vegetative
reproduction
• P2: Mitosis takes place (at meristems) along the leaf margin
• P3: To produced plantlets/buds which are identical to the parent cell
PRACTICE 3
PERLIS 2020
• P: Mitokondria
• Q: Jalinan endoplasma kasar
• R: kloroplas
• Terdapat pigmen klorofil yang menyerap cahaya matahari
• Menukarkan tenaga cahaya kepada tenaga kimia
• Menjalankan fotosintesis
** mana-mana dua

• Pucuk tumbuhan terbantut

• kurang menghasilkan hormon (auksin)
** mana-mana satu
• Anafasa
• Kromosom/ kromatid kembar berpisah pada sentromer
• (mula) bergerak ke kutub bertentangan
** mana-mana satu
• mitosis

• menghasilkan anak benih yang banyak dalam masa yang singkat

• Menghasilkan kualiti (orkid) yang bermutu tinggi
• ciri-ciri baik induk dikekalkan
• Meningkatkan ekonomi sektor pertanian
• ** mana-mana tiga