5.

3 Cellular Respiration Releases Energy from Organic

Compounds

In this section, you will:

 distinguish among aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and
fermentation
 explain how carbohydrates are oxidized by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to
produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP
 explain how chemiosmosis converts the reducing power of NADH and FADH2
to the chemical potential of ATP
 design an experiment to demonstrate that oxygen is consumed during
aerobic cellular respiration and that heat is produced
 explain that science and technology are developed to meet societal needs
such as the production of foods and fuels
 investigate and integrate information on the action of metabolic toxins such
as hydrogen sulfide and cyanide
In Section 3, you will learn that:

 aerobic cellular respiration involves three metabolic pathways:

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and an electron transport system.

 aerobic cellular respiration is the complete oxidation of glucose

to release energy.

 fermentation is the incomplete oxidation of glucose to release

energy.
Cellular Respiration
 Plant cells absorb energy from the sun, and store it as
glucose.
 Glucose must be transformed into energy the cell can use,
specifically ATP.

 Cellular respiration is a series of reactions that releases the

stored energy in glucose molecules

 The reactions take place in the mitochondria of cells.

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l )+ 36 ATP (glucose)

0
 Glucose is oxidized
e
into CO 2 (H+ and H e- are removed) and water and
energy are produced

 36% of energy from glucose is converted into ATP (and used within 2 sec
- 2 min of being made)

 64% of energy is lost as heat and used to maintain a constant body

temperature ( 37oC)

 Cellular respiration is carried out by all organisms: producers, consumers

and decomposers
 Three Pathways for Energy Release . . .

Different species of organisms release energy from

glucose in different ways:
 Using Q
A. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
requires oxygen
carried out by animals, plants, fungi, protists and
bacteria
 produces 36 ATP molecules, CO2 and H2O.

 involves 4 stages: Larger

1.Glycolysis
2.Krebs Cycle Preparation
eat more

3.Krebs cycle
4.Electron transport and
chemiosmosis
B. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Less Energy
does not require oxygen
small
Less competition
carried out by organisms in “anoxic” conditions like bacteria and archaea

eg. deep-sea chemosynthesizers, nitrogen-fixing bacteria

involves electron transport

Different E acceptor
C. Fermentation Type of Anaerobic
does not require oxygen

occurs in yeast, bacteria, plants, and muscle cells

produces 2 ATP molecules and either ethanol or lactic acid.

Involves 2 stages: Survivability

1.Glycolysis
2.Fermentation Costs
Less ATP
 A. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Stage 1 – Glycolysis Location - cytoplasm
-no oxygen required for this stage

-glycolysis requires the activation energy of 2 ATP to initiate glucose

breakdown

-glucose (C6) is then split into 2 molecules of pyruvate (C3).

-this releases 4 ATP

-glycolysis results in a net of 2 ATP

-glycolysis also produces energized electrons that combine with the

electron carrier NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to
produce NADH (NAD+ is reduced)
__
-in eukaryotic cells, if oxygen is not available, pyruvate proceeds to
fermentation
Stage 2 – Krebs Cycle Preparation (Pyruvate
oxidation, transition reaction)
Location-in matrix of mitochondria
 The fate of pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, depends on the
availability of oxygen and on the type of organism.(if no O2  pyruvate
carries out fermentation)
 When oxygen is available, the 2 pyruvates enter the matrix of the
mitochondria where:
1. CO2 is removed from pyruvate Oxidation
2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH
e
3. co-enzyme A is attached to the remaining 2 carbon molecule to form
acetyl CoA (CoA is like a tow truck, taking the 2C molecule to Krebs cycle and
releasing it)
C C Acetyl
Stage 3 – Krebs cycle Citric Acid
Location-in matrix of mitochondria
Cycle
 Requires oxygen 2
 Each Acetyl-CoA (2C)enters a Krebs cycle by combining with a 4C
compound6C compound
Citrate
 Each Krebs cycle is a series of reactions in which:
1. two carbon atoms are fully oxidized to form carbon dioxide

2. NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH (will be used in
an ETS to form ATP)

3. One molecule of ATP is produced

Krebs cycle transfers the energy once contained in glucose, into the
reducing power of NADH and FADH2
Stage 4 – Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
Location-surface of matrix
This stage produces the majority of ATP molecules

Electron transport system:

 The NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle donate their electrons to the
electron carriers in the electron transport system on the surface of the
matrix.

 As electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, the energy that is
released is used to pump hydrogen ions from within the matrix out into the
intermembrane space (between the inner and outer membrane), creating a
concentration gradient
 Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETS. Without it,
electrons cannot move through the chain and no energy is
made.

 The resulting molecule is water.

Chemiosmosis:
 H+ ions move through channels created by ATP synthase, down the
concentration gradient, back into the matrix of the cristae, and ATP is
produced

 ATP Synth. Flash Animation

 ATP Synth Flash Animation 2
 ETC Flash (v. detailed)
Chemiosmosis:

FADH
3ATP ZATP
Cellular Respiration In Review:
The Products of Cellular Respiration
 What do we get?

Stage CO2 NADH FADH2 ATP ATP Net ATP

produced produced produced consumed produced produced

Glycolysis
2 2 4 6
4 (NADH)

Pyruvate
oxidation
2 2 6 ( NADH) 6

Kreb’s
Cycle
4 6 2 2 24
4 (FADH)
18 (NADH)
TOTAL 6 10 2 38 36
ATP Produced:

mitochondria 2:08
Qproduced
Where is the most ATP
in Aerobic Cell Resp

A Glycolysis C Krebs
Cycle
B Kreb's Prepo D ET 534
B. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
ETS
 Organisms that carry out anaerobic cellular respiration use
inorganic chemicals other than oxygen as the final electron-
acceptor (such as sulfate,nitrate, or CO2 )

 Common products are S, nitrite, N, or methane

 An ETS and concentration gradient is used to produce ATP for

the cell, but much fewer than in aerobic respiration.
 C. Fermentation
Location-cell cytoplasm
Glycolysist
 Occurs in anaerobic organisms or aerobic organisms when
oxygen is not available.
 in the absence of oxygen, NADH generated from glycolysis
reduces pyruvate to other compounds
 Fermentation is much less efficient than aerobic respiration

breakdown of glucose in breakdown of glucose by

the presence of oxygen lactate or ethanol
fermentation

36 ATP 2 ATP
 Varies by organism
There are 2 common types of fermentation:
1. Lactate Fermentation
- In muscle that is working strenuously, oxygen debt results, so Krebs
cycle cannot function.
- Muscle cells are functioning anaerobically, so the fermentation process
occurs
- NADH is used to convert pyruvate to lactate (also called lactic acid)
-the resulting NAD+ is recycled so that glycolysis can continue.
 Lactic acid production causes:
-muscle cramps
-soreness
-stiffness
-fatigue

 These are all signs of oxygen debt in the muscles.

 When oxygen is present again, through heavy breathing, the

lactate is converted back to pyruvate and aerobic respiraton
can proceed

 Muscle soreness then subsides

During
Fermentation,
NAD+ is restored.
 This gives cells
the opportunity to
continue with
cellular respiration
if oxygen becomes
available.
2. Ethanol Fermentation

 For some bacteria and in yeast,as they grow anaerobically, pyruvate

is converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol.
  Products of ethanol fermentation include:
wine
beer
soy sauce
bread
carbonated beverages
Cheese

Ethanol alcohol is made using mashed corn and wheat

in which yeast is grown, under anaerobic conditions
Fermentation can yield other substances besides lactate and ethanol,
as seen in this chart:

-howstuffworks-fermentation-2:09
Chapter 5 Concept Organizer
How cells obtain energy, 14 min

cell resp by black-eyed peas 4:53

cellular-respiration experiments 6:46

Chapter 5 Summary
 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration proceed through dozens of different
reactions to produce energy-rich compounds and break them down to
release their stored energy in the form of ATP. Energy is contained in the
bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP. When the bond to the last
phosphate group is broken, leaving ADP and a free phosphate group, the
energy released is available to do cellular work.

 In photosynthesis, the carbon dioxide and water are involved in two

separate sets of reactions. Water is split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and
oxygen in the light-dependent reactions. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into
carbohydrates in the light-independent reactions.
 The light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membranes capture light
energy and use it to excite electrons that are chanelled away to produce ATP
and NADPH. The light-independent reactions in the stroma use the chemical
potential energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH to reduce carbon
dioxide and form glucose and other carbohydrates via the Calvin-Benson
cycle.

 Glucose is processed to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle,

and electron transport. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the
cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate. Pyruvate enters the
mitochondria, where it is broken down into carbon dioxide and acetyl CoA.
 Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle in the matrix and energy released from
breakdown of compounds in the Krebs cycle is used to reduce NAD+ and
FAD. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain in
the inner mitochondrial membranes. Energy released as electrons are
passed along the chain is used to create a hydrogen ion gradient that powers
chemiosmosis, which generates ATP.

 Glycolysis is the only source of energy for some organisms. Pyruvate is

broken down into carbon dioxide and alcohol (ethanol fermentation) or
lactate (lactate fermentation). This process occurs anaerobically.
For Review

Do p.194 3,7-10

Do p.198 3,8,10,18-20,22-24,26-32,45
Do Questions For Understanding in Section 5.3 #
29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,38,40,41

Read the Section 5.3 Summary P.193-194

Do 5.3 Review P. 194 #3,7,8,9,10,11

Do Unit 3 Review P.198 #2,4,7,8,14,15,17,19,20-

26,31,32,37,43