Chapter 4:

Transport in
Plants
4.2 Transport of Water and Mineral
Salts
4.2 Transport of Water and
Mineral Salts
Transport of
Water and
Mineral Salts
• The water and mineral salts
movement from the soil to
the leaves are helped by:
a) transpirational pull
b) capillary action
c) root pressure
Transpiration
pull

Cohesion
Adhesion

Root
pressure
How Does Water Move from the Soil
to the Xylem Vessel?
1
• The water potential in the root hair cells is lower compared to water in the soil.
• This is because the mineral ions are actively pumped by the root hair cells into the vacuole, causing the
cell sap of the root hair to have low water potential compared to the soil.
2 • Water from the soil diffuses into the root hair cells and epidermal cells via osmosis.
3 • The high water potential in the root hair cells causes the water to diffuse from the root hair cells into
the cortex via osmosis.
4 • This condition causes osmosis to continuously occur throughout the cortex, endodermis and pericycle
layers.
5 • This causes root pressure to push water into the xylem vessels of the root and then into the xylem
vessels of the stem.
• Water movement from the root cells to
the xylem happens in two ways:
a) simplast pathway – water moves
through cytoplasm and plasmodesmata
b) apoplast pathway – water moves
through the spaces between cellulose
fibres at the cell wall
• Because the cell walls in the
endodermis layer have Casparian strips
which are not permeable to water,
water cannot move through the
apoplast pathway but through simplast
pathway.
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
SBP 2013
How does Water Move in the Xylem
Vessels?
Water movement in the
xylem vessels of stem
• For tall plants, root pressure cannot
transport water to the leaves,
especially the shoots.
• Therefore, the movement of water
molecule in the xylem vessel is also
helped by the capillary action of xylem
produced by:
a) adhesion and cohesion forces
b) transpirational pull.
• Adhesion and cohesion forces produce
a pulling force which continuously
moves water in the xylem vessel.
Water movement in the
xylem vessel of the leaves
• When transpiration process happens,
water diffuse out as water vapour from the
spaces between the cells to the
surroundings through opened stoma.
• Spongy mesophyll cells lose water, and
they have low water potential towards
adjacent cells.
• Water molecules diffuse from neighbouring
cells via spongy mesophyll cells by osmosis.
• This movement produces a force called
transpirational pull that pulls water
molecules in the xylem vessel of the leaves
to the outside of the leaves.
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
A
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
SBP 2009
Comparison
between Guttation
and Transpiration
The Condition of
Plants that Do Not
Undergo
Transpiration
and Guttation
A
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
KELANTAN 2021
Struktur P:
•P1: Sel-sel mati (yang tidak mempunyai
sitoplasma)/ berongga memudahkan
pengangkutan air (dan garam mineral)
•P2: Sel-sel tersusun memanjang dari hujung
ke hujung/ membentuk turus yang berterusan
untuk memudahkan pengangkutan air (dan
garam mineral) /membenarkan pengangkutan
air berterusan
•P3: Mempunyai penebalan lignin untuk
memberi sokongan mekanikal/ tidak
ranap/sokongan
Mana-mana 1P

Struktur Q:
•Q1: Tidak mempunyai nukleus/ ribosom/
vakuol memudahkan pengangkutan sebatian
organik/ sukrosa/ asid amino.
•Q2: Mempunyai plat tapis (yang mempunyai
liang) di kedua-dua hujungnya yang
memudahkan pengangkutan sebatian organik/
sukrosa/ asid amino.
Mana-mana 1Q
•P1: (Xilem/P) tidak dapat mengangkut air (dan garam mineral) ke daun/bahagian
tumbuhan yang lain.
•P2: Fotosintesis berkurang/tidak dapat berlaku
•P3: Perkembangan buah (pisang) terbantut/tidak besar/saiz kecil
•P4: Pokok layu/mati
Mana-mana 2
•P1: Keupayaan air di dalam sel rambut akar lebih rendah berbanding keupayaan air di dalam tanah//Vice
versa
•P2: Air dari tanah meresap masuk ke dalam sel rambut akar (dan sel epidermis akar) secara osmosis
•P3: Keupayaan air tinggi dalam sel rambut akar menyebabkan air meresap ke sel korteks (secara osmosis).
•P4: Osmosis berlaku secara berterusan merentas lapisan korteks, endodermis dan perisikel.
•P5: Mewujudkan tekanan akar yang menolak air ke dalam salur xilem
Mana-mana 3
•P1: Kadar transpirasi pokok Y lebih tinggi
daripada pokok X//Vice versa
•P2:Keamatan cahaya tinggi merangsang
pembukaan liang stoma//Vice versa
•P3:Lebih banyak wap air di dalam ruang
udara meresap/tersejat melalui liang
stoma//Vice versa
•P4:Suhu lebih tinggi meningkatkan
tenaga kinetik molekul air//Vice versa
•P5: Kelembapan relatif udara sekeliling
rendah, kadar sejatan wap air tinggi//Vice
versa
•P6:Pergerakan udara semakin tinggi,
kadar sejatan wap air tinggi//Vice versa
Mana-mana 2
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
SELANGOR 2021 SET 2
•Tisu P : Xilem
Tissue P Xylem
•Tisu Q : Floem
Tissue Q Phloem
•Mengangkut hasil-hasil fotosintesis/sebatian organik/gula (dari daun ke organ
penyimpanan/seluruh tumbuhan)
To transport photosynthesis product/organic compound/sugar (from leaves to storage
organs/whole plant)
•A1: Tersusun memanjang dari hujung ke hujung
Arrange longitudinally from end to end
•P1: Membentuk saluran berterusan (dari akar ke daun)
Forms a continuous channel (from root to leaf)

•A2: Terdapat penebalan lignin (pada dinding sel)

Has lignin thickening (on the cell wall)
•P2: Elak dari ranap oleh daya tegangan/perubahan tekanan
Avoid from collapse by tension force/pressure changes

•A3: Terdiri daripada sel mati /berongga/tiada sitoplasma

Consists of dead cell/hollow/ has no cytoplasm
•P3: Membenarkan laluan air tanpa halangan/secara berterusan
Allow unobstructed flow of water/continuously
(A dan P yang sepadan)
•Kutikel / Cuticle
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
PERAK 2016
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
PAHANG 2021
•P1: turus yang memanjang bersambung dari
hujung ke hujung
Connecting the column that extends from end to
end
•P2: memudahkan pengangkutan air dari akar
ke daun secara berterusan
Facilitates the continuous transport of water
from roots to leaves
•P3: dinding mengalami penebalan lignin yang
tidak sekata
The walls undergo eneven lignin thickening
•P4: memberi kekuatan kepada struktur xylem
gives strength to the structure of the xylem
•P5: mengelakkan daripada ranap
prevent from collapse
(Mana-mana 2P/Any 2P)
R
•P1: Tisu yang dibuang ialah tisu floem
Tissue that has been removed is phloem
•P2: Tisu di bahagian atas/ R membengkak
Tissue at the upper part / R swells
•P3: pengangkutan bahan organik / hasil fotosintesis dihalang
Transportation of organic substances / product of photosynthesis is prevented
•P4: berlaku pengumpulan bahan organic / hasil fotosintesis
Cause accumulation of organic substances / product of photosynthesis
(Mana-mana 2P)/(Any 2P)

S
•P5: Tisu di bahagian bawah gelang / S mengecut / layu
Tissue at the lower ring / S is withers/smaller
•P6: Tidak/ kurang menerima nutrien
No / less nutrient received
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
SELANGOR 2018
•P1 : Consists of sieve tubes
Terdiri daripada tiub-tiub tapis
•P2 : Arranged by end to end joining
Tersusun secara percantuman satu hujung
ke satu hujung
•P3 : Has sieve plates in between sieve
tubes // Has a thread-like structured
cytoplasm
Mempunyai plat tapis di antara tiub-tiub
tapis // mempunyai sitoplasma berbentuk
seperti bebenang
•P4 : to transport glucose / sucrose /
product of photosynthesis( along the
structure P).
Untuk mengangkut glukosa / sukrosa / hasil
fotosintesis (di sepanjang struktur P).
Mana-mana 2P
 Translocation/Translokasi

•P1 : Glucose / sucrose can be transported

Glukosa / sukrosa boleh diangkut
•P2 : to growing parts such as (shoot / root) apical meristems.
ke bahagian yang sedang bertumbuh seperti meristem apeks (pucuk / akar)
•P3 : Glucose (transported) used in cell respiration / is oxidised to produce energy / ATP
Glukosa (yang diangkut) digunakan dalam respirasi sel / dioksidakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga / ATP
•P4 : (Transported) to storage organs / tubers / bulbs / fruit / rhizomes
(Diangkut) Ke organ simpanan / tuber / bebawang / buah / rizom
•P5 : to store starch.
Untuk menyimpan kanji
P1 : The process of transporting organic substances in plant cannot be / is less carried out.
Proses pengangkutan bahan organik dalam pokok tersebut tidak / kurang berlaku.
P2 : Toxic substances diffuses into companion cells / mitochondria
Bahan toksin meresap ke dalam sel rakan / mitokondria
P3 : No / less ATP / energy produced.
Tiada / kurang ATP / tenaga dihasilkan.
P4 : No / less ATP / energy supplied to sieve tubes / phloem.
Tiada / kurang ATP / tenaga dibekalkan kepada tiub tapis / floem
P5 : no / less active transport carried out (to transport organic substances)
Tiada / kurang pengangkutan aktif dijalankan (untuk mengangkut bahan organik)
P1 : There is swollen part in the above part of
stem which a bark ring is removed whereas
there is
no swollen part in the normal stem.
Bahagian di atas batang di mana satu gegelang
kulit dibuang menjadi bengkak manakala tiada
bahagian yang bengkak pada batang normal.
P2 : (the swollen part) is caused by
accumulation of glucose / sucrose
(bahagian yang bengkak) disebabkan oleh
pengumpulan glukosa / sukrosa.
P3 : Phloem is removed together (with the
bark ring)
Floem dibuang bersama (gegelang kulit)
P4 : Glucose / sucrose could not be
transported downwards.
Glukosa / sucrose tidak dapat diangkut ke
bawah
P5 : Normal stem increases in circumference
due to growth in one month.
Lilitan batang yang normal bertambah kerana
ada pertumbuhan dalam masa sebulan.