6.

4 Issues of Cell Division on

Human Health
• The cell cycle is controlled by a special control system at each G1, S,
G2 and M phase to ensure proper division of the cells.
• Regulation of the cell cycle is important to ensure normal cell’s
growth, development and maintenance
• Uncontrolled mitosis is defined when cells divide by mitosis
repeatedly without controlled due to the genes that regulate the cell
cycle are damaged or mutated.
 Factors leads to
uncontrolled mitosis

Smoking, drinking
Use of carcinogenic
Exposure to radiation alcohol or taking Genetic Factors Bacteria and virus
agents or substances
drugs

X-ray
Formaldehyde human
Gamma rays Tar in tobacco papillomavirus (HPV)
benzene
Ultraviolet rays cervical cancer
Tumour
• When the cells keep Types of tumour

dividing without
control, a mass of cells
called tumour is Benign tumour
Malignant tumour
(cancer)
formed

Does not invade

Can invade and destroy
nearby tissue, not life-
the normal tissues
threatening, can be
around it.
removed by surgery

Will harm the tissues’

function and will lead
to death
The development of breast cancer
 • The error during meiosis is due to non-disjunction,
which occurs during anaphase I or anaphase II.
Non- • This happens because the spindle fibres fail to
function which causes the chromosome fails to
disjunction separate
• Gametes will have an abnormal number of
chromosomes (22 or 24 chromosomes).
Down Syndrome
• Fertilization between a normal gamete (23 chromosomes)
and an abnormal chromosome (24 chromosomes) will
produce zygote that will carry 47 chromosomes
• Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome
number causing all somatic cells to have 47 chromosomes as
compared to the actual number which is 46 chromosomes
• This condition is known as trisomy 21.
• This syndrome can cause mental retardation, slanted eyes
and a slightly protruding tongue.
Down Syndrome
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
MRSM 2020
Animal cell

P1 – Has centriole
P2 – there is no cell wall
Cell X – Metaphase
Cell Y – Anaphase I
16

6
P1 – Has centriole
P2 – there is no cell wall
P1 – (Benzene/ acetaldehyde) carcinogenic substances
P2 – stops / fails the function of protein p53
P3 – cell do not stop divide / divide continuously / divide uncontrollably
P4 - form mass of abnormal number of cells
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
Perak 2020
R: Crossing over
Pindah silang

S: Centromere
Sentromer
• P1 : exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosome
pertukaran bahan genetik antara kromosom homolog
• P2 : produce new genetic combination
menghasilkan gabungan genetik baru
• P3 : cause variation
menghasilkan variasi
• P4 : enhance the ability of survival in different environment
meningkatkan keupayaan hidup dalam persekitaran berbeza
Mana- mana 2
P1: each homologous chromosome to separate from its
homologous pair setiap kromosom homolog berpisah daripada pasangan
homolognya
P2: to be pulled to the opposite poles.
dan tertarik ke kutub sel yang bertentangan.
P3: due to the contraction of spindle fibre.
disebabkan oleh pengecutan gentian gelendong
Mana- mana 2
P1: If the chromosome fails to separate (nondisjunction).
Sekiranya kromosom gagal berpisah (tak disjunksi).
P2: Gametes will have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Gamet mempunyai bilangan kromosom tidak normal
P3: If fertilisation between a normal gamete /23 chromosomes and an abnormal
chromosome /24 chromosomes occurs,
Jika persenyawaan antara gamet normal (23 kromosom) dan gamet abnormal
(24kromosom) berlaku,
P4: the zygote will carry 47 chromosomes/abnormal
Condition zigot akan mempunyai 47 kromosom iaitu satu keadaan yang tidak normal
Mana- mana 2
E1 - radioactive radiation/ X-ray/gamma ray/ultraviolet
sinaran radioaktif / X-ray /sinar gamma/sinar uv
E2 - carcinogens/ formaldehyde/benzene/
karsinogen /formaldehid/benzene
E3 - chemical substances/monosodium glutamate
Bahan kimia/monosodium glutamat
Mana- mana 2E
P1: This method uses high ionization radiation
Kaedah ini menggunakan radiasi mengion bertenaga tinggi
P2: to kill cancer cell
untuk membunuh sel kanser.
P3: Higher dosage is targeted to tumor area
Pemberian dos tinggi ditujukan kepada sasaran (tumor)
Mana- mana 2