STD-X SCI - II

2. Life processes in living organisms part - 1 .

Living Organisms & Life Processes

Living Organisms & Energy Production

Some Nutrients & Energy Efficiency

Cell Division- A Life Process

 Life Processes – Energy .

• For functioning of Digestive,

respiratory, circulatory,
excretory and control systems
& different external and
internal organs continuous
source of energy

• Main sources -Carbohydrates,

fats & lipids harvested in
mitochondria in each cell.
 Cellular respiration

Carbohydrates - energy in form of ATP.

Glucose is oxidized step by step in cells
by cellular respiration.

Types of cellular respiration.

1.aerobic- (oxygen involved)
2. anaerobic – (oxygen not involved).
 Cellular aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration –

Glucose is oxidized in three steps.

1. Glycolysis .

2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle .

3. Electron transfer chain reaction .

 1. Glycolysis - (EMP pathway).
Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas pathway
It occurs in cytoplasm.
1) A molecule of glucose is oxidized
& two molecules of pyruvic acid,
ATP, NADH2 & water are formed.
2) Molecules of pyruvic acid formed
are converted into molecules of
Acetyl-Coenzyme-A.
3) Two molecules of NADH2 & two
molecules of CO2 are released .
2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle – ( Sir Hans Kreb 1953 )
Kreb’s cycle –
1)Both molecules of acetyl-CoA
enter the mitochondria & Cyclic
chain of reactions called as
tricarboxylic acid cycle is operated
2)Acetyl part of acetyl-CoA is
completely oxidized through this
cyclical process and molecules
CO2 , H2O, NADH2 , FADH2 are
derived.
3. Electron transfer chain reaction

Enzymes NADH2 & FADH2 participate in

electron transfer chain reaction.

NADH2 - Nicotinamide Adenine

dinucleotide
FADH2 - Flavin adenine dinucleotide
3 molecules of ATP are obtained from each
NADH2 molecule & 2 molecules of ATP
from each FADH2 molecule.
It is operated in mitochondria to oxidize
molecule of glucose & produce CO2 & H2O
along with energy
Insufficient amount of carbohydrates in body

Exceptional conditions like fasting and hunger .

Then lipids and proteins are used for energy production.

Lipids-fatty acids.
proteins -amino acids

Fatty acids & amino acids are converted into acetyl-CoA & energy is obtained
by complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA in Krebs cycle inside the mitochondria.
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate (omitted )

1. A nitrogenous compound-
adenine, pentose sugar- ribose
2. Three phosphate groups.
Energy is derived by breaking the
phosphate bond of ATP .

ATP is called as ‘energy currency’

of the cell.
Anaerobic Respiration
Microorganisms - Yeast & Bacteria cannot
live in presence of oxygen. So perform
anaerobic respiration for energy production.
Anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis - Glucose is incompletely
oxidized & less amount of energy is obtained
to produce Pyruvic acid .
Fermentation- Pyruvic acid produced
through glycolysis is converted into other
organic acids or alcohol with help of some
enzymes
●
Some higher plants, animals &
aerobic microorganisms also perform
anaerobic respiration aerobic
respiration if there is depletion in
oxygen level in the surrounding.
1)Seeds perform aerobic respiration if
the soil is submerged during
germination
2) Muscle cells perform aerobic
respiration while doing exercise. Due
to this less amount of energy is
produced & lactic acid
accumulates ,which makes us feel
tired.
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

It take place in presence of oxygen It take place in absence of oxygen

There is complete oxidation of glucose There is incomplete oxidation of glucose.

End products are CO2 & water . End products are ethyl alcohol or lactic acid &
CO2 .

Lot of energy ( 38 ATP ) is liberated . Comparatively less energy (2 ATP) is liberated

.

It occurs in plant & animal cells . It occurs in anaerobic bacteria & human
muscles .

It takes place in nucleus as well as cytoplasm It takes place cytoplasm

C6H12O6 +6O2 6H2O +6CO2 + 686Kcal C6H12O6 C2H5OH +2CO2 + 50 Kcal

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

LIPIDS CAROHYDRATS PROTEINS GLUCOSE

PYRUVIC ACID GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVIC ACID

GLYCOLYSIS AMIO ACIDS

FATTY ACIDS

PYRUVIC FERMETATION
PYRUVIC ACID
ERMENTATION ACID

FERMETATION
ACETYL-COA LACTIC ACID
ALCOHOL
DIFFERENT
PRODUCTS
KREBS CYCLE ERYTHROCYTE,

YEAST MICROBES

MUSCLE CELLS
C+O+ENERGY
 Amino acids
Amino Acids

Blood: Skin:
Hemoglobin, Melanin ,
Antibodies keratin

Muscles: Actin and

Myosin flexible Bones: Ossein
protiens

Pituitary Glands Cells : various

proteins of cell
: Various membrane,
hormones various enzymes
Pancreas:
Insulin,
Trypsin
Energy from different compounds -
Excess of carbohydrates are stored in liver
&muscles in form of glycogen .
Proteins are macromolecules of amino
acids (4 kcal/gm of energy)
Animal origin -‘first class’ proteins .
Lipids formed by specific chemical bond
between fatty acids and alcohol.9 kcal/gm
of energy excess is stored in adipose
connective tissue
Phospholipids for producing plasma
membrane are formed from fatty acids.
Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone,
aldosterone are made from fatty acids
The covering around the axons of nerve
cells are made from fatty acids .
Vitamins -heterogeneous compounds
A, D, E k-fat & B, C- water soluble.
Riboflavin (vitamin b2 ) , nicotinamide
(vitamin b5 ) for production of fadh2
&nadh2 in glycolysis & krebs cycle.
65 – 70% water in our body. Cell
-70% .Blood-plasma has 90% of water.
Functioning of cells & whole body
disturbs even if body loses of water so
is a essential nutrient.
We cannot digest fibers from leafy
vegetables, fruits, they help in
digestion & egestion of undigested
substances.
Cell Division: An Essential Life Process
Each cell has a nucleus. A pair of each
type of chromosome is present in (2n)
condition whereas single chromosome
of each type is present in( n) condition.
Significance of cell division :
1)A new organism is created .
2) Growth of a multicellular organism .
3) Restoration of injured body .
Types of cell division :
Mitosis
Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Occur in somatic cells & stem cells. Occur in germ cells.
Take place in two parts Take place in two parts-
Karyokinesis - division nucleus , Meiosis I - Recombination of chromosomes
Cytokinesis-division of cytoplasm . Meiosis II - daughter cells are formed.

Chromosome number does not change. Chromosome number change to half .

Mother cell give rise to 2 daughter cells. Mother cell give rise to 4 daughter cells.

Prophase of mitosis is not lengthy . Prophase of meiosis - I is lengthy.

Genetic recombination does not occur. Genetic recombination occurs.

Mitosis is essential for growth & development . It is needed for gametes formation (sexual
reproduction) .
Mitosis -(A. karyokinesis - nuclear, cytokinesis
A .Karyokinesis - four steps.
1) Prophase - Thin threads of chromosomes
starts condensing & become short & thick in
pairs of sister chromatids. Centrioles duplicate &
moves to opposite poles of the cells. Nuclear
membrane and nucleolus start to disappear.
2) Metaphase - Nuclear membrane disappears
Chromosomes complete condensation &
become clearly visible with their sister
chromatids arranged parallel to equatorial plane.
Special type of flexible protein fibers (spindle
fibers) are formed between centromere of each
chromosome & centrioles.
3) Anaphase - Centromeres split & sister
chromatids( daughter chromosomes) separate
due to spindle fibers pulled appear like bunch of
bananas. so, each set of chromosomes at
opposite poles of the cell .
- B. cytoplasmic division).
4) Telophase- It is reverse of prophase ,
chromosomes decondense to thin threads
.Nuclear membrane & nucleolus appear again .
The spindle fibers are lost . two nuclei in one
cytoplasm.
B . Cytokinesis: In animal cells a notch develops in
the middle of the cell. This goes o deepening down
& later the cytoplasm divides into two .In plant cell,
cell plate formation takes place& then cytokinesis
takes place .
The stage, or phase, after the completion of mitosis
is called interphase .
Mitosis is essential for growth of the body. Besides,
it is necessary for restoration of emaciated body,
wound healing, formation of blood cells .
Meiosis
Meiosis is completed through two main steps meiosis-I and meiosis-II
Meiosis-I- Recombination / crossing over occur between homologous chromosomes
and thereafter those homologous chromosomes (Not sister chromatids) are divided
into two groups and thus two haploid cells are formed.
Meiosis-II – It is just like mitosis. In this stage, the two haploid daughter cells formed in
meiosis-I undergo division by separation of recombined sister chromatids and four
haploid daughter cells are formed. Process of gamete production and spore formation
occurs by meiosis.
In this cell division, four haploid (n) daughter cells form from one diploid (2n) cell.
During this cell division, crossing over occurs between the homologous chromosomes
and thereby genetic recombination occurs.
Due to this, all the four daughter cells are genetically different from parent cell and
from each other too.
.
TEST L. 2

Q1. Name the types of cell division.

Q2. Define haploid cell.
Q3. In plant cell, --------- formation takes place& then --------- takes place .
Q4. What is meant by ‘first class’ proteins ?
Q5. What occurs in Meiosis-I.
Q6. Which cell division is required for gametes formation (sexual reproduction) ?
Q7. What makes us feel tired.
Q8. Write functions of amino acid .
Q9. NADH2 is ------------------ & FADH2 is ------------------ .
Q10. Name the examples of anaerobic respiration .