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A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
BIOL1040 MODULE 4: CIRCULATION & GAS EXCHANGE
Lectures 1‐3: Circulation – Heart, blood vessels,
CIRCULATION & GAS EXCHANGE blood pressure & blood – 31st Aug, 6th & 7th Sept
Lectures 4‐5: Gas Exchange Lectures 4‐5: Gas Exchange – 8th/9th & 13th Sept
Associate Professor Lesley J. Lluka Workshop 6: Circulation – 12th September
School of Biomedical Sciences
Summary Lectorial – 15th September
The University of Queensland
L.Lluka@uq.edu.au Workshop 7: Gas Exchange – 19th September
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Gas Exchange:
Learning Objectives Resources relevant to these lectures
List and describe the types of respiratory organs Campbell Biology, 10th edn, Australian version,
2014 – Chapter 42
Describe the key structural features of the Concept 42‐5: Gas exchange occurs across
mammalian respiratory system specialised respiratory surfaces
Concept 42‐6: Breathing ventilates the lungs
Compare and contrast positive and negative
pressure breathing Concept 42‐7: Adaptations for gas exchange include
pigments that bind and transport gases
Rationalise the regulation of breathing in humans Mastering Biology
List the key features of mechanisms that facilitate Bioflix: Gas Exchange
transport of O2 and CO2 in the body
Rationalise factors that determine the amounts
of respiratory gases carried by haemoglobin
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Partial pressure applies to liquids (Henry’s Law)
solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional to pp
of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid (e.g. 4‐8 mL
O2 / L of marine and freshwater environments)
Gases diffuse from regions of high partial
pressure to regions of low partial pressure
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Respiratory organs for gas exchange: Respiratory organs for gas exchange:
Gills Gills
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Salmon gills
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Respiratory organs for gas exchange: Respiratory organs for gas exchange:
Gills Tracheal systems ‐ insects
14 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.22 15 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.23
© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Respiratory organs for gas exchange: Respiratory organs for gas exchange:
Lungs – mammalian respiratory system Lungs – mammalian respiratory system
Huge surface areas
for gas exchange:
‐ 300 million alveoli
‐ 80‐100 m2
in humans
16 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.24 17 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.24
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Mammalian double circulation Resources relevant to these lectures
7 Campbell Biology, 10th edn, Australian version,
Anterior
Capillaries of 2014 – Chapter 42
head and
vena cava forelimbs Concept 42‐5: Gas exchange occurs across
Pulmonary 9
Aorta Pulmonary specialised respiratory surfaces
artery artery
6 Concept 42‐6: Breathing ventilates the lungs
Capillaries
of right lung 2 Capillaries Concept 42‐7: Adaptations for gas exchange include
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4
3
of left lung pigments that bind and transport gases
Mastering Biology
Pulmonary
vein Pulmonary
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1 Left atrium vein
Right atrium 10 Bioflix: Gas Exchange
Left ventricle
Right ventricle Aorta
Posterior Capillaries of
vena cava abdominal organs
18 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.5 8 and hind limbs 22
© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Breathing ventilates the lungs Breathing ventilates the lungs
Amphibia – positive pressure breathing Mammals – negative pressure breathing
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Negative pressure breathing
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Lung volumes Regulation of breathing in humans
CO2 + H2O
↓
H2CO3
↓
H+ + HCO3‐
↓
decrease pH
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Mechanisms for transport of large
Resources relevant to these lectures quantities of O2 and CO2
Campbell Biology, 10th edn, Australian version, Gases diffuse down pressure gradients
2014 – Chapter 42
Fick’s law of diffusion
Concept 42‐5: Gas exchange occurs across
specialised respiratory surfaces Depends on differences in partial pressure of gases
Concept 42‐6: Breathing ventilates the lungs Respiratory pigments transport gases in blood
Concept 42‐7: Adaptations for gas exchange include
Overcome the low solubility of gases in blood
pigments that bind and transport gases
Haemocyanin – arthropods, molluscs
Mastering Biology
Haemoglobin – many invertebrates, all vertebrates
Bioflix: Gas Exchange
Increase FROM 4.5 mL dissolved O2 / L blood
TO 200 mL O2 carried by respiratory pigments / L of
blood in mammals
NOTE: use 2 L O2 per minute during intense exercise
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Coordination of circulation and
© A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Loading and unloading of © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Role of respiratory pigments: How does Role of respiratory pigments:
haemoglobin transport O2? Haemoglobin dissociation and PO2
POSITIVE COOPERATIVITY is critical
for the function of haemoglobin!
38 39 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.30
© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
Role of respiratory pigments: Role of respiratory pigments:
Haemoglobin dissociation and pH Maternal and foetal haemoglobin
40 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 42.30 41 Campbell Biology, 10th ed, p.971
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka © A/Prof Lesley Lluka
So what is special about diving mammals? So what is special about diving mammals?
Weddell seal Store large amounts of O2
Large volume of blood
Huge spleen – store 24 litres of blood
High concentration of myoglobin in muscles
Adaptations to conserve O2 during a dive
Decrease heart rate
Decrease blood supply to muscles
Illustration of 2 related themes
Short term response to environment
Long term natural selection
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© A/Prof Lesley Lluka
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