CELLULAR

RESPIRATION
 ENERGY
Energy Storing Molecules
ATP, NADH (NAD+)
FADH (FAD+)
 FADH2
ATP supplies most of the energy that
drives metabolism in living things
ATP releases energy when converted into
ADP (when phosphate is removed from ATP
energy is released)
 WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADP AND
ATP?
Hint: How many phosphates do you see in each molecule?

When is energy released from ATP? Video of the ATP Cycle

When phosphate is removed (by hydrolysis) energy is release and ADP is formed
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION OVERVIEW

 Cellular Respiration Overall Equation

6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

(oxygen) (glucose) (carbon dioxide) (water) (ATP)

 CELLULAR RESPIRATION OVERVIEW

 Three Stages
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

 The Main form of Energy produced = ATP

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons
Pyruvic
carried in
acid
NADH and
Glucose FADH2 Electron
Krebs Transport
Glycolysis
Cycle Chain

Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis happen?

Where does Krebs cycle and
In the cytoplasm electron transport chain
happen?
In the mitochondria
 GLYCOLYSIS

Glyco = Glucose lysis = Breakdown

Glycolysis = breakdown of glucose

Glycolysis is the initial (first) step in breakdown

of glucose
 Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that happens in the cytoplasm of a
cell. Glycolysis is followed by either respiration (if oxygen is available) or
fermentation (in no oxygen available).
 GLYCOLYSIS

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down into

2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.

2 Pyruvic Acid
molecules
 WHAT HAPPENS DURING GLYCOLYSIS?

- Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules

- Energy storing molecules are produced
- 2 ATP (net) molecules
- 2 NADH
 WHAT HAPPENS DURING GLYCOLYSIS?

1 Glucose  2 Pyruvic Acid

molecule molecules

AND 2 ATP molecules are produced

(Actually, 4 ATP molecules are produced, but 2 ATP molecules are used so, that
leaves a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

2ATP used -> 4ATP made – 2ATP used = 2ATP net molecules
 GLYCOLYSIS –
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
 How many molecules of ATP made during glycolysis? 2
 2 ATP net molecules are made during glycolysis (4 total-2 used)

Here’s how:

 *2ATP------- 4ATP - the 2ATP used = 2 ATP net molecules (4total)

*2 ATP used to break bonds of glucose

 GLYCOLYSIS

Cell must use (invest) 2 ATP

Produces Energy Carrier Molecules
2 ATP (because 2 of the 4 ATP are used)
2 NADH
 GLYCOLYSIS –
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
How many electron carrier molecules made in glycolysis?

2 NADH molecules
 GLYCOLYSIS-
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
 1 molecule of glucose yields:

NET YEILD:

 2 ATP molecules (4 were made but 2 were used so only gain 2ATP)

 2 molecules of NADH
 THE “MIGHTY” MITOCHONDRIA

The mitochondria is the

organelle where the final
stages of cellular
respiration occurs.

 Krebs Cycle

 Electron Transport Chain

 THE “MIGHTY” MITOCHONDRIA

Cells that use a lot of

energy have high numbers
of mitochondria.

 Example: Muscle cells in the

heart!!
 KREBS CYCLE

Aerobic Process = Only if oxygen is present!!

Occurs in the MATRIX of the mitochondria

 KREBS CYCLE

 FIRST, the 2 pyruvic acid molecules (made in glycolysis) are

transported to the mitochondria (site of Krebs Cycle)

NET YEILD (from each pyruvic acid molecule):

 1 ATP
 3 NADH
 1 FADH2
 CO2 (which is released when we exhale!!)
 KREBS CYCLE –
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

 How many molecules of ATP made during Krebs Cycle?

1 ATP molecule

 How many electron carriers made during Krebs Cycle?

1 FADH2 molecule (per pyruvate)
3 NADH molecules (per pyruvate)

 **Lots of energy made but not in the form of ATP – Krebs cycle
produces the most electron carriers and Krebs cycle releases carbon
dioxide**
KREBS CYCLE OVERVIEW

+ 1 ATP molecule
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

Energy carrier molecules produced during Glycolysis

and the Krebs Cycle enter the ETC
 NADH
 FADH2

Occurs in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the

Mitochondria (Cristae)
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins

until they reach the final electron
acceptor…..oxygen!
 So this step is aerobic (requires oxygen)

The ETC produces ~32 ATP and H2O

 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
REVIEW – BIG IDEAS

Produces the most ATP

Aerobic (requires oxygen)
 Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, so ETC only happens when oxygen is
avaiable

The ETC produces ~32 ATP and H2O

 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)-
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
 How much ATP formed during ETC?
~32 ATP molecules
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION FLOWCHART

Carbon
Glucose
Dioxide
(C6H1206) Electron
Krebs (CO2)
+ Glycolysis Transport
Cycle +
Oxygen Chain
Water
(02)
(H2O)

Video Clip: Cell Re

spiration
OTHER WAYS ORGANISMS
RELEASE ENERGY
 RELEASING ENERGY
BACTERIAL NUTRITION
 Releasing Energy–
-obligate aerobes: live in the presence of oxygen
-obligate anaerobes: live in the absence of oxygen
-facultative anaerobes: can live in the presence or absence
of oxygen
 WHAT HAPPENS IF NO OXYGEN IS
PRESENT???

The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

Chain can’t function!!
No oxygen = anaerobic conditions!!
Fermentation is used
 FERMENTATION
Anaerobic – without oxygen
Fermentation releases the energy
from food molecules in the absence
of oxygen.
 FERMENTATION

The cell can use Fermentation instead!!

Occurs in the Cytoplasm
Just like glycolysis!!
Fermentation
A series of reactions that convert NADH (from
glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis
to keep producing a small amount of ATP
 2 TYPES OF FERMENTATION

Alcoholic Fermentation
 Yeasts use this process to form ethyl alcohol and
carbon dioxide as waste products.
 This causes bread dough to rise
 This is how some alcoholic beverages are made

Pyruvic Acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

 LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

 Occurs in bacteria (unicellular organisms)

 This is how cheese, yogurt, and pickles are made.
 Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise
 When your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells must
produce some ATP using fermentation and glycolysis
 Lactic Acid build-up causes muscle soreness or burning
after intense activity.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
Section 9-1 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs Electron

cycle transport

Fermentation Alcohol or
(without oxygen) Lactic Acid
 COMPARE!
Photosynthesis Cellular
Respiration
Function Energy Storage Energy Release
(sugars) (breaks down
sugars)
Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Reactants CO2 , H2O and C6H12O6 and O2

E (from sun)
Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2, H2O and
E (goes into ATP)

Occurs In: Plants Plants and Animals