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BUDGET 2021-22
Budget 2021-22 [34.83 lakh Crore]
" Budget" originates from the French word
bougettee" which means leather bag".
Nirmala Sitharaman "The first full time female
finance minister presented the budget.
Comes From
First Indian Budget By James Wilson (1860) - 18 Feb.
Budget 1948-49 R.K. Shanmukham Chetty [Independent India] 36% Borrowings and other liabilities
No tax, only review 15% G.S.T.
Budget 1950-51 John Mathai [Republic India]
Budget 1951-52 C.D. Deshmukh [R.B.I. Governor] 14% Income Tax
Budget 1955-56 [Hindi-Budget with English] 13% Corporate Tax
Budget 1958-59 PT. Nehru [P.M.]
8% Excise duty
Budget 1970-71 Indira Gandhi [P.M.]
Budget 1987-88 Rajiv Gandhi [P.M.] 6% Non-Tax Revenue
Financial Year = 1 April - 31 March

1. Dream Budget 1997-98 [P. Chidambaram] [Tax Rates Cut] Goes to
2. Millenium Budget - 2000 [Yashwant Sinha] [I.T. Sector] 20% Interest Payment
16% Tax and duties [share of states]
3. Black Budget : 1973-74 [Fiscal Deficit - 550 cr]
13% Central-sector
10% Finance commission on [Art. 280]
Morarji Desai presented Budget = 10 times 10% others
Pranab Mukherjee, first Raya Sabha member to hold financial Portfolio. 9% Central - sponsored schemes
9% Subsidy [Food-subsidy: Maximum]

Note:- Gift tax in Union Budget 1958-59 (Pt. Nehru)
Note:- G.S.T. made its debut in the Budget Speech of P. Chidambaram on 8% Defence
Feb. - 28, 2006.
5% Pension
Objective of Budget 1. Reallocation of Resources. Deficit/ :

1. Fiscal Deficit = 2020-21 [9.6%] GDP 2021-22 [6.8%] GDP {2025-26
2. Reducing Inequality in income and 3.5% target 4.5% GDP}
wealth. 2. Revenue = 1455989 cr 1140516 cr
3. Economic Stability.
4. Economic Growth. 3. Effective = 1225613 cr 921464 cr
revenue deficit
5. Reducing Regional disparities. 4. Primary Deficit = 1155755 cr 69711 cr
Size = Fiscal deficit > Revenue deficit > E. Re.D. > Primary deficit
3.5% GDP 3.4% of GDP 4.6% of GDP
Income [receipts]
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Net Tax Receipts Capital Receipts Non-Tax Receipts

15.45 16.95 2.43 Strong Army 1. USA
2. Russia
According to firepower report
3. China
[Total = 34.83] Lakh Crore 4. India
5. Japan
Capital Expenditure
Expenditure
2021 -22 [5.54 Lakh Crore]
2020-21 [4.39 Lakh crore]
Scheme Expenditure Transfer, ...... 2019-20 [3.36 lakh crore]
2018-19 [3.8 lakh crore]
Interest payment = 8.1
Central Central
Transfer to states = 4.29
sector Sponsored F.D.I. in Insurance 74% from 49%
Salary = 2.59
Scheme scheme
Pension = 1.89 " Almost all sectors were adversely impacted by the Pandemic especially
(10.52) (3.81)
Others = 3.63 tourism, transport, hospitality and MSME sectors."
Subsidies = 3.7
(C-govt + S-govt)
(100% fund by C-govt)
Sector Change Some key points of Union Budget 2021-22 :-

1. Defense +0.87% 2021 is the year of many import milestones for our history-
2. Subsidy -43.70% [Food, Covid, Fertilizer,
petroleum, interest] 1. It is the 75th year of independence.
3. Agriculture + 2.07% [but maximum under PM Kisan 2. 60 years of Goa's accession to India. (Portugese) (300Cr.)
..... 6000/years] 3. 50 years of the 1971 India's Pak war. [Bangladesh ]
4. Education + 9.41% [very less amount ...........]
4. 8th Census of Independent India. (10 years)
5. Rural infra development 10.19%
6. Urban development +17.02% 5. It will also be India's turn at the BRICS Presidency
7. Transport + 6.88% 6. Maha Kumbh [Haridwar], Chandrayan-3 Mission.
Deficits {` Lakh CR, % of G.D.P.} TAXES

This year finance minister has avoided giving any income tax relief. (No
Fiscal Deficit Target RE 2021-22 change in direct tax System)
3.5% 9.5% 6.8% For Senior Citizen who only have pension and interest income (Age 75+)
No need to file their income tax returns.
Revenue deficit 2.7% 7.5% 5.1%
Deduced the time- limit for re-opening of assessment to 3 years from 6
Effective Rev. deficit 1.8% 6.3% 4.1% years [traders]
National faceless income tax appellate tribunal centre will be setup.
Primary deficit 0.4% 5.9% 3.1% Exemption from audit for those who carry out 95% of their transactions
digitally with income more than 10 Cr. [No need to audit]
Dividend Tax Exempt From TDS National Rail Plan for India 2030
Imp.
Government has proposed how much farm cess ( ) of on Petrol [Broad Gauge to be electrified by - Dec.- 2030]
and diesel `2.5/litre, `4/Diesel
Metro lite and metro Neo [Metro service]
Agri -Infra cess on alcoholic beverages
100% cess [100 1 unit Comprehensive National Hydrogen Energy Mission to be
launched.
Now cess = 10% of tax = 10 1000 crore for Solar Energy Corporation of India
= 110 + 10
120/- 7 Port-projects [PPP mode]
Pillars of the budget - 2021-22

Innovation and R &D 3. Financial Capital
Minimum government and maximum governance
Inclusive development for aspirational India 1. F.D.I. in Insurance to be hiked from the existing 49% to 74%
Health and well-being 2. Bad Bank will be setup [N.P.A.] (Asset Reconstruction companies)
Physical and financial capital and infrastructure
Reinvigarating human capital 3. Revision of definition of small companies under company Act- 2013 [Good for
Health Well-being investment]
1. Fund allocation with an increase of 137%
2. 35,000 cr has been allocated for Covid-19 vaccine Paid-up capital form So lakh to 2 cr
3. Centrally sponsored scheme PM Atma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana,
will be launched with an out lay of about 64,180 crores over 6 years. Turnover form 2 cr to 20 crore.
This will be in addition to the national Health mission". IPO of LIC [Disinvestment] will be carried out in 2021-22.
4. Supplementary Nutrition Programme and Poshan Abhiyan to be menged to (Two PSU)s and one insurance company will be considered for disinvestment with target
of 175000 Cr)
launched the "Mission Poshan 2.0".
Imp.
5. Jal Jeevan Mission [Urban ] {Next 5 years}
From investors prospective, investor charter is going to be introduced
6. Urban Swach Bharat Mission 2.0 [Next five years] for investor protection.
2. Infrastructure Which body as the regulator for gold exchange = SEBI
Capital expenditure = 5.54 Lakh crores [34.5% ] 3. Development of aspirational districts
Production Linked Inventive Scheme (PLI) Agriculture and allied sector
For 13 years Former's welfare and Rural India
For next 5 years. Migrant workers and labours
7 Mega investment textiles Parks [MITRA] in next years. Financial Inclusion.
MSP regime has assured that is at least 1.5 times the cost of production across all commodities.
Development financial institution (DFI) will be setup with sum of 20,000 Under SWAMITYA Scheme ............
crores to capitalise the institution [Provides long term loan......] One Nation One Ration Card ........
For stand up India scheme Margin money

[DFI = Fund Infrastructure Projects] Now only 15% [was 25%]
4. Human Capital
[Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Assam]
100 Sainik School new will be set-up
Central University in leh propossed

Election Time.
National Education Policy
Higher Education commission of India will be setup as promised in 2019.

750 Eklavya Model residential schools in tribal areas Crops
[cost per school mow 20 cr to 38 cr] [48 cr per school in hilly and difficult area] Rural Infra development fund to be enhanced from `30,000 crore to `40,000
crore
`5000 crore micro irrigation fund to be augmented by another `500 Cr [Total
2020-21 (1,11,500 Cr)
10,000 Cr]
Increase in custom duty on cotton and silk to help farmers
2021-22 (73,000 Cr)
1000 more Mandis to be integrated with national Agri-market (e-Nam)
2020-21 (70,000 cr)
PM KISAN YOJANA
2021-22 (70,000 cr)
2020-21 (6,484 Cr)

PM- Kisan more than 50% in PM Kisan
METRO PROJECT
2021-22 (18,998 Cr) 1. Portal that will collect relevant information on Gig workers, building
and construction workers and others to be launched.
2020-21 (10,000 Cr)
2021-22 (50,011 Cr)
Note:- 2021-22
Note:- 31 %
Note:-
Note:- Home loan -
Note:- Capital expenditure = 34.5%
Note:- Global Innovation index = 48th Rank [India]
Note:- (Service Sector)
2017-18 6.9%
2018-19 7.7%
2019-20 5.5%
2020-21 8.8% (Negative)
Agriculture
Agricultural Credit Target enhanced to `16.5 lakh Crore. Who prsented the first Indian Budget?
Focus will be on ensuring increased credit flow to animal husbandry, (a) James Wilson
Dairy fisheries sectors.
Agriculture infra and development cess (AIDC) (b) John Mathai
Scope of operation Greens [TOP] Scheme to be extended form totatoes, (c) C.D. Deshmukh
onions and potatoes to 22.
(d) Indira Gandhi
Ans. (a) James Wilson
The Annual Financial Statement is given under Which budget was presented by first female
which Article? Prime Minister of India?
(a) Article 112 (a) Budget 1958-59
(b) Article 202 (b) Budget 1970-71
(c) Both (a) & (b) (c) Budget 1987-88
(d) None of the above (d) Budget 1950-51
Ans. (a) Article 112
Ans. (b) Budget 1970-71
In which year , Railway Budget was integrated According to Global Firepower Report, which
with General Budget? country has the strongest army?
(a) 2016 (a) USA
(b) 2017 (b) Russia
(c) 2018 (c) China
(d) 2019 (d) India
Ans. (a) 2016 Ans. (a) USA
Who became the first Rajya Sabha member to How many Mega Investment Textile Parks (MITRA)
hold financial portfolio? are to be built according to Union Budget 2021-22?
(a) Indira Gandhi (a) 3
(b) Rajiv Gandhi (b) 4
(c) Pranab Mukherjee (c) 6
(d) Yashwant Sinha (d) 7
Ans. (c) Pranab Mukherjee Ans. (d) 7
Who has presented the budget for 10 times? How many Port Projects are to be launched
according to the Union Budget 2021-22?
(a) P. Chidambaram
(a) 3
(b) Morarji Desai (b) 5
(c) C.D. Deshmukh (c) 7
(d) John Mathai (d) 9
Ans. (b) Morarji Desai Ans. (c) 7
Which body acts as the regulator for gold
exchange?
(a) WEF
(b) SEBI
(c) ADB
THANKYOU
(d) None
Ans. (b) SEBI
According to Union Budget 2021-22, how many

Sainik schools are to be built in India?
(a) 80
(b) 70
(c) 65
(d) 100
Ans. (d) 100
What is the rank of India In Global Innovation

Index 2020?
(a) 34
(b) 48
(c) 53
(d) 43
Ans. (b) 48
According to budget 2021-22, FDI limit has been increased

from 49% to how much in Insurance sector?
( -
)
(a) 50%
(b) 65%
(c) 74%
(d) 76%
Ans. Ans. (c) 74%
Hkkjr esa vk£Fkd fu;kstu
(Economic Planning in India)
1. Planned Economy for India

Book  lj- ,e- fo'os'ojS;k
Hkkjrds fy, fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk
 M. Visvervaraya
2. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Økaxszl ds gfjiqjk (1938
vf/os'ku
esa)
esaigyh ckj
National Planning
Committee dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlds vè;{k ia- usg: FksA
4. loksZn; ;kstuk
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 t; izdk'k ukjk;.kE
3. xk¡/hoknh ;kstuk dk izLrko ;k vo/kj.kk
Jh eÂkjk;.k }kjk izLrqr dh xbZ
I
5. tu ;kstuk  (People's plan)  M.N. Roy
vk£Fkd fu;kstu ls vfHkizk; gS ^^jkT; ds }kjk ns'k dh vk£Fkd lEink dk ,d fuf'pr le;
L
lhek ds fy, iwokZuqeku yxkuk** & fu;kstu
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
 ekWMy@
(First five year Plan): (1951-55)
MODEL = gSjM & Mksekj
tSls&
KD
 mís'; = Ñf"k fodkl[flapkbZ ---------
lkeqnkf;d fodkl
 Hkk[kM+k(Bhakara
ukxy
]
Dam, Satluj)
 nkeksnu ?kkVh
 ghjk dq.M (egkunh)
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk(1956-61)
 ekWMy% ih- lh- egkyuksfol
 Basic Infra, Heavy Industry
 jkmjdsyk (mM+hlk)
(Rourkela) (Germany)
 fHkykbZ (NÙkhlx<+)
 nqxkZiqj (i- caxky)
rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%(1961-66)
 vkRefuHkZj
 Hkkjr ikfdLrku ;q¼
cksdkjks (:l)>kj[k.M
;kstuk vkodkl(1966-69)
pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
(1969-74)
mís';%Growth with Stability
 1969 esa] 14 okf.kfT;d cSadks dk jk"Vªhdj.k
ik¡poh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
VE
 ifjokj fu;kstu dks ykxw fd;k x;k
(1974-79)
 mís';% U;qure vko';drk dk;ZØe (
Minimum Needs Programme)
 xjhch mUewyu
 By- th- feMZy

 turk ljdkj
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk% LI
(Poverty Removal)
[Rolling - Plan/vuojr ]
D
(1980-85)
xjhch fuokj.k $ jkstxkj l`tu (Vªblse)
ukckMZ (NABARD) cSad1982
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EXIM Bank, 1982
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
(1985-90)
 Speed Post izkjEHk gqvk
Ñf"k]
growth, Development
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
(1992-97)
ekuo lalk/u fodkl (Human Development)
HkkjrW.T.O. dk lnL; cuk
fo'o O;kikj laxBu)
Note- 1991 vk£Fkd lq/kj ykxw fd, x,
 mnkjhdj.k (L)
 futhdj.k (P)
 oS'ohdj.k(G)
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
(1997-2002)
lkekftd U;k; vkSj vlkurk] vk£Fkd lao`f¼
 thou Lrj eas lq/kj
 jkstxkj l`tu
 {ks=kh; larqyu
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
(2002-07)
lkekftd U;k; vkSj lekurk
11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
 rhozre vkSj lekos'kh fodkl
12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk%
VE
(2007-12)
(2012-17)
;kstuk vk;ksx%&
xBu 15 ekpZ]
I
 rhoz laiks"k.kh; vkSj vf/d lekos'kh fodkl
(Faster sustainable and more Inclusive growth)
L
1950 dks gqvkA
dk;Zljdkj dks ijke'kZ nsuk
KD
vè;{k iz/kuea=kh (igyk vè;{k% ia- usg:
uksV%&1 tuojh] 2015 dks uhfr vk;ksx dk xBu gqvkA
Niti Aayog
(National Institution for transfarming India)
izFke vè;{k@
Chairman = P.M. Modi
jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn(National development)
Council - NDC: –––––– (1952)
dk;Z%&
;kstukvksa vkSj vk£Fkd uhfr;ksa dh leh{kk djukA
LIVE By Anand sir LIVE By Anand sir
1. Which Ministry is responsible for 5. How much does the primary sector
calculating GDP in India? contribute to India's GDP?
(a) Ministry of Finance (a) 26%
(b) Ministry of Commerce and Industry (b) 20%
(c) Ministry of Central Statistical and (c) 53%
Program Implementation (d) 14%
(d) Ministry of consumer Affairs
2. What base year is used to calculate per 6. Which sector contributes the most to
capita income in India? India's economy?
(a) 2004-05 (a) Service sector
(b) 2011-12 (b) Manufacturing sector
(c) 2001-2002 (c) Agricultural sector
(d) 2014-15 (d) Small scale industries

7. If the contribution of the agricultural sector is
3. Which state of India currently has the decreasing in a country's economy, then what
highest Per Capita Income? conclusion can be drawn?
(a) The country is growing in the direction of being a
(a) Goa developed nation
(b) Delhi (b) The country is moving towards becoming
(c) Maharashtra developing nation
(c) The country is moving towards becoming less
(d) Punjab developed nation
(d) The economic growth rate of the country has
stopped
4. At present, how much is India's Per Capita 8. Which is not added in the calculation of
Income (based on market prices)? national income of India?
(a) 72350 (a) The value of goods and services
(b) 93293 (b) The sold value of the old fridge
(c) 85261 (c) Services rendered by the housewives
(d) 1,25,408 (d) Both b & c
9. Which Indian state gives highest income 13. Which sector contributes the most income
tax collection to the Government of India? to India's economy?
(a) Uttar Pradesh (a) Primary sector
(b) Kerala (b) Secondary sector
(c) Maharashtra (c) Tertiary sector
(d) Goa (d) None of these
10. Which of the following is not a method to 14. Till what time Indian Economy want to
calculate the Gross Domestic Product become a US$5 trillion dollar economy?
(GDP)? (a) 2022-23
(a) Product method (b) 2024-25
(b) Income law (c) 2027-28
(c) Expenditure method (d) 2029-30
(d) Diminishing cost method
11. The total amount of income from 15. Who releases data of national income in
economic activities across the country in a India?
year is called ........ (a) NSSO
(a) Disposable income (b) CSO
(b) National income (c) NITI Aayog
(c) Personal income (d) None of the following
(d) Private Income

12. Which statement is correct for nominal GDP?
I. Nominal GDP is calculated based on current 16. Which country is the fourth-largest
prices. economy in the world in terms of nominal
II. Nominal GDP is calculated based on the base
prices.
GDP?
III. Data on Nominal GDP shows an accurate picture (a) Germany
of the economy as compared to real GDP. (b) Britain
(a) Only II, III (c) Japan
(b) only II
(c) only I
(d) Russia
(d) I, III
LIVE By Anand sir
17. The value of which work is added in the

calculation of GDP?
(a) Housewives' works
(b) A teacher teaching his own child
(c) The value of resale of old shares
(d) Construction of new house by an
artisan
ECONOMICS
BY ANAND SIR
1. cSafdax iz.kkyh dk fodkl

2. foRr cktkj
3. “ks;j cktkj
4. dj lajpuk
5. pkSngoka foRr vk;ksx
6. Hkqxrku larqyu ¼BOP½
7. fons”kh fuos”k & FDI, FTI
8. vk;kstu ,oa izdkj
9. iapo’khZ; ;kstuk,a
eujsxk %
10. csjkstxkjh
ve
11. xjhch
12. varjkZ’Vªh; foRrh; laLFkku & IMF, AIIB, ADB, BRICS BAN WORLD BANK,WTO
Li
D
K
Economics by Anand Sir

jk’Vªh; vk; vkSj mRiknu
mRiknu ds fy, vko”;d pht
Hkwfe çkd`frd laLFkku Je Hkkfrd iwWt

a h Ekkuo iwWth
ty] ou] [kfut LFkk;h dk;Z”khy /kku ¼Js’B½
Ek”khus]a gy ls ysdj dPpk eky

dEI;wVj rd Hkou] okgu udn iSlk
ve
Production Factor vkHkw’k.k foRrh;
iwWt
a h gSA
bUgsa mRiknu ds dkjd dgk tkrk gSA
→ xSj d`f’k fØ;k,a & y?kq fofuekZ.k] ifjogu] nqdkunkjh vkfnA

→ tc f”k{kk] izf”k{k.k vkSj fpfdRlk lsokvksa esa fuos”k fd;k tkrk gS rks og Hkh ekuo iwWt
a h esa cny tkrh gSA ;g Hkh ns”k dh
mRiknu “kfDr esa o`f) djrk gSA
Li
mRiknu {ks=
izkFkfed f+}rh;d r`rh;d
i. d`f’k i. fofuekZ.k i. gksVy

ii. okfudh ii. fuekZ.k ii. ifjogu
iii. eNyh ikyu iii. ty fo|qr&xSl iii. lapkj
D
iv. [kuu ,oa mR[kuu iv. HkaMkj.k

v. cSafdax
vi. chek
vii. yksd&iz”kklu
viii. izfrj{kk
ix. vU; lsok,a
K
f”k{kk] LokLF;] i;ZVu
→ ;s lc vkfFkZd fØ;k,a gSa vkSj buls ns”k esa jk’Vªh; vk; c<+rh gSA
izkFkfed] f)rh;d {ks= esa ftruk
tehu ls mRiknu c<+kus dk rjhdk vf/kd fodkl gksuk lsokvksa dh ekWax
bruh gh c<+sxhA
cgqfo/k Qly iz.kkyh vk/kqfud d`f’k fof/k;kW tSls

[,d o’kZ esa ,d ls T;knk Qly iSnk djuk] gfjr Økafr ds le; vf/kd
iwWt
w h dh vko”;drk
2|Page
jk’Vªh; vk; vkSj mRikn dh dqN eq[; vo/kkj.kk,a %&
1- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼GDP½ & CSO fudkyrk gS ¼1995½
→ ,d o’kZ ds nkSjku
→ ?kjsyw lhek ds vanj
→ fuokfl;ksa }kjk
→ vafre oLrq ,oa lsokvksa ds cktkj ewY;ksa dk lexz ;ksx
→ blesa ns”k ds ?kjsyw $ fons”kh fuoklh “kkfey gaSA
Eg:- 1 Kg xsgwWa → 1 Kg. vk;
1 Kg. cszsM
ve
Rkks 1 Kg czsM dks Count djrh gSA
2- ldy jk’Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½ &
GDP $ fons”kksa esa jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa dh vk; & ¼Minus½

Hkkjr esa jgus okys fonsf”k;ksa dh vk;
3-
Li
fo”kq)@fuoy@”kq) jk’Vªh; mRikn ¼NNP½ &
GNP – e”khuksa dh f?klkoV@ewY; ãl] dj O;; ¼Depriciation½
4- ”kq) jk’Vªh; vk; ¼NNI½ &

D
cktkj dher ij NNPMP & vizR;{k dj $ lfClMh
→ jk’Vªh; vk; dk ewY;kadu fLFkj dher ij ¼vk/kkj o’kZ 2011&12 ¼2004&05 ds LFkku ij½ okLrfod gks tk,xhA
→ fuxe dj dks jk’Vªh; vk; ls ?kVkuk gksxk] D;ksafd ;g ifjokjksa dks ugha feyrkA
→ mYys[kuh; gS fd CSO }kjk o’kZ 2015 esa tkjh funsZ”k ds vuqlkj] fLFkj cktkj ewY; ij O;Dr GDP tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk ds
K
lHkh {ks=ksa ds csfld ewY; ij O;Dr ldy ewY; lao/kZu ¼GVA½ dk ;ksx gksxk] jk’Vªh; vk; dks iznf”kZr djsxkA
→ GDP dks mPp dY;k.k dk lwpdkad ugha ekuk tk ldrk] D;ksafd fdlh dh vk; c<+ tkrh gS rks fdlh dh de gks tkrh gSA
tSls dEiuh yxkus ls GDP c<+x

s k] ysfdu dEiuh ds iznw’k.k ls xjhc vkneh ds eNyh ikyu] d`f’k vkfn ij udkjkRed izHkko
iM+sxkA
5- izfr O;fDr vk; ¼PCI½ &

→ fdlh Hkh ns”k esa vkfFkZd dY;k.k dk Bhd ls irk yxkus ds fy, PCI ,d loZJs’B ekinaM gkrh gS] ysfdu ;g t:jh ugha gS
fd lHkh yksx vkfFkZd dY;k.k ds vPNs Lrj ij gksaA
^^Largest economies are not the richest^^ – [World Bank]
3|Page
6- ekSfnzd jk’Vªh; vk; &
→ pkyw dh ewY;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
→ bls izpfyr ewY;ksa ij jk’Vªh; vk; Hkh dgrs gSAa
Pkkyw ewY; ij thMhih rFkk fLFkj ewY; ij O;Dr thMhih
 tc thMhih dh x.kuk cktkj esa izpfyr ewY; ;k pkyw ewY; ij dh tkrh gS rks bls pkyw ewY; ij O;Dr thMhih ;k ekSfnzd
¼Nominal GDP½ thMhih dgrs gSaA
 blds foijhr tc thMhih dh x.kuk esa LQhfr ds izHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, thMhih dks fdlh fiNys o’kZ ¼vk/kkj&o’kZ½ ds
ewY; ds vk/kkj ij O;Dr djrs gSa rks bls fLFkj ewY; ij thMhih ;k okLrfod thMhih ¼Real GDP½ dgk tkrk gSA
 lh,lvks }kjk jk’Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ds fy, vk/kkj o’kZ dh ubZ Jà[kyk 2011&12 viukbZ xbZ gSA blds iwoZ esa ;g 2004&05
FkhA
jk’Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu dh fof/k;kWa
ve
mRiknu fof/k
 blesa vFkZO;oLFkk dh mRiknd bdkb;ksa ds mRiknu dk dqy ;ksx “kkfey gksrk gSA
 bl fof/k ds varxZr jk’Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk pkyw o’kZ esa gq, mRiknu ds ;ksx dks gh “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
vk; fof/k
 blds varxZr mRiknu ds lHkh lk/kuksa }kjk mRiknu ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik izkIr vk; ds ;ksx ls jk’Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dh tkrh

Li
gSA blesa pkj lk/ku vk; tksM+s tkrs gSa &
deZpkfj;ksa dh {kfriwjd vk; ftlesa etnwjh rFkk osru] fu;ksDrk }kjk lkekftd va”knku dk ewY; “kkfey gksrk gSA
 yxku rFkk jkW;YVh] C;kt rFkk ykHkA
O;; fof/k ¼Expenditure Method½

 Ckktkj ewY; ;k thMhih ¼GDP½ dks ns”k dh vkfFkZd lhek ds Hkhrj mRikfnr vafre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds Åij fd, x, dqy
O;; ds :Ik esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu O;;ksa esa “kkfey gSA
 futh vafre miHkksx O;; ¼C½
 ljdkjh vafre miHkksx O;; ¼G½
D
 fofu;ksx O;; ¼i½

 -----fons”kh fuos”k ¼vk;kr&fu;kZr½
jk’Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk esa “kkfey fd, tkus okys en
 vk; x.kuk o’kZ esa mRikfnr vafre oLrq,a rFkk lsok,aA

K
 x.kuk o’kZ esa mRikfnr ijarq ml o’kZ dk u fcdk gqvk LVkWdA

 lSfud rFkk lqj{kk lsok,aA
 fons”kh Ik;ZVdksa }kjk Hkkjr esa fd;k tkus okyk O;;A
 ljdkj }kjk turk dks iznku dh xbZ fu%”kqYd lsok,aA
 ykHkka”kA
 Hkfo’; fuf/k dks’k esa yksxksa dk va”knkuA
 Lo;a miHkksx ds fy, fd;k x;k mRiknuA
 czkd
s lZ deh”ku ¼D;ksafd ;g ,d mRiknd lsok gS½
 fons”kksa esa fLFkr Hkkjrh; cSadksa dh vk;A
jk’Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk esa “kkfey ugha fd;s tkus okys en
 “ks;j rFkk fMcsaplZ pkgs ;s mlh o’kZ gks] fuxZr D;ksa u fd, x, gksaA
 iwWthxr ykHk o gkfu rFkk vizR;kf”kr YkkHkA Economics by Anand Sir
4|Page
 dksbZ Hkh e/;orhZ Hkqxrku “kkfey ugha gksr]s tSls & QSDVªh dk fctyh [kpZ] gksVy }kjk [kjhnh xbZ lfCt;kWa vkfnA
 fdlh O;fDr ;k ifjokj }kjk vodk”k esa fd;k x;k x`g dk;Z tSls & Qy] lCth mRiknu vkfnA
 fdlh QeZ }kjk j[ks x, LVkWd dh dher esa o`f) fons”kksa esa izkIr migkjA
1) fons”kksa ls izkIr “kq) izkIr lac/a kh vkWadM+ksa ls rS;kj rFkk izdkf”kr djus dk;Z fjtoZ cSad }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu fjtoZ cSad
vius fo”ys’k.k esa CSO ds vkWadM+ksa dk gh iz;ksx djrk gSA
jk’Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu ls lacaf/kr dqN rF;
 jk’Vªh; vk; laca/kh vkWadM+s CSO }kjk izdkf”kr fd, tkrs gSa tks fd lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u ea=ky; dk ,d Hkkx
gSA
 izFke ckj jk’Vªh; vk; ds vuqeku dk iz;kl nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us 1868 bZ- esa fd;k FkkA
 jk’Vªh; izfrn”kZ losZ{k.k laxBu ¼NSSO½ dh LFkkiuk 1971 bZ- esa dh xbZ FkhA
 Hkkjr esa iwWth fuekZ.k laca/kh vkWadM+sa CSO }kjk rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA
ldy ?kjsyw cpr
ve
 ?kjsyw cpr] ljdkjh cpr ,oa fuxe cpr ds ;ksx dks ldy ?kjsyw cpr dgk tkrk gSA
 ns”s k ds x`g {ks= }kjk dh xbZ dqy cpr dks ?kjsyw cpr dgk tkrk gSA
 ns”k dh ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dqy cpr dks ljdkjh cpr dgk tkrk gSA
 ns”k ds lkoZtfud fuxeksa ,oa futh fo’k;ksa dh dqy cpr dks fuxe cpr dgk tkrk gSA
 1950&51 esa ;gkWa ldy ?kjsyw cpr 8-9 izfr”kr Hkh ogha 2013&14 esa ;g 30-6 izfr”kr gSA
vk/kkj o’kZ esa cnyko

CSO
Li
us vkfFkZd fodkl nj dh x.kuk ds fy, 2011&12 ds u, vk/kkj o’kZ ds lkFk jk’Vªh; [kkrksa dh ,d ubZ Jà[kyk tkjh dh gSA
tuojh 2010 esa vk/kkj o’kZ 2004&05 ds : esa r; fd;k x;k gSA
blls fo”ys’k.k ds fy, vkWadM+ksa dh le> ljy gksxh vkSj blls varjkZ’Vªh; ekudksa ds le:Ik rqyuk djus esa Hkh vklkuh gksxhA
→ vkS|ksfxd mRIkknu lwpdkad Hkh CSO tkjh djrk gSA vk/kkj o’kZ 2004&05-
Economy Survey –
}kjk
D
 Draft Economic Affair
 Defect - CSO }kjk
 vaafre fjiksVZ & foRr lfpo $ ih,e
jktdks’kh; uhfr
K
ctV
→ lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 112 → jkT; ctV vuq- 202
→ ljdkj dh vuqekfur vk; vkSj O;; ds forj.k
→ rS;kj djrk gS & Department of Economc Affars ¼foRr ea= a ky;½
→ nksukas lnuksa esa is”k djus gsrq ^^jk’Vªifr mRrjnk;h gSaA
ctV ;k lcls yEck
blesa & igyk ctV& foylu }kjk
1860 esa
 vkus okys o’kZ dk vuqeku ok;ljk; dsfuax
 pkyw o’kZ dk vuqeku
 fiNys o’kZ dk okLrfod C;kSjk
]
5|Page
Vote on Account Interim Budget
i. gj lky is”k fd;k tkrk gSA i. flQZ pqukoh lky esa

ii. Qjojh ls vizSy rd ds ljdkj ds [kpsZ iwjs ii. yksd yqHkkouh ?kks’k.kk,a ugha dh tk
djus ds fy,A ldrha] rkfd pquko izHkkfor u gksA
iii. flQZ [kpsZ ds fy, 1@6 iii. rkfd lHkh izfØ;k lkekU; ctV tSlh
iv. lkekU;r% 2 ekg] vf/kdre 6 ekg iv. Vote on Account varfje ctV dk
gh Hkkx gS vkSj lkekU; ctV dk HkhA
ljdkj dh vk; ,oa O;; dk izca/ku rhu [kkrksa ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA & ¼vuq-& 266 vkSj 267 ctV <kWaps dk fooj.k½
i. lafpr fuf/k ¼Consolidated Fund½ & vuq- 266 ¼1½
lEiw.kZ jktLo izkfIr;kWa &
ve
 leLr izkfIr;kWa
 Tkks _.k fy;k
 fn, x, _.k ls izkIr C;kt
→ blesa ls iSlk fudkyus gsrq laln }kjk fofu;ksx vf/kfu;e ;k vuqijw d vuqnku ikfjr fd;k gks] vFkkZr~ bleas ls /ku fudkyus
gsrq laln dh vuqefr vfuok;ZA
→ blh izdkj dh izfØ;k jkT; esa Hkh ykxwA
ii. yksd ys[kk [kkrk ¼Public Account½ vuq- 266 ¼2½

→
→
fofuos”k QaM
NDRF
Li
→ eujsxk QaM
→ Clean India Fund
→ jk’Vªh; Yk?kq cpr fuf/k
→ Provident Fund, Postal Enquiry Money Order etc.
→ ;g /ku ljdkj ds ikl ,d izdkj ls Bank ds :Ik esa tek jgrk gSA blesa ls iSlk fudkyus gsrq laln dh vuqefr vfuok;Z
ughaA
D
iii. vkdfLed fuf/k ¼Contingency Fund½ & vuq- 267

→ vkdfLed O;; dks iwjk djus gsrq jk’Vªifr] jkT;iky ¼Øe”k% dsUnz ,oa jkT;½ dh vuqefr ls /ku fudkyk tk ldrk gSA ckn
esa laln ls vf/kd`r gksus ij lafpr fuf/k ls fudkydj blesa iqu% Mky fn;k tkrk gSA
K
6|Page
ctV
jktLo ctV iwWath ctV
jktLo izkfIr;kWa jktLo O;;

iwWt
a hxr izkfIr;kWa iwWt
a hxr O;;
 dj jktLo ¼izR;{k&vizR;{k dj½ C;kt] j{kk] j[kj[kko

O;;] isa”ku cktkj ls fy;k x;k _.k] _.k fuos”k] _.k Hkqxrku]
 xSj&dj jktLo ¼ykHkka”k] C;kt iz”kklfud O;;] olwyh@okilh] fofuos”k _.k forj.k
izkfIr;kWa] vuqnku½ laln O;; vkfn
 “kqYd vkSj tqekZus ls vk;] LisDVªe
uhykeh ls izkIr vk; Hkfo’; fuf/k] fdlku i=] → jkT;
Lo.kZ ckWaM vkfn → fe= ns”k
ve
jktLo izkfIr;kWa D;k gSa \
→ os ljdkjh izkfIr;kWa ftudh mRifRr ds fy, ljdkj dks lkoZtfud lEifRr ugha cspuh iM+s vkSj u gh m/kkj ysrs gSa
lkoZtfud ns;rk,a c<+kuh iM+As
iwWathxr izkfIr;kWa D;k gSa \ tek
→ os izkfIr;kWa ftudh mRifRr ds fy, ;k rks lkoZtfud lEifRr;kWa cspuh iM+s ;k lkoZtfud ns;rk,a c<+kuh iM+Asa
Li ljdkj ds O;;@[kpZ
;kstukxr O;; xSj&;kstukxr O;;

¼Plan Expenditure½ ¼Non - plan Expenditure½
& dsUnz ljdkj }kjk iapo’khZ;] dsUnzh; & C;kt vnk;xh] lfClMh] j{kk] O;;
,oa jkT; dh ;kstukvksa ds fy, fd;k osru] isa”ku vkfn
D
x;k gSA
& ;s mRiknd izd`fr ds O;; gSaA
* lh- jaxjktu lfefr dh flQkfj”kksa ij ljdkj us O;; ds bl oxhZdj.k dks lekIr dj fn;k gSA
fodklkRed O;; & ckWa/k] iqy] dkj[kkus]a jsyos] lM+d vkfnA

K
xSj&fodklkRed O;; & osru] isa”ku] C;kt vnk;xh] j{kk O;; vkfnA
* ;kstukxr [kpZ dk dk;Z
→ igys ns[krk Fkk & ;kstuk vk;ksx [iqulZajpuk uhfr vk;ksx]

→ vc ns[krk gS & uhfr vk;ksx ugha cfYd foRr ea=ky;
ljdkjh ?kkVs
i.) jktdks’kh; ?kkVk ¼Fiscal Deficit½
dqy O;; & dqy izkfIr;kWa ¼_.k x`g.k dks NksM+dj½

7|Page
¼jktLo $ iwWt
a hxr½ ¼jktLo $ iwWt
a hxr½
ii.) jktLo ?kkVk ¼Revenue Deficit½
jktLo O;; & jktLo izkfIr;kWa
iii.) iwWthxr ?kkVk ¼Capital Deficit½
iwWthxr [kpZ & iwWwathxr izkfIr;kWa
iv.) ctV ?kkVk &
dqy [kpsZ & dqy izkfIr;kWa ¼cktkj ls m/kkj vkSj vU; ns;rkvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksA½
ve
→ ctV ?kkVs dks iwjk djuk &
i. vkj-ch-vkbZ ls m/kkj ysdj
ii. vkj-ch-vkbZ ds ikl iM+k gqvk dsl cSysal de djukA
v.) izkFkfed ?kkVk & C;kt Hkqxrku

jktdks’kh; ?kkVk & C;kt Hkqxrku
→ varjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij ?kkVs dks ekius gsrq yksdfiz; gksrk tk jgk gSA
*
Li
Hkkjr esa jktdks’kh; ?kkVs dh vo/kkj.kk 1 vizSy 1997 dks ykxw dh xbZ & pØorhZ lfefr dh flQkfj”k ijA ctV ?kkVs dh
vo/kkj.kk ctV fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa Hkkjr esa ikjnf”kZrk ,oa tokcnsgh mRiUu dj jgh gSA
* ?kkVs dks iwjk djuk %&

→ _.k = fons”kh vkarfjd
→ fons”kh lgk;rk
→ ubZ eqnzk cktkj
→ dj c<+kdj
D
→ lq”kklu }kjk
jktdks’kh; ?kkVk de gksus@djus ds dkj.k@iz;kl

i. dsUnzh; ;kstukvksa dh la[;k de dh xbZ gSA
ii. isVªksy&Mhty ewY; fu;a=.k eqDrA
K
iii. dPpk rsy lLrk gqvk gSA

iv. LPG, dsjkslhu dh varjkZ’Vªh; ewY; esa deh vkus ls ljdkj dh lfClMh dh jkf”k de gqbZ gSA
v. DBT for LPG + JAM
Direct Benefit
Transfer
tu&/ku vk/kkj eksckby
dqy lfClMh 2-5 yk[k djksM+

i. [kk|
ii. moZjd
iii.isVªksfy;e
O;; izca/ku vk;ksx ¼EMC½ & flrEcj & 2014

bldk mÌs”; ljdkj dks O;; lq/kkj esa tkudkjh nsus ds lkFk&lkFk jktdks’kh; ?kkVs dks de djus vkSj mfpr izca/k ds laca/k esa
lq>ko nsuk gSA
8|Page
→ foRr ea=ky; ds vkfFkZd dk;Z foHkkx dk ctV fMohtu _.k izc/a ku ij frekgh fjiksVZ tkjh djrk gSA
 ljdkj ds Åij ftruk Hkh _.k gksrk gS] mls yksd _.k dgrs gSAa ,slh izkfIr;kWa tks yksd _.k dks izHkkfor djrh gSa] os
**f)rh;d izkfIr;kWa** dgykrh gSaA tks izkfIr;kWa yksd _.k dks izHkkfor ugha djrha] mUgsa izkFkfed izkfIr;kWa dgrs gSaA
ÅWaps jktdks’kh; ?kkVs ds nq’ifj.kke

i. C;kt nj c<+sxh rks fu;ksftr futh fuos”k de gksxkA LPG okyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds
ii. dY;k.k ij udkjkRed vlj iM+sxkA fy, mfpr ugha gSA
D;ksafd] ljdkj Hkfo’; esa vf/kd [kpZ djus ls cpsxhA
iii. varjkZ’Vªh; foRrh; laLFkkvksa dk ncko c<+ ldrk gSA ¼[kpZ esa dVkSrh ds fy,½
iv. csjkstxkjh c<+ ldrh gSA
FRBM Act (Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management)
jktdks’kh; mRrjnkf;Ro ,oa ctV izca/ku vf/kfu;e] 2003 ¼FRRM ACT½
ve
i. laln esa jktdks’kh; lqn`<+hdj.k rFkk lkoZtfud O;; ds izca/ku dsfy, 2003 esa ;g vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k FkkA
ii. bldk izeq[k mn~ns”; jktdks’kh; ,oa jktLo ?kkVs dks de djus gsrq Ik;kZIr dne mBkus ds fy, ljdkj dks izfs jr djuk
Fkk] rkfd 2008 rd jktLo ?kkVk lekIr gks tk, vkSj Ik;kZIr jktLo vkf/kD; dk l`tu gks ldsA
iii. dsUnz ljdkj fjtoZ cSad ls dsoy ml fLFkfr esa m/kkj ysxh] tc udn izkfIr;ksa dh vis{kk udn~ O;; vLFkkbZ :Ik ls vf/kd
gksA
iv. ljdkj laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa okf’kZd foRrh; fooj.k rFkk ekax vuqnku ds lkFk lef’V&vFkZ”kkL=h; volajpuk fooj.k]
e/;kof/k jktdks’kh; uhfr fooj.k rFkk jktdks’kh; uhfr&j.kuhfr fooj.k izLrqr djsx a hA
 bu y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, r`rh; dsydj lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlus FRBM fu;ekoyh dk fuekZ.k djds dqN
mn~ns”; fu/kkZfjr fd,&
Li
i. 31 ekpZ 2008 rd jktLo ?kkVs lekIr djuk vkSj izfro’kZ ¼2004&05 ls “kq: djds½ blesa th-Mh-ih- ds 0-5% ds cjkcj
deh djukA
ii. 31 ekpZ] 2008 rd jktdks’kh; ?kkVs dks th-Mh-ih- ds 3% rd de djuk vkSj blds fy, izfro’kZ ¼2004&05 ls “kq:
djds½ bls th-Mh-ih- ds 0-3% rd de djukA
iii. o’kZ 2004&05 ls th-Mh-ih- ds 9 izfr”kr ls vf/kd vfrfjDr ns;rkvksa dks l`ftr u djuk] ftlesa fons”kh _.k Hkh “kkfey
gaS] lkFk gh vkxkeh o’kksaZ esa blesa th-Mh-ih- ds 1 izfr”kr rd dh deh djukA
 dukZVd FRBM fu;ekoyh dks ykxw djus okyk igyk jkT; gSA
 2015&2016 ds ctV esa foRr ea=h us jktdks’kh; ?kkVs dks o’kZ 2017&18 rd th-Mh-ih- ds 3% rd ykus dh ckr dghA
 vesfjdh eanh ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+us okys izHkko ls fuiVus gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ,d Stimulus Package ¼3-86
D
yk[k djksM+½ ds dkj.k FRBM Act vius fu/kkZfjr y{; dks izkIr ugha dj ldkA
 FRBM Act ds dkj.k lkekftd [kpZ ¼f”k{kk] LokLF;½ ij foijhr izHkko iM+us ls bldh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA
K
9|Page
foRrh; lekos”ku
leLr tula[;k] fo”ks’k :Ik ls vYi vk; rFkk detksj ,oa fu/kZu yksxksa dks oguh; ykxr ij ikjn”khZ <ax ls lk[k&lqfo/kk,a vFkok
cSafdax lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkukA ,sls yksx tks cSafdax lsokvksa ;k lk[k lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gksus ds dkj.k xkWaoksa esa lkgwdkjksa] egktuksa
vkfn ls ÅWaph C;kt nj ij _.k ysrs gSa vkSj varr% muds tky esa Qal tkrs gSAa
1. cSafdax & lsfoax] ATM
foRrh; lekos”ku gsrq fd, x, iz;kl & 2. ØsfMV & _.k izkIr dj
3. fuos”k & Pension Plan
4. chek & L.I.C. GI
→ cSadksa dk jk’Vªh;dj.k
→ ih,l,y
→ Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dh “kq#vkr
→ LokfHkeku ;kstuk ¼2011] 2000 ls vf/kd vkcknh okys 73]000 xkWaoksa dks cSafdax lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djokbZ½
→ Zero-Balance Account (2012)
→ tu&/ku ;kstuk ¼28 vxLr] 2014½
foRrh; lekos”ku ds fy, vfuok;Zrk,a &
ve
i. nwj&njkt ds fiNM+s bykdksa esa cSafdax lqfo/kk miyC/k djokukA
ii. yksxksa dks cSafdax iz.kkyh ds ykHk ls ifjfpr djkuk] rkfd vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks [kkrk [kksyus gsrq izfs jr fd;k tk ldsaA
iii. U;wure ykxr ij _.k iznku djuk] rkfd +_.k tky esa u QalsaA
iv. cSafdaax iz.kkyh esa ,slh Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx djuk tks tula[;k dh fofo/krk gksA
foRrh; lk{kjrk &

blls vk”k; mu “kCnksa ls gSa] ftudk lkeuk fdlh fuos”kd dks eqnzk cktkj esa izos”k djrs le; djuk iM+rk gS tSls& fdl izdkj
Li
/ku dk fuos”k] O;oLFkk ;k fdlh dh lgk;rk ds fy, nku fd;k tk, vkfn Kku ls gSaA
vf/kdka”k Hkkjrh; eqnzkLQhfr rFkk C;kt nj tSls izeq[k /kkj.kkvksa dks ugaha le>rsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cgqr ls yksx] fo”ks’kdj fu/kZu
rFkk efgyk,a cSafdaax rFkk foRrh; lsokvksa dk ykHk mBkus esa vleFkZ jg tkrs gSAa
**fodkl og gS tks Lora=rk fnykrk gSA** & izks- veR;Z lsu
lao`f) ¼Growth½ fodkl ¼Development½

;g ek=kRed gksrh gSA ;g xq.kkRed gksrh gSA
D
i. i.
ii. ;g jk"Vªh; vk; vFkok mRiknu esa ii. ;g thou dh xq.koRrk dks iznf”kZr djrk gSA
gksus okys izn”kZu dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
dksbZ langs ugha gS fd thou dh vPNh xq.koRrk ds fy, vk; dh egRoi.wkZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS] ysfdu ;g Ik;kZIr ugha gS] vFkkZr~ thou
dh vPNh xq.koRrk dks dsoy jk’Vªh; vk; }kjk Li’V ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vk; ds lkFk&lkFk vPNk LokLF;] f”k{kk vkfn dh Hkh
vko”;drk gksrh gSA fodkl esa bu lc vk;kekas dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA
K
fodkl ds ekid &

HDI
vk;q vk; f”k{kk
* lwpdkad dk ewY; 0 →→→→ ds chp gksrk gSA
10 | P a g e
Sustainable Development :- vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, Hkh lalk/ku dks cuk, j[kukA]
bl “kCn dk iz;ksx igyh ckj United Nation Commission on Environment & Development }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx dks
Brunt Land vk;ksx ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd rduhdh dk fodkl djds lalk/kuksa dh cpt dh tk ldrh gS] ysfdu ;g lgh ugha gS] D;ksafd
rduhdh ds c<+us ls mRikndrk c<+rh gS] ftlls yksxksa dh vk; Hkh c<+rh gS & vk; c<+us ls yksxksa dk mi;ksx Hkh c<+rk gS vkSj bl
izdkj lalk/kuksa dh cpr ugha gks ikrhA
Carbon Credits :- [blesa 6 izdkj dh xSlksa dks vk/kkj j[kk x;k gSA]
;g izfØ;k ftlds varxZr O;kolkf;d QeZ esa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh vU; laLFkk,a] tSl&
as CER ¼Certification Emmission
Reduction½ Certificate
izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA
1 CER, 1 Vu CO2 dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA bls ikus ds fy, lacfa /kr dEifu;kWa vFkok laLFkk,a bl izdkj dh Green Projects esa
fuos”k djrh gSa] ftuls CO2 ds Lrj dks de djus esa enn feyrh gSA orZeku esa budk ,d cktkj fodflr gks x;k gS] ftlesa bl
ve
izdkj ls dek, x, Carbon Credits dks cspk tk ldrk gSA
budk ok;nk dkjksckj Hkh pyrk gSA Hkkjr esa MCX }kjk 2008 esa bl dkjksckj dks “kq: fd;k x;k FkkA [1 Vu co2 Reduce gks rks
laLFkk dks 1 CER feyrk gS]
Li
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11 | P a g e
Happy Planet Index
HkwVku ls izkjEHk
laa;qDr jk’Vª dh oSf”od igy lrr~ fodkl lek/kku usVodZ }kjk fjiksVZ tkjh dh tkrh gSA
[kq”kgkjh ekius ds dkjd &

 vk;
 LoLFk thou dky
 Lkkekftd lqj{kk ¼ijs”kkuh esa dksbZ lg;ksx feyrk gS ;k ugha½
 fo”okl → ¼ljdkj vkSj futh dkjksckj esa Hkz’Vkpkj dks ysdj½
 vktknh ¼QSlys ysus dh Lora=rk½
 mnkjrk
 lekos”kh fodkl dk vFkZ gS fodkl dh ,slh ladYiuk tks lekt ds lHkh yksxksa] eq[; :Ik ls xjhc rFkk fiNM+s yksxksa dks] tks
fodkl ls oafpr gSa] dks fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk ls tksMx
+s kA
ve
 lekos”kh fodkl ds y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, rhu igyw vko”;d gSa &
 vkfFkZd fodkl dh ÅWph njA
 vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkfFkZd fodkl ls mRiUu ykHk dk leku forj.kA
 foRrh; lekos”kuA
 Hkkjr esa lekos”kh fodkl dh vo/kkj.k 11oha iapo’khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku eq[; :Ik ls ppkZ esa vkbZA lekos”kh fodkl dh fn”kk esa
izxfr gsrq fuEufyf[kr mik;ksa ij cy nsuk vko”;d gSA
 jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f) ftlls xzkeh.k rFkk “kgjh {ks=ksa esa jgus okys lHkh csjkstxkj yksxksa dks jkstxkj feys rFkk mudh vk;

esa o`f) gksA
Li
vko”;d vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk,a tSls & ikuh] lM+d] vkokl] Hkkstu bR;kfn rd lHkh dh igqWpa lqfuf”pr gksA
 d`f’k {ks= esa fuos”k esa o`f)] ftlls bl {ks= esa izxfr ds volj c<+as rFkk vf/kd yksxksa dks jkstxkj feys rFkk mudh vk; esa
o`f) gksA
 lekt ds detksj oxZ tSls & vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vYila[;d] fu/kZu oxZ rFkk efgykvksa dh lkekftd rFkk
vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksA
-→ HDI ,oa izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f) gksus ij Hkh lekos”kh fodkl esa o`f) gksrh gSA
+
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12 | P a g e
Money and Banking
1. Bank Rate
vkj-ch-vkbZ }kjk okf.kfT;d cSadkas dks Long Term Loan nsus ds fy, ftl C;kt nj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mls Bank Rate dgrs
gSaA ;gkWa cSd
a ksa dks lsD;qfjVh fxjoh ugha j[kuh iM+rhA
cSad jsV ,d iqudZVkSrh dh nj (Rate of Re-discounting) ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrh gSA Bank Rate jsV ds varxZr RBI izFke Js.kh ds
okf.kfT;d fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh djrk gSA
↓
cSad vFkok foRrh; laLFkku }kjk xkjaVh izkIr fcy
cSad jsV ds iz;ksx

i. ykWax VeZ yksu
ii. ;fn cSad CRR, SLR ugha tek djokrk rks isuYVh blh vk/kkj ij yxrh gSA
[cSad jsV $ 3% ;k 5%]
ve
iii. egaxkbZ fu;a=.k djus esaA
2- jsiks jsV &

cSad dks vius nSfud dkedkt ¼1&14 fnu½ ds fy, vFkkZr~ “kkWVZ VeZ yksu ds fy, RBI ds ikl lsD;qfjVh fxjoh j[kdj tks +_.k
feyrk gS] ml C;kt dh nj dks jsiks dgrs gSaA
eryc RBI dks tks C;kt feyrk gS & jsiks jsV] blesa cSad lsD;qfjVh tek djokrs le; gh cksy nsrk gS fd eSa brus fnu ckn
Li
lsD;qfjVh okil [kjhn ywWaxkA tSls cSad lsD;qfjVh ds cnys 100 djksM+ ys jgk gSA ckn esa ogh lsD;qfjVh 108 djksM+ es [kjhn ysxk] ;s
8 djksM+ ¼8%½ ,d izdkj ls jsiks jsV gh gSA
cSad lsD;wfjVh tek djok,xk
iSlk VªkalQj dj nsxk ¼RBI½ RBI ds ikl
RRR vkSj jsiks jsV ds varxZr /ku dk ysu&nsu LAF (Liquidity Adjustment Facility) ds v/khu fd;k tkrk gS ¼2000½A
D
GDP c<+sxk
rjyrk lek;kstu lqfo/kk
jsiks jsV de gS rks
i. RBI ls cSadksa dks lLrk yksu feysxk

K
ii. cSad vkxs Hkh yksxksa dks lLrk yksu nsxk

iii.blls fuos”k c<+sxk
fuos”kd iSlk “ks;j [kjhnus esa yxk,ax]s fQj lsalsDl c<+sxk] ftlls #i, dh ekWax c<+x
s h&
iv. #i, dh ekWax c<+us ls #i, dh vf/kd t:jr iM+sxh] fQj fuos”kd MkWyj ds cnys #i, izkIr djsaxsA
↓
v. varjkZ’Vªh; ysu&nsu esa Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k de gksxhA
jsiks jsV c<+us ls & cSadksa dks

RBI ls yksu egWaxk feysxk] ftlls yksxksa dks Hkh yksu egaxk feysxkA cktkj esa eqnzk dh rjyrk de
gks tk,xh ftlls eqnzkLQhfr fu;a=.k esa vk tk,xhA
fjolZ jsiks jsV & ;g jsiks jsV ls fcydqy myVk gSA blesa cSadksa dks viuh tek ij C;kt feyrk gSA ;fn dks yxrk gS fd
RBI
cSadksa ds ikl cktkj esa vkiwfrZ ds fy, vf/kd udnh @rjyrk gS rks og RRR ls bls lks[krk (Absorb) gSA blesa RBI Security
dks iqu% [kjhnus ds okns ds vk/kkj ij cSadksa dh vfrfjDr udnh@rjyrk dks tek dj ysrk gSA
13 | P a g e
RBI lsD;qfjVh tek djok,xk
iSlk VªkalQj dj nsxk ¼Banks½ cSadksa ds ikl

fjolZ jsiks jsV
fjolZ jsiks jsV de gks rks &

i. cSad] RBI ds ikl de /ku tek djok,axAs
ii. ftlls cktkj esa rjyrk vf/kd jgsxhA
iii. yksu lLrk gksxkA
iv. afuos”k c<+sxkA
v. thMhih c<+sxk
fjolZ jsiks jsV ÅWp

a h gks rks &
ve
i. cSad T;knk ykHk dekus ds fy, izkRs lkfgr gksaxs vkSj RBI ds ikl T;knk iSlk djok,axsA
ii. cktkj esa rjyrk de gks tk,xhA
iii. eqnzkLQhfr fu;a=.k esa vk,xhA ;gkWa RBI, 100 djksM+ ds cnys
107 djksM+ nsxkA 2011 ls
tSls & RRR & ls 100 Basis Point
eryc 1% de j[kh tkrh gSA
RRR RR MSF
7%
(-1%)
8%
Li 9%
(+1%)
4- MSF RATE (Marginal Standing Facility)
→ blesa RBI Overnight Lending djrk gSA ¼1 fnu&jkr½

→ tc RBI ls vkikr fLFkfr;ksa esa ¼lkekU; fLFkfr esa SLR okyh Security dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk½ SLR okyh Security
dk vf/kdre 0-75% dk yksu fy;k tkrk gS rks MSE dgyk,xkA
→ eanh ds le; Banks dks rjyrk iznku djus ds fy,
D
MSF [lhekar LFkk;h lqfo/kk] LAF
i. de ls de 1 djksM i. de ls de 5 djksM
ii. flQZ vuqlfw pr cSad iz;ksx ii. lHkh cSad [ljdkjh] futh vkSj {ks=h; cSad]
dj ldrs gSa ¼1994 Act½
iii. xzkgdksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus okys iii. NBFC Hkh & jsiks jsV ij cSad NBFC; lHkh yksu ys ldrs gSaA
iv. _.k ysus ds fy, SLR ds varxZr j[kh ugha dj ldrh gSA
K
iv.
lsD;qfjVh dk iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA
→ MSF Rate dks ykxw djus dk y{; → Call Money Market dh C;kt njksa dks fu;a=.k esa j[kuk gSA
5- Base Rate
i. 2010 & nhid eksgarh lfefr

ii. cSadksa esa LokLF; izfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok nsukA
iii. blds varxZr izR;sd okf.kfT;d cSad dks ,d C;kt nj dh x.kuk djuh gksrh gS] ftl ij mUgsa dksbZ uqdlku u gksA
RBI ds fu;ekuqlkj] dksbZ Hkh cSd

a vius BPLR (Benchmark Prime Lending Rate) dks Base Rate dh rqyuk esa uhps ugha j[k ldrk
gS \
14 | P a g e
6- PLR/BPLR % iz/kku _.k nj
ftl nj ij cSad vius lcls fo”oluh; xzkgd dks] ftlds laca/k esa tksf[ke “kwU; gks] _.k nsus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gSA ;g
nj ,d izdkj ls vk/kkj ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrh gS] ftldks /;ku esa j[kdj vU; m|fe;ksa ds lac/a k esa cSad viuh C;kt nj
fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA 1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds ckn bls ykxw fd;k x;kA
7- cSad }kjk xzkgdksa dks vkdf’kZr djus gsrq “kq: esa fuEu C;kt nj & Hkfo’; esa bls c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA
bl izfØ;k ARM (Adjusted Rate Mechanism) dks dgrs gSaA
ve
Li
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15 | P a g e
vkjf{kr vuqikr
[ifjorZuh; dks’k vuqikr]
CRR udn vkjf{kr vuqikr SLR ¼oS/kkfud rjyrk vuqikr½
 izR;sd vuqlwfpr okf.kfT;d cSad dks  cSadksa dks dqy ekWax tek ds fy, ,d
viuh tek ¼NDTL½ jkf”k dk ,d fuf”pr udn dk va”k vius ik, cuk,
fuf”pr udn ds :Ik esa RBI ds ikl j[kuk iM+rk gSA
tek j[kuk iM+rk gSA
 cSad bls udn] lksuk] Government  leku :Ik ls j[k ldrs gSAa
Security, RBI Approval Security ds
:Ik esa j[k ldrs gSAa
 CRR dks cSad fdlh Hkh dke esa iz;ksx  ;gkWa ykHk gksrk gSA
ugha dj ldrs] vFkkZr~ blls cSadksa dks
ve
dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrkA bl ij C;kt ugha  SLR – RBI + foRr ea=ky; ¼2007 ls½
nsrkA
 CRR - RBI }kjk fu/kkZfjrA
dk cSafdax foHkkx ysfdu ?kks’k.kk RBI
}kjkA
→ CRR, SLR udn vkdfLed vHkko ls fuiVus ds fy, gS] rkfd Bank Run ls cpk;k
tk ldsA CRR, SLR ij fdlh izdkj dk
lalnh; fu;a=.k ugha gS] ysfdu
→
fudkyuk pkgrk gSA
Li
og fLFkfr ftlesa gj vkneh cSad dh vkjf{kr fuf/k lekIr gksus ls iwoZ viuk iSlk
CRR (3-15%), SLR (25-40%) dh Åijh vkSj fupyh lhek] 2006 esa lekIr dj
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dsUnz ljdkj
→ RBI dks fn”kk&funsZ”k ns ldrh
nh xbZ gSA gS rFkk laln ds izfr tokcnsg
→ SLR dh bl ckr dks ysdj vkykspuk dh tk jgh gS fd ljdkj }kjk bldk iz;ksx Hkh gSA
?kkVk foRrh;u ds fy, djrh gSA
dher ykxr varj &

cSad }kjk tekdrkZvksa dks ftl nj ls C;kt fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ftl nj ij cSad vU; yksxksa dks _.k iznku djrk gS & nksuksa dk
D
varj gh dher ykxr varj gSA
C;kt nj ¼Interest Rate½

cSad }kjk turk ds tek ,oa _.k ij iz;ksx dh tkus okyh njA
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16 | P a g e
turk dk iSlk
NDTL (Net Diamond & Time Liabilities)
Diamond Liabillities Time Liabillities
i. Current Account i. Fund Account

ii. Saving Account (U;wure nSfud cSysal) ii. Recurring Account
iii. Demand Draft
 bls ge cSad ls dHkh Hkh fudky ldrs  blesa fuf”pr le; gksrk gS] vf/kd
gSa] blesa C;kt de gh feyrk gS] blfy, C;kt feyus ds dkj.k yksx bls yEcs
ve
cSadksa ds ikl de gksrk gSA le; rd cSad esa j[krs gSa] blfy, ;g
cSadksa ds ikl T;knk gksrk gSA
→ NDTL ds vuqlkj] CRR, SLR dk izfr”kr j[kuk gksrk gSA

→ CRR vkSj SLR ds ckn cSad ds ikl tks iSlk cpk] ogh _.k ;ksX; fuf/k gSA
→ Time Liabilities esa iSlk le; ij u fudkyk tk, rks vkxs C;kt ugha feyrkA
CRAR (Capital to Risk – Weighted Assets Ratio)

Li
bls iWawth Ik;kZIrrk ekud Hkh dgrs gSaA Hkkjrh; cSadksa dks mudh tksf[ke Hkkfjr dqy ifjlaifRr;ksa ds ,d Hkkx ds :Ik esa vk/kkj iwWt
a h
Maintain djuh iM+rh gSA Hkkjr esa ;g ekud Basel-I (1992) ds :Ik esa ykxw gSA bldk la”kksf/kr Lo:Ik Basel-3, 2013 ls 2019
vk/kkj iwWath & ladV ds

le; bLrseky iwWath
¼cSad }kjk½
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17 | P a g e
vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk dh vkiwfrZ vkSj rjyrk eki ds la?kVd
Mo = i. Currency in Circular
ii. Bankers
iii. Others Deposit with RBI
Total M0 : Reserve Money
M1 = i. turk ds ikl fdruk iSlk gSA

ii. DD (Current + Saving Account)
M3 = i. M1 + Time and Fixed Deposit

O;kolkf;d cSadksa dh fuoy vkif/kd tek,aA
vFkkZr+~ &
 turk dk iSlk
 DD + Fixed and Time Deposit
ve
M2 = M1 + Post Office dh Saving Bill of Exchange ¼fofue; i=½
M4 = M3 + Post Office dh dqy tek,a
_.k izfrHkwfr dh ifjiDork vof/k 1 o’kZ ls
: M1, M2 dks ladqfpr (Narrow) eqnzk dgrs gSaA de gksrh gSA bldk foØ; vafdr ewY; ij
M3, M4 dks O;kid (Broad) eqnzk dgrs gSAa gksrk gSA blesa cV~Vk jkf”k dks gh varfuZfgr
C;kt jkf”k ekuk tkrk gSA
rjyrk
M1 > M 2 > M 3 > M 4
Money – Coins, Currency, Note, DD.

Li
Near Money – Financial Assets, Bond, Time Deposit, Share, Bill of Exchange.
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18 | P a g e
eqnzk ds dk;Z
→ fofue; dk ek/;eA
→ eqnzk uk”oku ugha gSA
→ lHkh izdkj dh lEifRr;ksa esa lcls rjy gSA
→ lkoZHkkSfed Lohdk;Zrk gSA Hkwfe] edku] ckW.M] lksuk vkfn dh lkoZHkkSfed Lohdk;Zrk ugha gSA
Currency + uksV + cpr [kkrs + pkyw [kkrs] ;s lc eqnzk gSaA
dkxth eqnzk ekWax tek eqnzk ¼psd½ [bUgsa fdlh ds }kjk Hkh vLohdk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, ;s oS/k eqnzk ugha gSAsa ]
→ eqnzk dk lapyu osx → eqnzk dh ,d bdkbZ dk vf/kd ckj gLrkarj.kA
→ eqnzk fofue; → eqnzk ds fcuk vkfFkZd fofue;A
ve
Li
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19 | P a g e
Monetary Policy
RBI }kjk ekSfnzd uhfr ds ek/;e ds lk[k fu;a=.k ds rjhds

1. Quantitative, General, Indirect
[ifj.kkRed] lkekU;] vizR;{k] ek=kRed]
i. CRR, SLR
ii. OMO
iii. Policy Rate (Bank Rate, RR, RRR, MSF)
;s vf/kd izHkkoh gSaA
2. Qualitative, Selective, Direct

[xq.kkRed] p;ukRed] izR;{k]
blesa dsUnzh; cSd

a yxHkx lh/kk gLr{ksi djrk gSA
ve
i. PSL, Down Payment dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
ii. miHkksDrk lk[k fu;eu (Regulative of Consumer Credit)
iii. lk[k jk”kfuax (Rationing of Consumer Credit)
iv. izR;{k dk;Zokgh
v. lhekar vko”;drk esa ifjorZu
vi. uSfrd ncko
vii. fMQjsaV C;kt nj
viii. SHG – Bank Linkage dk;ZØe
ix. Margin Rate – ftl ek=k rd fdlh Hkh foRrh; la[;k ;k cSad dks _.k nsus ls euk fd;k tkrk gSA
Li
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20 | P a g e
OMO (Open Market Operation)
¼[kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,aa½

& RBI }kjk Government Security dk cktkj esa Ø;&foØ; djuk OMO dgykrk gSA ljdkj dks tc iSls dh t:jr iM+rh gS
rks og RBI ds ikl Government Security tek djokrh gS] ftlds cnys RBI uksV Nkidj nsrk gSA blls RBI ds ikl cgqr
lkjh Security tek gks tkrh gSA ;g Security nwljs cSadksa dks csp nsrk gS rks cSadksa ds ikl de iSlk cpus ls egaxkbZ fu;a=.k esa
gks tk,xhA
& eanh esa RBI vU; cSadksa ls Security [kjhnsxk rks cSadksa ds ikl cktkj esa Loan nsus ds fy, vf/kd iSlk gks tk,xkA
& OMO, Bank Rate ls dgha vf/kd Js’B gS ¼lk[k fu;a=.k es½a ] D;ksafd blesa RBI dks vU; cSadksa ds lg;ksx ij fuHkZj ugha jguk
iM+rkA
& OMO ls rjyrk dk Repo Rate dh rqyuk esa nh?kZdkfyd lek;kstu gksrk gSA
ve
& dSls Hkh] fdlh izdkj ls RBI ds ikl ls iSlk tk,xk rks Money vkiwfrZ c<+sxhA
Li
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21 | P a g e
eqqnzk LQhfr ¼Inflation½
& oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ de gksus ls ekWx c<+ tkrh gS ftlls oLrqvksa ds ewY; Lrj esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj eqnzk dk ewY; fxjrk gS &
;g eqnzkLQhfr dgykrk gSA
& ekSfnzd vk; rFkk okLrfod vk; esa vlarqyu gksus ds dkj.k eqnkz LQhfr gksrh gSA
& nks rjg dh eqnzkLQhfr
1- ekax tfur eqnzkLQhfr ¼Demand Pull½ &

mRiknu ykxr c<+us ls oLrq dh dher c<+ukA
Hkkjr esa eqnzkLQhfr dk ekiu &
I. → WPI dk iz;ksx WPI Fkksd ewY;

→ 616 oLrq,a lwpdkad esa “kkfey lwpdkad
→ vk/kkj o’kZ 2011&12 ¼igys ;k 2004&05½
lwwpdkad dk ladyu m|ksx ea=ky; ds vkfFkZd lykgdkj dk;kZy; }kjk gksrk gSA
ve
* Hkkjr esa eqnzkLQhfr dh x.kuk djus ds fy, WPI dk iz;ksx lgh ugha ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd &
i. blesa lsokvksa dks ugha tksM+k x;k gS] tcfd lsokvksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk eas gksrh gSA
[lsokvksa dk Fkksd Lrj ugha gksrk] blfy, WPI esa “kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk]
ii. miHkksDrk Retail Lrj ls tqM+s gksrs gSa] tcfd WPI Fkksd Lrj dks /;ku esa j[krk gSA blh dkj.k Hkkjr esa CPI dk iz;ksx vf/kd
mfpr ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd CPI essa Retail Lrj vkSj lsokvksa dk lekos”k gksrk gSA
→ RBI egaxkbZ nj ds fy, CPI dks vk/kkj cuk jgk gS] WPI dks ughaA
II. CPI – miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad &

Li
 izzfrfnu mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ewY; esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA
 vk/kkj o’kZ & 2012
 CSO ;g lwpdkad tkjh djrk gSA
→ Point-to-Point fof/k &

D
 Hkkjr esa eqnzkLQhfr fudkyus ds fy, bl fof/k dk iz;ksx tSls& vkt dh eqnzkLQhfr dh nj ns[kuh gS rks 1 o’kZ iwoZ dh
eqnzkLQhfr dh nj ls rqyuk djuh iM+sxhA
vk/kkj izHkko &

 dHkh&dHkh lkaf[;dh; :Ik ls eqnzkLQhfr dh nj vuko”;d :Ik ls vf/kd ÅWp
a h@de fn[kkbZ nsrh gS & bls vk/kkj izHkko dgk
tkrk gSA
K
 vk/kkj izHkko mRiUu djus okyh oLrq,a
[kk| oLrq,a ÅtkZ ls lacaf/kr oLrq,a
ftudh dherksa eas mrkj&p<+ko varjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko

ekulwu dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ¼Hkkjr dPps rsy dks ysdj vk;kr ij fuHkZj gS½
¼Hkkjrh; d`f’k dk yxHkx 60% Hkkx
Ekkulwu ij fuHkZj½
Hkkjr esa eqnzkLQhfr ds dkj.k &

i. ekax tfur dkjd &
 yksxksa dh vk; eas o`f) gksus ls ¼eujsxk½
22 | P a g e
 ljdkjh O;; esa o`f) gksus ls
 cSadksa }kjk yksxksa dks vf/kd _.k fn, tkus ls
 cSadksa }kjk C;kt nj de djus ls ¼fuos”k vkSj O;; nksuksa esa o`f)½ Real Interest Rate =
 ljdkj }kjk izR;{k dj dh nj esa deh gksus ls yksxksa ds ikl vfrfjDr iSlk cpus ls Nominal & egaxkbZ
 ijks{k@vizR;{k dj esa o`f) gksus ls oLrqvksa ds ewY; Lrj esa o`f)A
 lfClMh yhdstA Bank ;k “ks;j ekdsZV ls gesa
tks C;kt fey jgk gS] mlesa
ii. ykxr izsfjr vFkok iwfrZ dh deh tfur dkjd & egaxkbZ ?kVus ls Real Interest
Rate feysxkA
 vkiwfrZ ladV ¼[kk|kUuksa dh iwfrZ esa deh] izkd`frd vkink] EL- NINO½ ;fn ;g Rate –ve gS rks gekjh
 vk;kr esa deh gksus ls ?kjsyw cktkj esa oLrqvksa dh dher c<+ tkrh gSA Ø; {kerk “kfDr de gks xbZ
gS rks fQj turk lksuk vkSj
iii. oSf”od dkjd & Real Estate esa fuos”k djrh
gSA
 dPpk rsy ewY; o`f)
 ftl ns”k ls ge oLrq,a vk;kr dj jgs gSa ;fn mlesa eanh vk tk, rks gekjs ns”k esa mu oLrqvksa dh deh gks tk,xh ftlls
ve
dher o`f) ij vlj iM+sxkA
iv. vU; egRoiw.kZ dkjd
 MSP esa o`f)

 vk/kkjHkwr m|ksx dh vko”;drk dh oLrqvksa ds ewY; esa o`f)] ¼LVhy] lhesVa ] dks;yk] fctyh ds ewY; esa o`f+}½A
eqnzkLQhfr dk izHkko &

i. ykHkkfUor oxZ &
Li
 _.kh yksx bl oDr ykHk esa jgrs gSa] D;ksafd viuh de ewY; okyh eqnkz dks ykSVkdj eqDr gks tkrs gSAa
 —’kd] mRiknd] O;kikjh oxZ [viLQhfr esa eqnzk egaxh gksus ds dkj.k gkfu esa jgrs gS]a
 jkstxkj esa o`f) gksrh gSA
 ifjorZu”khy vk; lewg okys yksx
 vk;kr c<+sxkA
D
ii. izHkkfor oxZ ¼gkfu½

 _.knkrk
 miHkksDrk
 ftuds ikl ljdkjh ckWa.M] thou chek ikWfylh gSA
 fLFkj vk; okys lewg
K
 cSadksa esa tek dks’k okys yksx ¼LQhfr dh nj cSadksa ls izkIr gksus okys C;kt nj ls vf/kd gksxh½
 lkoZtfud cpr esa deh vk,xhA
 fu;kZr ?kVsxkA
[kk| eqnzkLQhfr ds dkj.k &

i. vfu;fer ekulwu
ii. fdlku vksj miHkksDrk ds chp e/;LFk dh ekStwnxhA
iii. miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ls izksVhu [kk| inkFkZ dh c<+rh ekWaxA
eqnzkLQhfr dks jksdus ds mik; &
i. RBI }kjk ladqpudkjh ekSfnzd uhfr viukdj ¼Bank Rate, CRR, SLR esa o`f} djds½
ii. OMO cspus iMsxa+ As
iii. ladqpudkjh jktdks’kh; uhfr dk iz;ksx ¼dj esa o`f} djds½
iv. lkoZtfud O;; esa deh djuk] rkfd egaxkbZ u c<+]s egaxkbZ c<+h rks C;kt nj fQj lsEconomics
c<+kuh gksxhA by Anand Sir
23 | P a g e
v. ?kkVs dh foRr O;oLFkk ls cpukA
vi. Debt Creation dks LFkfxr djukA
vii. oLrqvkas dh vkiwfrZ dks larqfyr djuk
viii. dkykcktkjh ij jksd yxkukA
ljdkjh iz;kl &
 lHkh jkT;ksa esa Qy ,oa lfCt;ksa dh APMC Act ls gVkdj eqDr vkoktkgh dh vuqefr iznku dh xbZ gSA
 C;kt ,oa vkyw dks vko”;d oLrq vf/kfu;e] 1955 dh lhek esa yk;k x;k gSA
 Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj RBI ds chp egaxkbZ fu;a=.k gsrq le>kSrk & LQhfr dks 6% ls uhps cuk, j[kuk RBI ds tokcnsgh gksxhA
→ Growth Rate c<+rh gS rks eqnzkLQhfr dh nj Hkh c<+sxhA

→ csjkstxkjh dh nj de gksrh gS rks eqnzkLQhfr dh nj c<+sxhA
tSls & jkstxkj feyus ls yksxksa dh vk; c<+sxh] ftlls O;; c<+us ls oLrq dh ekWax c<+x
s hA nwljh rjQ jkstxkj nsus okyh dEiuh
dh ykxr osru ds :Ik esa c<+xs h] ftlls oLrq dh ykxr c<+xs h vkSj oLrq egaxh gks tk,xhA
ve
Li
D
K
24 | P a g e
eqqnzk voLQhfr ¼Deflation½
 ;g eqnzkLQhfr dh foijhr fLFkfr gSA
 tc oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ewY; esa rhoz fxjkoV gksrh gS rks mls eqnkz voLQhfr ;k ladqpu dgk tkrk gSA eqnkz ds ladqpu ds dkj.k ekSfnzd
vk; rFkk okLrfod vk; esa vlarqyu mRiUu gksrk gS] rc ekSfnzd vk; mRiknu dh ek=k ls de gksrh gS rFkk blds dkj.k ewY; uhps fxjus
yxrk gSA
eqnzk voikr ¼Stagflation½

 blesa egaxkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk csjkstxkjh Hkh c<+rh gSA
 blls fuiVuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gksrk gSA
 izFke fo”o ;q)+ ds ckn teZuh esa bl izdkj dh eqnzkLQhfr mRiUu gqbZ FkhA
 blesa mRiknu Hkh jgrk gS vkSj ewY; Lrj Hkh c<+rk gSA
Shewflation tc oLrqvksa dks NksVs lewg rd ewY; o`f} dk lkeuk djuk iM+sA
ve
Growth ls tqMs+ dqN Terms %&
1- Slowdown
 og fLFkfr ftlesa GDP ds c<+us dh nj ¼Growth Rate½ de gksrh tkrh gSA
 GDP de ugha gksrk] Growth Rate de gksrh gSA
2. Contraction –

Li
blesa GDP dh Growth Rate frekgh esa udkjkRed gks tkrh gSA
 igys dh rqyuk esa GDP uhps pyh tkrh gSA
3. Recession –
 de ls de nks frekfg;ksa esa yxkrkj GDP dh Growth Rate udkjkRed gksA

4. Depression –

D
Recession + Depression –
5. Stimulus –
vFkZO;oLFkk dks Recession /Depression vkfn ls fudkyus ds fy, ljdkj dh vksj ls fn;k tkus okyk ,d Package ¼iSdt
s ½A
K
25 | P a g e
eanh ¼Recession½
,d rjQ yksxksa ds ikl [kjhnus dh {kerk ugha jgrhA nwljh rjQ dEiuh eky dks ,d gn ls T;knk lLrk Hkh ugha dj ldrhA
blls dEiuh
;k rks can gksxh ;k rks dqN yksxksa dks ukSdjh ls fudkysxh
dEiuh can gksus ls cSadksa dk csjkstxkjh c<+x

s h
yksu ugha pqdk ik,xh] ftlls
cSad NPA c<+xs kA
cPpksa dh f”k{kk ij vlj iM+sxkA
Demographic Dividend ugha izkIr dj ldsaxAs
ve
vFkkZr~ eanh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, vPNh ugha gSA
Li
D
K
26 | P a g e
egaxkbZ ls yM+uk ← ekSfnzd vk; → eanh ls cpuk
 CRR, SLR de djuk

 CRR, SLR c<+sxh
 Bank Rate de djuk
 Bank Rate c<+sxk
 Repo Rate de djuk
 Repo Rate c<+x
s k
 OMO [kjhnus iM+saxs
 OMO cspus iM+x
sa s
cSadksa ds ikl de iSlk cpsxkA cSadksa ds ikl vf/kd iSlk

cSad de ls de igys ftruk vk,xkA fQj lLrh nj ij
ykHk dekus ds fy, C;kt nj vf/kd yksu nsaxs
c<+k,axAs
ve
blls yksu egaxk gks tk,xkA fQj yksx vf/kd yksu ysx a sA
cktkj esa T;knk [kjhnkjh ds
fy, tk,axs vkSj cktkj eanh ls
mcjus yxsxkA
fQj yksx de yksu ysaxs] ftlls Easy Money Policy vFkkZr~ iSls
cktkj esa iSlk de gksus ls ekax dh vkiwfrZ T;knk djukA
de gksxh vkSj bl izdkj
egaxkbZ fu;a=.k esa vk tk,xhA
Li
Tight Money Policy iSls dh Cheap Money Policy vFkkZr~
vkiwfrZ de djuh iM+sxhA lLrh C;kt nj djukA
Dear Money Policy vFkkZr~ CRR dh rqyuk esa vFkZO;oLFkk

egaxh C;kt nj djuh iM+sxhA esa vkiwfrZ laca/kh udnh dks
izHkkfor djus esa RR ARR
D
vf/kd ,oa rqjar izHkko”khy gSA
jktdks’kh; mik; %&

i. ljdkjh [kpZ dks c<+kuk ¼eanh ls fuiVus gsrq½
ii. ljdkjh [kpZ dks de djuk ¼egaxkbZ lss yM+us gsrq½
iii. izR;{k djksa esa dVkSrh djuk ¼eanh ls fuiVus esa lgk;d fdarq egaxkbZ Hkh c<+ ldrh gS½
K
SLR, CRR ;fn High gS rks

↓
cSadksa ds ikl _.k nsus ds fy, iSlk de cpsxk
↓
_.k egaxk ¼D;ksafd ykHk dekuk gh gS½
↓
fu;kZr de gks ldrk gS ← fuos”k] ukSdjh de gks ldrs gSa
ysfdu vk;kr rks gksrk ljdkj dks de dj feysxkA
gh jgsxk ¼dPpk rsy½
↓
pkyw [kkrk c<+sxk
↓
jktdks’kh; ?kkVk c<+sxk Economics by Anand Sir
27 | P a g e
cktkj larqyu dh fLFkfr ¼ekWax&iwfrZ cktkj Lrj ij gh½
dqN oLrq,a ,oa lsok,a ,slh gksrh gSa fd muesa fxjkoV okaNuh; ugha gksrh] blfy, ljdkj budh U;wure dher fu/kkZfjr djrh gS]
tSls & MSP vkSj U;wure etnwjhA
ijEijkxr rkSj ij ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd ljdkj djksa esa dVkSrh djrh gS rks ?kkVs dk ctV cukrh gSA blls miHkksDrk dj ls
cpus okyh vfrfjDr vk; dk O;; djrs gSaA bldh vkykspuk blfy, dh tkrh gS] D;ksafd blls egaxkbZ c<+rh gSA
ve
Li
D
K
28 | P a g e
cSafdax iz.kkyh dk fodkl
 1806 cSad vkWQ csaxky
 1840 cSad vkWQ ckWEcs
 1849 cSad vkWQ enzkl
buesa “ks;j Fks & ljdkj $ +uhfr (Government + Private)A bu rhuksa dks 1921 esa feykdj bEihfj;y cSad vkWQ bafM;k cuk fn;kA
1 tqykbZ 1955 dks bldk jk’Vªh;dj.k djds SBI cuk fn;kA
 vo/k cSad & 1881 % lhfer ns;rk okyk Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk lapkfyr igyk cSadA
 19 tqykbZ 1969 dks 14 cSadksa dk jk’Vªh;dj.k] iwath & 50 djksM+
 15 vizSy 1980 dks 6 cSadksa dk jk’Vªh;dj.k] iwt
a h & 200 djksM+
RBI
 RBI Act, 1994, 1 vizSy 1935 dk LFkkiuk ¼fgYVu ;ax deh”ku dh flQkfj”k ij½
ve
 LFkkiuk dydRrk esa gqbZ Fkh] 1997 esa cEcbZ esa LFkkukarfjrA
 1 tuojh 1949 dks jk’Vªh;dj.k
bldh lajpuk %&

i. Hkkjr ljdkj ds iw.kZ fu;a=.k es
ii. dsUnzh; funs”kd cksMZ ¼1 xouZj vkSj 4 mixouZj½ blds dk;Z dk Ik;Zo{s k.k djrk gSA
 blds dk;Z %&

i.
Li
ekSfnzd uhfr dk fØ;kUo;u] tks RBI ds ekSfnzd foHkkx }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gS &
 vFkZO;OkLFkk esa ewy fLFkjrk cuk, j[kuk
 vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa foRrh; fLFkjrk cuk, j[kuk
ii. eqnzk tkjhdrkZ &
 2 #i, ds Åij ds uksVksa dks tkjh djrk gSA
 RBI }kjk 1957 esa viukbZ xbZ U;wure vkjf{kr ekud i)fr (MRSS) ds vuqlkj] RBI ds ikl 200 djksM+
dk lksuk ;k MkWyj jguk vfuok;Z gSA EXIM Bank, NABARD, National Housing Bank, SIDBI dk
fu;eu RBI }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blh vk/kkj ij og eqnzk tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gSA
D
 RBI }kjk tkjh izR;sd uksV dh vafre ns;rk ljdkj dh gksrh gS cs”kd Hkqxrku dk oknk RBI djsA
 1 #i, dk uksV foRr ea=ky; tkjh djrk gSA 1 #i, ds uksV vkSj flDdksa ds forj.k dk dk;Z RBI djrk gSA
iii. ljdkj dk cSad
 RBI ljdkj ds bUgha [kkrksa eas /ku izkIr djrk gS vkSj [kkrksa ls Hkqxrku djrk gSA
 lHkh eqnzk ,oa cSad O;oLFkk laca/kh ekeyksa esa ljdkj dks ijke”kZ nsrk gSA
 ;g jkT; ,oa LFkkuh; izkf/kdkjksa dks Hkh _.k nsrk gSA
K
iv. cSadksa dk cSadj ,oa vafre =.knkrk

v. Lkk[k dk fu;a=d
vi. cSafdax iz.kkyh dk fu;ked
vii. fons”kh eqnzk HkaMkj dk izc/a ku
 1946 esa Hkkjr dks IMF dh lnL;rk izkIr gqbZA fofue; nj dks fLFkj j[kus ds fy, fjtoZ cSad fons”kh eqnzk dk
Ø;&foØ; djrk gS rFkk ns”k ds fons”kh eqnkz dks’k dk laj{k.k djrk gSA
 IMF essa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/k] FEMA dks regulate djrk gS ¼1999½
viii. vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa Hkwfedk
 RBI izk;% vFkZO;oLFkk esa ckgjh vk?kkrksa ls eqnzk ds Stock Stabilization djus ds fy, eqnzk l`tu djus esa vius
midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
Ckktkj esa eqnzk dh c<+h gqbZ iwfrZ vPNh ugha gksrh] D;ksafd lsok,a] oLrq,a de gSa rks egaxkbZ c<+x
s hA RBI bls jksdus
gsrq Government Security csp nsxk ftls fLFkjhdj.k dgrs gSaA
29 | P a g e
mPp “kfDr”kkyh eqnzk &
RBI dhns”k dh ekSfnzd izkf/kdj.k dh lEiw.kZ ns;rk ds ekSfnzd vk/kkj ;k mPp “kfDr”kkyh eqnzk dgrs gSaA blesa vke
turk dk iSlk $ O;kolkf;d cSadksa dh udnh $ ljdkjh dh RBI esa j[kh tekA
Ckktkj fLFkjhdj.k Ldhe ¼2004½

ljdkj }kjk vfrfjDr rjyrk izkfIr dh n`f’V ls tkjh dh xbZ izfrHkwfr gSA bu izfrHkwfr;ksa ds foØ; ls izkIr jkf”k lafpr
fuf/k esa ugha n”kkZbZ tkrhA
Basel – fLoVtjySaM dk ,d “kgj tks
BANK ¼BIS C;wjks vkWQ baVjus”kuy lsVyesaV½
1. vuqlwfpr cSad dk eq[;ky; gS ftldk y{; vkfFkZd
fLFkjrk rFkk cSafdax fofu;euksa dk ,d
RBI Act, 1934 dh vuqlwph&2 esa Registered ekud gSA Hkkjr us Basel dks Lohdkj
CRR, RBI ds ikl j[krs gSAa fd;k gSA
a. okf.kfT;d cSad
¼ljdkjh] futh fons”kh] RRB½
ve
i. laln] cSafdax fofu;eu&1949
ii. CRR, SLR vfuok;Z
iii. PSL & gkWa
iv. mn~ns”; % ykHk dekuk
v. vusd jkT;ksa esa “kk[kk,a gSaA
vi. dk;Z &
tek Lohdk;Z djuk] +_.k nsuk] chek dh fd”r] djksa dh vnk;xh djrs gSaA
lgdkjh cSad
b.
i.
ii.
jkT; vf/kfu;e }kjk
CRR, SLR vfuok;Z
Li
iii. PSL – ugha ¼D;ksafd ;s igys ls gh fo”ks’k {ks= dks izkFkfedrk ns jgs gSa½
iv. No Profit No Loss Motive
v. {ks= fu/kkZfjr
a
1- jkT; lgdkjh cSad
a) RBI ls _.k ysrh gSA
b) dsUnzh; vkSj izkFkfed dks _.k nsrh gS vkSj fu;af=r Hkh djrh gSA
D
2- dsUnzh; ¼ftyk½ lgdkjh cSad

a) _.k vof/k 1&3 o’kZ
3- izkFkfed ¼xzkeh.k½ lgdkjh cSad

a) de ls de 10 O;fDr feydj bls “kq: dj ldrs gSa
b) vYidkyhu _.k
K
2- xSj&vuqlwfpr cSad
jftLVMZ ugha vuqlwph&2 esa
bl izdkj dk ikyu ugha djsaA
30 | P a g e
Priority Sector Lending [PSL]
¼izkFkfed {ks= _.knku½
blesa cSd
a ksa dks fdlh fo”ks’k {ks= dks U;wure _.k nsuk vfuok;Z gSA
Hkkjrh; cSad@fons”kh cSad ¼20 ls vf/kd “kk[kk okys½ fons”kh cSad ¼20 ls de “kk[kk okys½
i. d`f’k ,oa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx & 18% i. vyx&vyx {ks= fu/kkZfjr ugha gSA
ii. detksj oxZ & 10% ii. vHkh 32-1% ns jgs gS] ysfdu 2019&20
rd 40% djuk gksxkA
iii. f”k{kk] vkokl] fu;kZr _.k
iv. y?kq ,oa e/;e m|ksx
v. xSj&ijEijkxr ÅtkZ LokLF;
 lHkh dqy & 40%

 C;kt nj vf/kdre 11%
ve
 PSL ykxw gSA
 Lkjdkjh uhfr] okf.kfT;d] fons”kh vkSj RRB ijA
 Ykkxw ugha gS & lgdkjh ,oa NBFC laLFkkvksa ijA
Li
D
K
31 | P a g e
Bank NBFC
i. cSafdax jsxqys”ku ls ykblsal i. dEiuh ,DV] 1956

ii. RBI fofu;eu djrk gSA ii. blesa vyx&vyx {ks= gSa ysfdu dqN dk
RBI fofu;eu djrk gSA
 IRDA & chek
 SEBI & vkfn
iii. iSlk tek ys ldrs gSaA iii. flQZ Time Deposits ys ldrs gSa Current]
Saving ugha
iv. CRR, SLR vkfn iv. vfuok;Z ugha ¼;fn Vkbe fMikWftV gS rks
SLR & 15%----½
v. PSL & gkWa v. PSL – No
vi. ia t
wa h - Minimum 500 djksM+ vi. iwt
a h - 5 djksM+
vii. “ks;j cktkj esa fcuk iwNs iSlk ugha yxk budk rks dke ;gh gSA
vii.
ldrsA
viii. Loan Rate, Base Rate ls tqM+k jgrk gSA viii. tqM+k ugha jgrk
NBFC; Government Security [kjhn ldrh
ve
gS] D;ksafd Repo Rate ds ek/;e ls _+.k ys
ldrh gSA
Small Bank Payment Bank

i. Deposit ys ldrk gSA i. Current Saving
ii. Loan nsus dk NksVk nk;jk NksVs fdlku] ii. Loan ugha] Deposit Fixed
vukSipkfjd {ks=
iii. Micro Finance vkSj NBFC Convert ugha gks iii. Net banking dh lqfo/kk
iv.
v.
ldrsA
25% ”kk[kk xzkeh.k
NRI - gkWa
Li iv.
v.
NRI ugha
iSlk Government Security esa yxk,xk
(25%)
vi. lgdkjh cSad Convert ughaa vi. xjhc yksx de deh”ku ij iSlk Hkst
ldsaxsA
vii. 50% Loan y?kq&lw{e {ks= dks vii. ØsfMV dkMZ ughaA
efgyk fodkl cSad %&

Hkkjr ljdkj dk cSad
D
i.
ii. CRR, SLR j[kuk iM+sx
iii. cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVlZ esa lHkh efgyk;sa fdarq LVkQ esa iq#’k Hkh gksaxsA
iv. tek ij iq#’k&fL=;ksa dks C;kt cjkcj feysxkA
v. _.k nj csl jsV ls r; u fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjkA
fdlku fodkl i= & 2014

K
i. Mkd?kj esa Hkh feysaxsA

ii. 100 ekg esa nqxuk ¼igys 5 1@2 o’kZ eas ;k½ 1998&2011A
iii. iSlk fdlku dY;k.k ;kstukvksa essa yxk;k tk,xkA
iv. 1]000 ls 50]000 rd [kjhn ldsaxAs
v. 8&9% fjVuZ
vi. ID vfuok;Z
vii. cSad _.k ysus esa fxjoh j[k ldrs gSaA
viii. ,d O;fDr ls nwljs dks gLrkarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ Ldhe ¼KCC Scheme½

1998 ls bl Ldhe dh “kq#vkr dh xbZA bl ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u esa okf.kfT;d cSad] {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSad ¼RRB½ rFkk lgdkjh
cSadksa dks “kkfey fd;k x;kA
bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns”; Fkk izkd`frd vkink] chekjh ;k dhVksa }kjk Qly [kjkc gksus dhEconomics
fLFkfr esa fdlkuksa by
dks foRrh;
Anand enn Sir
nsus ds
lkFk chek miyC/k djkukA
32 | P a g e
;g dkMZ fdlkuksa dks mudh Hkwfe tksr ds vk/kkj ij tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA lkekU;r% dkMZ 3 o’kZ ds fy, tkjh fd, tkrs gSa rFkk
budh okf’kZd leh{kk dh tkrh gSA dqy dkMZ forj.k esa okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk fgLlk 45-6%] lgdkjh cSadksa dk 39-4% rFkk {ks=h;
xzkeh.k cSadksa dk 15-1% gSA
cSafdax yksdiky & 1995 RBI }kjk

i. miHkksDrk cSad ds f[kykQ f”kdk;r dj ldrk gSA
ii. lHkh cSadksa ij ykxw] tEew vkSj d”ehj dks NksM+djA
iii. _.k nsus okys NBFC
NABARD ¼jk’Vªh; d`f’k rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl cSad½

i. ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk d`f’k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq foRr miyC/k djkus okyh laLFkk ds :Ik esa dh xbZ FkhA
ii. ljdkj & 99-60% rFkk RBI – 0.40% gSA
iii. d`f’k esa mRiknd xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, _.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
iv. _.k nsrk gS & lgdkjh cSad] RRB, NBFC vuqlwfpr cSadA
ve
v. jkf”k izkIr djrk gS & Hkkjr ljdkj] oYMZ cSad vkSj vU; ,tsalht lsA
vi. Long Term Loan nsrk gS & 10&15 o’kZ
Mudra Bank ¼laln ds vf/kfu;e ds rgr LFkkfir½

¼Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency½
Hkkjr esa Micro Finance dk dk;ZØe ukckMZ dh ns[kjs[k esa gSA 1992 esa SHG - Banking Linkagge Programme ds uke ls “kq:
fd;k x;kA blds varxZr cSad fu/kZuksa }kjk cuk, x, SHG ds ek/;e ls _.k lqfo/kk iznku djrs gSaA ;g Hkkjr dk lokZf/kd lw{e
foRrh;u dk yksdfiz; dk;ZØe gSA
Li
vizSy 2015 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk MUDRA dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Hkfo’; esa ;g laLFkk Micro Finance Institutes dk fuXkeu djsxhA
orZeku esa bls SIDBI ds varxZr LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
;g mu lHkh foRrh; laLFkkuksa dks iqufoZRr dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djok,xh tks Micro Unit dks foRrh; lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djokrs gSaA
bl Bank ls NksVs dkjksckfj;ksa] NksVh fofuekZ.k bdkb;ksa] nqdkunkjksa] lCth foØsrk vkfn dks ykHk gksxkA
bl ;kstuk ds rgr rhu izdkj ds _.k iznku fd, tk,axs %  ;g Ldhe 1972 esa “kq: dh xbZ FkhA
 bl dk;ZØze ds rgr cSadksa dks funsZ”k fn;k
D
1- f”k”kq m|ksx & #i, 2-50]000 rd
2- fd”kksj m|ksx & #i, 2-50]000 ls 25]00]000 rd x;k fd os vius lexz _.k dk de ls de
3- r#.k m|ksx & #i, 5]00]000 & #i, 10]00]000 rd 1% va”k fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa dks 4% C;kt nj
ij vkcafVr djsaA
SIDBI ¼Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad½ ¼1990 & y[kuÅ½  1992 esa xjhcksa ds fy, ,d u;k dk;ZØe
“kq: fd;k x;k ftls Lo;a lgk;rk lewg
i. mn~ns”; & NksVs Lrj dh vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk] foRr iks’k.k cSad lEidZ dk;ZØe ¼Self Help Group
K
rFkk fodkl djukA Bank, Linkage Programme½ dgk x;kA ;g

ii. ljdkj] futh vkfn blds dbZ “ks;j gksYMj gSaA dk;ZØe foHksnkRed C;kt nj okyh Ldhe ds
vius y{; dh izkfIr u dj ikus ds dkj.k
gh izkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA
foHksnkRed C;kt nj ¼Differential Interest Rates½
RRB {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSad ¼2 vDVwcj 1975½ %& RRB ACT 1976 }kjk ekU;rk
izkIr
i) nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa esa tgkWa cSfa dax lqfo/kk ugha gS] fj;k;rh njksa ij _.k
miyC/k djkukA
ii) dsUnz ljdkj & 50%] jkT; ljdkj 15% vkSj Lisalj cSad 35%A
isa”ku fuf/k fofu;ked vkSj fodkl izkf/kdj.k ¼PFRDA½
 ih,QvkjMh, dh LFkkiuk 2003 esa dh xbZ FkhA bldh LFkkiuk ns”k esa
isa”ku {ks= dks fodflr vkSj fofu;fer djus ds mn~ns”; ls dh xbZ FkhA
 ukxfjdksa dks lsokfuo`fRr vk; miyC/k djkus ds mn~ns”; ls tuojh Economics by Anand Sir
2004 dks jk’Vªh; isa”ku iz.kkyh ¼NPS½ izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA
33 | P a g e
 ,uih,l dk y{; isa”ku lq/kkjksa dks LFkkfir djuk vkSj ukxfjdksa esa lsok fuo`fRr ds fy, cpr dh vknr dks c<+kok nsuk
gSA
 ,DliksVZ&bEiksVZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k ¼Exim
us”kuy gkmflax cSad %& Bank½ varjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus ds
i. 100% RBI fy, Hkkjrh; vk;krdksa rFkk fu;kZrdksa ds
ii. mn~ns”; vkoklh; laifRr;ksa dh dher esa mrkj&p<+ko dks ns[kukA lanHkZ esa fn, tkus okys foRr ds fy, izeq[k
iii. Residex Index Hkh pykrk gSA laLFkk gSA
 bldh LFkkiuk o’kZ 1982 esa dh xbZ FkhA
Hkwfe fodkl cSad %&  ,fDte cSad }kjk fons”kh fuos”k esa izksRlkgu
Long Term Loan ds fy, foRr dk;ZØe pyk;k tkrk gSA
 fons”kh vk;krd Hkh Hkkjr ls oLrqvksa ,oa
SEBI ¼Security Exchange Board of India, H.O. lsokvksa ds vk;kr ds fy, Hkqxrku “krksZa
Mumbai½ lfgr ;g lqfo/kk izkIr dj ldrs gSa
i. Statutory Body] laln }kjk dkuwu

ii. LFkkiuk & 1988
1992 esa SEBI Act }kjk oS/kkfud ntkZ iznku fd;k gSA  ,sls ,-Vh-,e- ftuds lkFk fdlh izorZd cSad
ve
iii.
iv. dk;Z & dk uke ugha tqM+k gksrk] OgkbV ysoy ,-Vh-
 “ks;j cktkj ,e- dgykrs gSAa
 lsD;wfjVh ekdsZV dks fu;fer djuk gSA  vkj-ch-vkbZ- bl izdkj ds ,-Vh-,e- dks
[kksyus ds fy, ykblsal nsrh gSA
 fuos”k cSad] epsZUV cSad] osapj cSda dks Hkh jsX;wysV djrk gSA
 ,-Vh-,e- lqfo/kk ds xzkeh.k {ks= esa izlkj ds
 E;qP;qy QaM ds fuos”k dh ;kstukvksa dks fu;fer ,oa iathd`r djrk fy, mi;ksxh gSA
gSA
 “ks;j ekdsZV dks ekU;rk izkIr djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj gSA
Li
 100 djksM+@50 O;fDr;ksa okys fuf/k] fpVQaM blds nk;js esa gSA
 Nkik Mky ldrk gS rFkk fxj¶rkj dj ldrk gS dalksfVZ;e +_.k ¼Consortium Loan½
 QkLV VªSd dksVZ xfBr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
nks ;k vf/kd _.knkrkvksa ;k cSadksa esa vLFkk;h
 blds QSlys ds f[kykQ vihy ¼Securities Appellate Tribunal½ esa dh vkilh le>kSrs ds vk/kkj ij fn, x, _.k dks
tk ldrk gSA dalksfVZ;e +_.k dgrs gSaA
 FMC ¼Forward Market Commission½ dk foy; Sept 2015 esa SEBI
esa dj +flafMdsV _.k ¼Syndicate Loan½
fn;k gSA FMC igys FM ds vanj vkrk FkkA
FMC] 1958 ls gh ftal cktkj dh fuxjkuh djrk FkkA bl foy; ds ckn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd cSadksa }kjk vkilh LFkk;h
cktkj esa
D
le>kSrs ds vk/kkj ij fn, x, _.k dks falafMdsV
ikjnf”kZrk vk,xhA bl foy; ls vc deksfMVh ekdsZV Hkh SEBI ds nk;js esa _.k dgrs gSAa
vk x,
gSaA
 Lkksuk] pkanh] dPpk rsy] vukt] xsgwW]a nygu] frygu----- Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa esa Whistel Blowers O;k[;k
 blesa “ks;j dh [kjhnh&fcØh ugha gksrhA dks ykxw djus dk funsZ”k fn;k gSA
K
 Hkkjr esa dqy 6&1 = 5

 ;g Hkfo’; esa ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj fdlkuksa dks fcpkSfy;ksa dh euekuh Hkkjrh; chek ¼Life Insurance½
ls
 cpkrk gSA  flrEcj 1956 esa laln ds ,d vf/kfu;e ds
rgr ikWap djksM+ #i, dh iwt wa h ds lkFk
MCX ¼Multi Commodity Exchange½ & Mumbai Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe ¼LIC½ dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ FkhA
i. Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k
 1956 bZ- esa gh ljdkj }kjk ml le;
ii. LVkWd ekdsZV ij lwphc) Hkkjr dk igyk Commerces gSA 2015 esa
dk;Zjr lHkh 246 Hkkjrh; vkSj fons”kh chek
jk’Vªh; Lrj ds Universal Commodity Exchange dks can dj fn;k
dEifu;ksa dks vius vf/kdkj esa ysdj
x;k gSA
jk’Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
cSad dkWelZ & 2019
vftZr iVsy & ekSfnzd uhfr
ufpdsr eksj & foRrh; lekos”ku Economics by Anand Sir
34 | P a g e
foey tkyku & cSad ykblsal
cSad ykblsal cSafdax jsX;wysVjh ,DV ds rgr feyrk gSA
 iwaWth & 500 djksM+ IRDA fofu;ked

 25% “kk[kk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vfuok;Z  ,QMhvk; & 26% ls 49% chek {ks= esaA
 usV oFkZ & 1000 djksM+
gky gh esa ca/ku vkSj IDFC dks feyk gSA Hkkjrh; chek m|ksx
¼Indian Insurance Industry½
Ckhek m|ksx ds varxZr nks {ks= vkrs gSa&

1- thou chek
2- lkekU; chek
NPA (Non Performing Assets)
orZeku esa Hkkjr dh cSafdax iz.kkyh c<+rs gq, NPA dh leL;k dk lkeuk lkekU; chek ¼General Insurance½
ve
dj jgh gSaA blds nks izdkj ds izHkko mRiUu gksrs gSaA
 1972 bZ- esa ljdkj }kjk lk/kkj.k chek fuxe
i. cSadksa dh Hkqxrku {kerk detksj gksrh gSA ¼General Insurance Corporation - GIC½ ds
ii. u, _.k nsus ds fy, lalk/ku de gks tkrs gS ftlls xzkFs k ij
uke ls ,d ljdkjh dEiuh dh LFkkiuk dh
foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA
xbZA
NPA, cSadksa }kjk fn, x, os _.k gksrs gSa] ftudks ysdj C;kt vFkok  Hkkjr esa izeq[k lk/kkj.k chek dEiuh gS &
fdLr Hkqxrku esa 90 fnu ls vf/kd dk foyEc gks tkrk gS vkSj d`f’k esa us”kuy ba”;ksjal s daiuh fyfeVsM &
NPA 2 Qlyksa ds ckn lsA eq[;ky; & dksydkrkA
blds rhu izdkj ds oxhZdj.k gSa &

Li U;w bafM;k ba”;ksjal
eq[;ky; & eqEcbZA
s daiuh fyfeVsM&
1. Substandard → ,d o’kZ rd NPA vksfj,aVy ba”;ksjal

s daiuh
2. Doubtful → ,d o’kZ ls vf/kd ds fy, NPA fyfeVsM&eq[;ky; & fnYyhA
3. Lost → ftUgsa [kks;k eku fy;k tkrk gSA ;wukbVsM bafM;k ba”;ksjals daiuh fyfeVsM
RBI dh foRrh; fLFkjrk fjiksVZ esa cSadksa dk NPA 5% vFkkZr~ 3 yk[k
djksM+ #i,
ls vf/kd gSA ;fn ;g jkf”k olwyh tkrh gS rks ljdkjh cSadksa dh ykHkiznrk  cSad cksMZ C;wjks & cSadksa dh ,d vyx
eas o`f)] uhfrxr njksa esa dVkSrh] fuos”k esa c<+ksRrjh] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dk
D
LokfeRo dEiuh dk fuekZ.k dh fn”kk esa Hkh
fuekZ.k] d`f’k dks c<+ksRrjh] jkstxkj] vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwrh rFkk fodkl dk;Z djsxkA bl vyx LokfeRo okyh
dks xfr iznku djuk laHko gks ldsxkA dEiuh ds xBu dk mn~ns”; cSadksa dh
dk;Ziz.kkyh dks ljdkjh gLr{ksi ls nwj
[Kku laxe & 2 lEesyu & lkoZtfud cSadksa dh gkyr lq/kkjus ds fy,] j[kuk gSA lkFk gh ;g ljdkj rFkk cSadksa ds
e/; ,d dM+h dk dk;Z djsxhA
NPA c<+us ds dkj.k &
 lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSadksa ij utj j[kus ds
K
fy, ljdkj us ,d lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k gS]

i. cM+h ifj;kstukvks ao ljdkj }kjk izk;ksftr fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dh
ftlds varxZr bu cSadksa dks dqN ek=kRed
lQyrk dks lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, fn;k x;k dtZA
y{; fn, tk,axs rFkk izR;sd y{; dh izkfIr
ii. ljdkjh cSadksa esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi tcfd uhfr cSad bl izdkj ds
ij vad feysaxsA ;s vad muds y{; ,u-ih-,-
ncko ls eqDr jgrs gSAa
¼xSj fu’iknudkjh vkfLr;kaa½ izca/ku] foRrh;
iii. varjkZ’Vªh; >Vdksa ds dkj.kA
lekos”khdj.k] O;kikj o`f) rFkk _.k dk
iv. fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, cSad “kq: ls gh cM+s dkWikZjs sV
fofo/k {ks=ksa esa izlkj vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fn,
lewgksa dk lkFk nsrs gSaA
tk,axAs blh Øe esa cSad dks dqN xq.kkRed
v. ?kksVkyksa vkSj dkWiksZjsV dh feyhHkxr ds pyrs Hkh _.k vnk;xh esa
y{; Hkh fn, tk,ax]s tks fd ekuo lalk/ku
dksrkgh gqbZA
rFkk lEifRr dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj ds fy,
vi. ekulwu dh deh ds dkj.k d`f’k NPA esa o`f+)A
fd, x, iz;klksa ij vk/kkfjr gksaxAs
vii. fuos”k ewY; esa c<ksRrjh] dPps eky dh deh] fctyh dh deh]
vkS|ksfxd eanh] izkd`frd vkinkvksa ds dkj.k cM+h ifj;kstukvksa dk
#dukA
NPA ls fuiVus ds mik; %&

35 | P a g e
i. gky gh esa S.C. us NPA dk laKku fy;k gS vkSj RBI ls mu dEifu;ksa dh lwph ekaxh gS ftu ij 500 djksM+ ls T;knk dk
cdk;k gSA
ii. foRr ea=ky; us cSadksa dks ,d fn”kk&funsZ”k tkjh fd;k gS] ftlesa cSad vf/kdkfj;ksa ls Hk; vFkok i{kikr ds cxSj fu.kZ;
ysus] O;kolkf;d QSlyksa esa ckgjh fopkjksa ds vuns[kh djus rFkk izksQs”kuy <ax ls dke djus dks dgk gSA
iii. U;wure gLr{ksi ds lkFk vuqdwy ekgkSy dh t:jr gSA
iv. _.k olwyh ds fy, fof/kd <kaWps dks etcwr djukA
v. _.k NwV dks foosd”khyrk ds lkFk lqfuf”pr djukA
vi. ljdkj banz/kuq’k ;kstuk ysdj vk jgh gS] cSadksa dh leL;k ls mHkkjus ds fy,A
ujflEgu lfefr I, II & 1990 ds n”kd esAa
nsu & cSad vkSj NBFC esa varjA ml le;

G$ 2 cSadksa dks ykblsal feyk FkkA
Corporate Sector Responsibility [CSR]

1- 2013 dh vuqlwph&7 esa crk, x, {ks=ksa es]a dEiuh dks fiNys 3 o’kkZas ds vkSlr ykHk dk de ls de 2
ve
New Company Act –
Hkkx [kpZ djuk gksxkA
5 djksM+ ls T;knk ykHk okyh dEiuh] 500 djksM+ ls vf/kd fo”kq) lEifRr okyh dEiuh rFkk 1000 djksM+ #i, ds okf’kZd
dkjksckj okyh dEiuh blesa “kkfey gSaA
{ks= %&
 Hkw[k ,oa xjhch
 f”k{kk
 fyax lekurk
 efgyk l”kDrhdj.k
Li
 Ik;kZoj.k
 SC/ST
 fiNM+s ,oa vYila[;dksa ds fy, xfBr dks’k esa ;ksxnku djuk “kkfey gSA
mi;ZqDr izko/kku dh vkykspuk blfy, dh tkrh gS] D;ksafd ;g iw.kZ :Ik ls dEifu;ksa ij vfuok;Z ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gSA ;fn
dEiuh bls ykxw ugha djrh rks bUgsa mfpr Li’Vhdj.k nsuk gksxkA
Prepared by Jitender Singh – 9898140145

D
Contace me for any query / doubt and guidance related to this note and UPSC study.
To this note and UPSC Study
New Company Act, 2013 –

→ Hkkjrh; dEiuh vf/kfu;e 1956 dk LFkku ysxkA
→ Corporate Governance ij cy nsrk gSA
K
→ Lora= funs”kd dks ifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gSA mldh fu;qfDr ls tqM+s izko/kku Li’V fd, gSaA
→ One Man Company dh vo/kkj.kk dks ykxw djrk gSA
→ dEifu;ksa ds foy; ,oa vf/kxzg.k dks lqxe cuk;k x;k gSA
→ CSR dh laLd`fr fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
→ futh dEifu;ksa esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 50 dh txg 200 dh xbZ gSA
36 | P a g e
foRr cktkj
cktkj %&
tgkWa fdlh lalk/ku ds Øsrk ,oa foØsrk vkil esa fofue; dj ldsa] cktkj dgykrk gSA
oLrq cktkj lsok cktkj

oLrqvksa dh [kjhnh&fcØh lsokvksa dk Ø;&foØ;
foRr cktkj
i. jk’Vª ds fodkl esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk
ii. cpr & fuos”k dks c<+kok nsuk
iii. vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dk dq”kyre mi;ksx] ftlls ns”k esa iwath fuekZ.k] jk’Vªh; vk;] jkstxkj dks c<+kok feyrk gSA
iv. xjhch ls fuiVus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
Hkkjrh; foRr cktkj dh lajpuk %
ve
eqqnzk cktkj (Money Market) iwath cktkj (Capital Market)
[fofu;eu RBI djrk gS] [lsch }kjk]
i. Short-term ysunsu i. Long-term ysunsu

ii. ,d o’kZ ls de vof/k ds fy, O;kikj ii. ,d o’kZ ls vf/kd
iii. eqnzk cktkj dh Js.kh
laxfBr vlaxfBr Primary Secondary




RBI
ljdkjh uhfr cSad
Treasury Bill
 Lkkgwdkj
 fj”rsnkj vkfn
Li Government Security Registered Stock Exchange
 Hkkjr ljdkj dh  gqM a h

vksj ls RBI }kjk  RBI
ekaax eqnzk cktkj ¼Call Money Market½  vxys fnu dh okilh dh “krZ ij
 cSadksa ds chp gksus okyk ,d fnolh; O;kikj fn, tkus okys _.k dks dkWy euh
dgrs gSAa
uksfVl eqnzk cktkj  dkWy euh dk fofue; izk;% cSadksa ds
D
 1&14 fnu cSad

s ksa ds chp gksus okyk O;kikj chp gksrk gS vkSj ;s vkilh lkSnsckth
}kjk dkWy euh dk jsV r; djrs gSa]
varj cSad vof/k eqnzk cktkj bls dkWy jsV dgrs gSaA
 14 fnu ls vf/kd ysfdu 1 o’kZ rd cSadksa ds chp gksus okyk O;kikj  dkWy euh ds fofue; ds fy, LFkkfir
txg dks dkWy euh ekdsZV ;k baVj
Okkf.kfT;d fcy cSad dkWy euh ekdsZV dgrs gSaA
K
 9 ekg ds fy, O;kikfj;ksa }kjk ,d&nwljs dks lkFk nsus ds fy, tkjh fd, tkrs  dkWy euh ekdsZV dk fo”o esa lcls
gSaA cM+k dsUnz yanu gSA bls fycksj
¼London Bank Offered Rate Lebor½
izzxfr ds vkjafHkd pj.k esa ICOR dk ewY; c<+rk gS] D;ksafd bl le; dbZ dgrs gSAa
ifj;kstuk,a yfEcr gksrh gSaA  ftl C;kt nj ij Hkkjr esa varj cSad
cktkj esa ,d cSad }kjk vU; cSad dks
 unh ifj;kstukvksa dh fØ;kUo;u vof/k yEch gksrh gS] blfy, vYidky esa ekax ds vuqlkj /ku fn;k tkrk gS]
ICOR mls eqEcbZ varj cSad izLrko foRr nj
dk ewY; c<+ tkrk gSA ¼MBOR½ dgk tkrk gSA
 orZeku esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ICOR yxHkx 4 gSA  fycksj dks fo”o vFkZO;oLFkkdh lanHkZ
ICOR dks izHkkfor djus okys vartkZr dkjdksa essa Je dh mRikndrk] izca/ku dh
C;kt nj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA pwWfd

mRikndrk rFkk iwWath dh mRikndrk egRoiw.kZ gS rFkk cfgtkZr dkjdksa esa blh ds vk/kkj ij ckã okf.kfT;d
m/kkjh ¼BCB½ r; gksrh gSA
vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk esa lq/kkj] uhfrxr “kklu esa lq/kkj rFkk bl {ks= esa dkuwu ,oa
O;oLFkk dh vPNh fLFkfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
37 | P a g e
Treasery Bill Government Security
i. Hkkjr ljdkj dh vksj ls RBI }kjk tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA i. 1 ls 20 o’kZ
ii. vof/k & ¼1 o’kZ rd½ ii. C;kt Hkqxrku dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA
 91 fnu
 182 fnu
 364 fnu

iii. C;kt Hkqxrku dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA iii. ;fn Government Security Hkh Discount ij csph
tk, rks mls Zero Coupon Bond dgrs gSAa
iv. bls [kjhnus okys dks uqdlku ugha gksrk] D;ksafd okLrfod
Rate okyk Discount ij feyrk gSA
v. Okkf.kfT;d cSad] chek dEifu;kWa] Mutual Fund, FPI, NRIs
vkfn bUgsa [kjhn ldrs gSaA
MBFC [Mutual Benefits Finance Companies]
ve
 vFkkZr~ Treasury Bill Hkh
Zero Coupon Bond gSA
,slh laLFkk,a tks vius lnL;ksa ds fy, dk;Z djrh gaSA futh dEifu;kWa buesa “kkfey gSaA nf{k.k  Treasury Bill C;kt Hkqxrku
Hkkjr esa yksdfiz; gSaA bldk fu;eu Ministry of Corporate Affairs }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ugha djrkA
dk;Ziz.kkyh fpVQaM ds leku gS] ysfdu csgrj fu;eu ds dkj.k fpVQaV dh rjg fooknkLin
ugha gSA
MNBC [Miscellaneous Non-Banking Companies]
blesa fpVQaM dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ;g leorhZ lwph esa gSA

Li
dsUnzh; dkuwu ¼1978½] jkT; dkuwu ¼1982½
 gky gh esa RBI }kjk NRIs dks fcuk fdlh lhek ds fpVQaM esa fuos”k dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA
fpVQaM esa yksxksa ds dlus dk dkj.k &

1. foRrh; f”k{kk dk vHkko
2. vkd’kZd izfrQyksa dk oknk ,oa ykyp
3. foRrh; lekos”ku dk vHkko
4. cSadksa }kjk tekvksa ij vis{kkd`r de izfrQy nsuk
D
5. 100 djksM+@50 djksM+ O;fDr;ksa okys fpVQaM dk fu;eu lsch djrk gS] ysfdu fofHkUu fpVQaM LFkkuh; Lrj ij de
/kujkf”k okys ekeys esa ysunsu djrs gSa tks blds fu;eu esa lcls cM+h dfBukbZ gSA
P. Notes (Participatory Notes)

dkys /ku ij xfBr SIT] ftlds v/;{k & ,e-ch- “kkg }kjk SEBI dks ;g dgk x;k fd P. Notes dkys/ku ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA 2007
ds vklikl dqy FPI esa P. Notes dh Hkwfedk 50% FkhA bldk dkj.k Fkk fd PTI dks P. Notes ds ek/;e ls fd, x, fuos”k ds ckjs
K
esa tkudkjh nsus ls NwV izkIr gksxh [SEBI ls] gky gh esa SEBI }kjk bl ckr dks t:jh dj fn;k x;k gS fd P. Notes ds fuos”kdksa
ds ckjs esa bls tkudkjh nsuh gksxhA blls FPI esa P. Notes dh Hkwfedk yxHkx 10% jg xbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; cktkj esa fd;k tkus okyk ;g fuos”k SEBI ds ikl Registered fons”kh czksdj gkml ds tfj;s fd;k tkrk gSA P. Notes dks
fons”kh fuos”kdksa ds fy, “ks;j cktkj esa lqfo/kktud ,oa Qk;nsena nLrkost Hkh dgk tkrk gSA P. Notes dk bLrseky High
Networth Individual Hedge Fund ,oa fons”kh laLFkkuksa ds tfj, fd;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ tks fuos”kd SEBI ds ikl Registration
djk, fcuk “ks;j cktkj esa iSlk yxkuk pkgrs gSa] os P. Notes dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
Euro Issues
Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa }kjk fons”kh cktkjksa esa iwath ,df=r djus ds fy, yk, tkus okys Issues-
38 | P a g e
izzdkj
 ADR (American Depository Receipts) → dkys/ku dh tkap ds nk;js esa
↓
vesfjdk esa yk, tkrs gSaA
 GDR (Global Depository Receipts) → dkys/ku dh tkap ds nk;js esa

↓
;wjksi esa yk, tkrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa Euro Issues yk tk ldrh gSA blds fy, Bharat Depository Receipts tkjh djus iM+rs gSaA vHkh yksdfiz; ugha gq, gSaA
Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk fons”kksa eas fuos”k ds ekxZ
1. Automatic Route & 100 djksM+

2. ADR, GDR esa
3. fo”ks’k vkfFkZd {ks=
ve
Li
D
K
39 | P a g e
Share Market
fuos”kdksa ds fy, rjyrk cuk, j[kus ds fy, “ks;j cktkj t:jh gS] rkfd fuos”kd “ks;j dh [kjhn&fcØh dj ldsA
“ks;j foHkkftr djuk ;k VqdM+ksa esa djuk ns”k esas dqy 21 Stock
Exchange ysfdu 17 esa fiNys
 NksVk “ks;j vklkuh ls cspk tk ldrk gSA
5 o’kksZa ls dksbZ Trading ugha
 nwjw njkt ds yksXk Hkh Hkkxhnkj gks ldrs gSaA
 It does not means fd dEiuh dh Value c<+ jgh gS vkSj Companies Market
gqbZ gSA
Compitalization gks jgk gS] D;ksafd “ks;j ds flQZ VqdM+s fd, gSaA
Hkkjr ds izeq[k “ks;j cktkj

1. dssjokuh lfefr dh flQkfj”k ij 1972 esa LFkkfir ¼eqEcbZ½ ¼jk’Vªh; “ks;j cktkj] NSE½ → Promoter - IDBI
2. ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat] BSE → ,f”k;k dk lcls iqjkuk] 1875 LFkkiuk] 5000 ls vf/kd Hkkjrh; dEifu;kWa iathd`rA bldk
lsalsDl 80 vxz.kh dEifu;ksa ij vkSlr gksrk gSA
3. MCX – SX – 2013 → BSE, NSE ds ckn ns”k esa jk’Vªh; Lrj dk rhljk Online Stock Exchange
4. “ks;j [kjhnus ij ekfydkuk gd feyrk gS vkSj Bond ij /kkjd dks C;kt nsus dk oknk fd;k tkrk gSA
ve
5. “ks;j dsoy dEifu;kWa gh tkjh dj ldrh gSa fd dksbZ lEizHkq laLFkku ¼iz/kkuea=h] jk’Vªifr] laln½
lEizHkq $ dEifu;kWa → Bond ¼ckW.M½ → izdkj fodflr ugha gSA

→ ljdkjh ¼fodflr½
,d isij dk VqdM+k gksrk gS ftl ij dqN Amount (100, 200, 500 vkfn) fy[kk jgrk gS] ftlesa _.k izfrHkwfr dh ifjiDork vof/kA
1 o’kZ ls vf/kd gks] lkekU;r% daifu;kWa cka.WM cspdj viuh {kerk dk foLrkj djrh gSaA le; iwjk gksus ij isij dk VqdM+k djokus
okys dks iSlk C;kt ds lkFk fey tk,xkA ck.WaM dk nke fxjsxk rks ckWaM ;sYM ¼Bond Yield½ vkSj Interest Rate c<+rk tk,xkA
Li
Short Covering
“ks;j de gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa Market ls [kjhndj “ks;j dh Dealing nsukA
lwpdkad c<+us ds dkj.k ?kVus ds dkj.k
¼i½ Soft ekSfnzd uhfr ;q)] egaxkbZ] jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk

¼ii½ FDI esa fj;k;r
dEiuh vFkok vFkZO;oLFkk lac/a kh lekpkj ds dkj.k ?kVsxk&c<+sxkA
D
fo”o ds fofHkUu “ks;j cktkj %&
1. fuDdh & tkiku

2. Dew Jones & U;w;kWdZ
3. “ka?kkbZ & phu
K
4. FTSE & yanu

5. uSlMsd & la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
GRENEX &
¼i½ BSE ls lacfa /kr lwpdkad
¼ii½ dkWcZu mRltZu vkSj ÅtkZ ds mi;ksx esa lokZf/kd dq”kyrk j[kus okys Top Most- 25 dEifu;ksa dh ds ewY; ij vk/kkfjrA
NIFTY &
¼i½ NSE esa lwphc) VkWi&50 daifu;ksa dk vkSlrA
ZERO COUPON BOND &

;s Discount ij tkjh fd, tkrs gSa] C;kt nj “kwU; gksrh gS] le; vof/k iwjh gksus ij vafre ewY; ns fn;k tkrk gSA
40 | P a g e
GREEN BOND &
bl izdkj ds ckW.Mksa ls pqdk, x, /ku dk iz;ksx Ik;kZoj.k ls tqM+h ifj;kstukvksa esa
fd;k tkrk gSA oSf”od Lrj ij fo”o cSad tSlh laLFkk,a bls izksRlkfgr dj jgh gSaA “ks;jksa dk iquØZ;
gky esa Hkkjr esa bUgsa tkjh djus dh igy dh xbZA ¼Bay back of Shares½
PERPETUAL BOND &  fdlh dEiuh }kjk vius gh “ks;jksa dks

“ks;j/kkjdksa ls okil Ø; djus dh
izfØ;k dks “ks;jksa dk iquØZ; dgk
 budh le;kof/k dHkh lekIr ugha gksrhA buesa Bond vkSj Equity nksuksa ds xq.k tkrk gSA
gksrs gSaA  blls “ks;j/kkjdksa dk dEiuh ds izfr
 Hkkjr esa budks gky esa gh tkjh djus dh vuqefr nh gS] rkfd Hkkjrh; cSad fo”okl dk;e jgrk gSA
iwathdj.k ds fy, bUgsa tkjh dj ldsaA  “ks;j/kkjdksa ds “ks;j T;knk ewY; esa
 Bond vkSj Debenture ¼_.ki=½ nksuksa _.k tqVkus ds midj.k gksrs gSaA [kjhndj iquØZ; }kjk dEifu;kWa vius
“ks;j/kkjdksa dks ykHk igqWapkrh gSaA
lV~Vk ¼Speculation½
ve
Hkfo’; esa gksus okys dher ifjorZuksa ds vuqekuksa ds vk/kkj ij orZeku esa [kjhnus vFkok cspus ds lkSns djukA ;g ges”kk vFkZO;oLFkk
dks uqdlku ugha igqWapkrkA
rstfM+;k ¼Bull½
↓
;g lVksfj;k tks Hkfo’; esa rsth ds vqueku ds dkj.k orZeku esa Equity vkfn dks [kjhnrk gSA
eanfM+;k ¼Bear½
↓
Li
eanh ds vuqeku ds dkj.k orZeku esa Equity vkfn dks csprk gSA
Mutual Fund –
os laLFkk,a tks NksVs fuos”kdksa ls cprsa ,df=r djrh gSa rFkk mudk foRr cktkj esa fuos”k djrh gSaA buds }kjk de jkf”k dh ;wfuV
tkjh dh tkrh gS ¼5] 10] 15] 20 #i, vkfn½
blds ykHk &

D
¼i½ lqjf{kr fuos”k dh vf/kd laHkkouk,aA

¼ii½ vf/kd izfrQy feyuk
¼iii½ cktkj esa rjyrk ykuk
¼iv½ foRrh; lekos”ku rFkk lekos”kh fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
Hedge Funds –
K
dk;Ziz.kkyh Same Mutual Fund tSlh gksrh gS] ysfdu Mutual Fund NksVs fuos”kdksa ds fy, gksrs gSa] tcfd Hedge Fund Individual
ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSaA
Mutual Fund, Short Sale ¼fdlh oLrq dks j[ks fcuk mls cspus dk lkSnk djuk½ ugha dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ;s fxjrs gq, cktkj ls
ykHk ugha mBk ldrs ysfdu Hedge Fund; Short Sale dj ldrs gSAa
Hedging –
Equity vkfn esa fuos”k vFkok O;olk; vkfn ls tqM+s gq, tksf[keksa dks de fd;k tkrk gSA
41 | P a g e
dj lajpuk
djksa ds vfuok;Z y{k.k &
→ ljdkj dk fo”ks’kkf/kdkj
→ ns”k dh turk dks viuh vk; esa ls nsuk gh iM+rk gSA
→ blds cnys esa laoS/kkfud vFkok oS/kkfud vk/kkj ij jkT; }kjk fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dks nsuk vko”;d ugha gSA
→ djksa ls ,df=r jktLo ,df=r gksrk gSA
djkikr &
og fcanq tgkWa dj yxrk gqvk fn[krk gS] tSls & VAT dk O;kikjh ij yxukA
djk?kkr &
ftlds }kjk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
ve
djksa ds izdkj &
¼i½ izR;{k (Direct)
¼ii½ vizR;{k (Indirect)
izR;{k dj % ¼dsUnz lajdkj }kjk yxk, x, dj½ vizR;{k dj
lsok dj ftlesa djkikr vkSj djk?kkr nksukasa ,d gh fcanq djkikr vkSj djk?kkr] nksuksa vyx&vyx fcanqvksa ij gksrs
ij gksa] vFkkZr~ ftu yksxksa ij ;s dj yxk, tkrs gSa] mls gSaA yxrk fdlh ij gS] pqdkrk dksbZ vkSj gSA
gh pqdkuk iM+rk gSA
Li
bl izdkj ds dj ds Hkkj dks vU; yksxksa ij LFkkukarfjr
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 vk; dj psyS;k lfefr dh flQkfj”k ij

 fuxe dj 88osa laoS/kkfud la”kks/ku }kjk la?k
lwph esa “kkfey bl dj dh
MAT & NksVh daifu;ksa ds equkQs ij yxus okyk Tax tks fofHkUu izdkj dh dVkSfr;ksa “kq#vkr 1994&95 esa dh xbZ FkhA
D
dk ykHk mBkdj Corporate Tax nssus ls cp tkrs gSAa
 Capital Gain Tax  laifRr dj

 izfrHkwfr ysu&nsu dj ¼jktLo $ lV~Vs dks lqfuf”pr djrk gS½  migkj dj
 lsok dj  C;kt dj
 bLVsV M~;Vw h ¼Estate Duty½
lhek “kqYd & vk;krksa ij yxrk gSA bls varjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj esa ck/kk ekuk tkrk gSA
K
WTO bls vk;kr ij “kqYd dgrk gSA ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dk laj{k.k bldk mn~ns”; gksrk gS] u  ;s vc ugha yxrsA
fd jktLo laxzg.kA
 dsUnzh; fcØh dj
 dsUnzh; mRikn “kqYd
 lekpkj i= ij dj
→ ;s dj lkekU;r% oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij yxrs gSa] blfy, budk Hkkj fuEu oxZ ij Hkh iM+rk gS] ftl dkj.k budh
vkykspuk Hkh gksrh gSA
→ jkT;ksa }kjk dksbZ izeq[k izR;{k dj ugha yxk;k tkrk ysfdu Hkw&jktLo vkSj d`f’k vk; ij dj jkT;ksa }kjk yxk, tkrs gSaA
jkT;ksa ds vizR;{k dj
 jkT; mRikn dj
 Hkjko ds mRiknu ij
42 | P a g e
 Nok ;k iz”kklu lkexzh ftlesa vYdksgy dk iz;ksx gksrk gS
 afcØh dj
 izo”s k dj
 oLrqvksa ,oa ;kf=;ksa ds izo”s k ij dj
VAT ¼Value Added Tax½ vizR;{k dj

oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds mRiknu Jà[kyk rFkk foØ; dh izfØ;k esa tksM+s tkus okys ewY; ij yxus okyk djA ¼oLrqvksa ds ewY;&o)Zu
ds izR;sd pj.k ij yxrk gS½
 Hkkjr ds T;knkrj jkT;ksa esa fcØh dj dh txg VAT us ys yh gSA

 dsUnz vFkok jkT; ljdkjsa fdlh dj dks VAT esa cny ldrh gSaA
 1954 esa loZizFke Ýkal esaA
 2003 esa gfj;k.kk viukus okyk igyk jkT;
miHkksDrk oxZ ij dk ldkjkRed izHkko iM+k gS] D;ksafd izfr bdkbZ dj Hkkj de gksus ls oLrq,a lLrh gks tkrh gSa vkSj mi;ksx c<+
ve
tkrk gSA
Specific Tax ¼fof”k’V dj½

tc fdlh oLrq ;k lsok ij dj dk vkdyu mldh yEckbZ] Hkkj ;k vk;ru ds vk/kkj ij
yxk;k tkrk gSA Dumping ds dkj.k &
i. vfr mRiknu dks [kikuk

Protective Tax ¼laj{kk dj½ ii. fuEu mRikndrk okyk eky
Ckktkj esa fdlh fo”ks’k vkfFkZd oxksaZ ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, yxk;k tkus okyk djA nwljs ns”k ds cktkj esa [kikuk
Countervailing Duty ¼vizR;{k dj½ %&
Li iii. nwljs ns”k ds cktkj dk
vf/kxzg.k djukA
;g mu oLrqvksa ij vfrfjDr lhek “kqYd ds :Ik eas yxk;k tkrk gS ftu ij mRiknd dks ftl ns”k esa Dumping dh tkrh
ljdkj ls lfClMh fey jgh gSA blds pyrs oLrq,a de dher ij csps tkus ds dkj.k ns”kh gSA bl ns”k ds m|ksxksa ij
mRikndksa dks uqdlku gks jgk FkkA izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA
Anti Dumping Duty :-
Ykkxr ls de dher ij fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dks cspuk rkfd izfr;ksxh mRikndksa ds fgrksa dks uqdlku igqWpas rks Dumping dgykrk
gSA bls vijk/k ekuk tkrk gSA ,slh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij yxus okys vfrfjDr lhek “kqYd dks Anti Dumping Duty dgrs gSaA
D
Net Tax = Gross Tax & ¼NDRF + State Share½
djkjksi.k dh fof/k;kWa %&
i. Progressive @izxkeh @ izxfr”khy & ¼Income Tax½

K
bl iz.kkyh esa vk; c<+us ds lkFk dj dh nj c<+ tkrh gS] vFkkZr~ vehj yksx ÅWpa h nj dk Hkqxrku djsa] tcfd de vk;
okys yksx de nj dk Hkqxrku djsaA bl O;oLFkk esa vf/kd vk; okys yksx dj pksjh djus yxrs gSaA bldks csgrj cukus ds
fy, dj pksjh jksdus laca/kh etcwr ra= dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa vk;dj bldk mnkgj.k gS vkSj izR;{k djksa esa Hkh
bldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fo”o esa lcls izpfyr djk/kku dk rjhdkA blfy, izR;{k dj vizR;{k dj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd Js’B ekus tkrs gSaA
ii. izfrxkeh @ Regressive :-

blesa dj dh nj vk; ;k ewY; esa o`f) ds lkFk ?kVrh tkrh gSA oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ewY; esa lekfgr gks tkus ls ;s vehj
vkSj xjhc nksuksa ij leku :Ik ls yxrs gSaA detksj oxksZa ij budk Hkkj vf/kd iM+ tkrk gS tcfd vehjksa ij deA ;s
vizR;{k dj iz.kkyh gSA
43 | P a g e
iii. lekuqikrh @ Proportional
bl iz.kkyh esa vk; esa ifjorZu ds lkFk dj dh nj esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk] vFkkZr~ dj dh nj ,d leku gksrh gSA ;g QeksaZ
ij yxrk gSA
izR;{k dj vFkZO;oLFkk esa la”kks/ku vkcaVu dh izfØ;k dks izHkkfor ugha djrs] tcfd vizR;{k dj bl izfØ;k dks izHkkfor
djrs gSa] D;ksafd vizR;{k dj ds dkj.k oLrqvkas dh dher cny tkrh gS ftlls ifCyd PokWbl Hkh cny tkrh gSA ge lc
tkurs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu ifCyd PokWbl dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA izR;{k dj dks yxkrs le; bl ckr
dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd yksx bldh nj pqdk ldsa] ugh arks &
 dj jktLo de gks tk,xk ¼dj dh ÅWpha nj gksus ls yksxksa dk dke ds izfr eukscy de dj pksjh djus yxsaxs½
 GDP de gks tk,xhA
Laffer Curve vkf[kj gS D;k \

;g oØ dj ls izkIr jktLo dh izkfIr vkSj dj dh nj ds chp laca/k dks fn[kkrk gSA blesa dj dh nj ,d gn ls T;knk de gksus
ij Hkh jktLo esa deh vkrh gS vkSj ,d gn ls T;knk ÅWp a h gksus ij dj oapuk@dj pksjh dh izo`fRr c<+rh gSA vFkkZr~ dj dh nj
ve
,sls Level ij gksuh pkfg, fd dj dh vf/kdre izkfIr gks ldsA
→ 100 izfr”kr dj NwV pank nsus ij &

 LoPN Hkkjr dks’k [F.M.]
 xaxk lQkbZ [F.M.]
 Drugs fu;a=.k [F.M.]
→ vPNh dj iz.kkyh ds xq.k &

Li
ljyrk] fuf”prrk] ferO;;rk] U;k;”khyrk] varj {ks=h; lerk vkSj iz”kklfud dq”kyrkA
VAT dh dk;Ziz.kkyh
VAT dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk eq[; vk/kkj ITC (Inter Tax Credit) gS] ftlesa vkxrksa ij yxs dj dks okil ykSVk fn;k tkrk gSA
Consumers ITC ds vf/kdkjh ugha gksrs gSaA
VAT - 10% Consumer

D
A B C D
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 100 $ 10
#i, 40 #i, 60 #i, 80 #i, 100 = 110
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
#i, 4 #i, 6 #i, 8 #i, 10 10 → ljdkj dh Income
#i, 4 #i, 6 #i, 8
K
#i, 2 #i, 2 #i, 2
VAT ds ykHk &

dsUnz vkSj jkT; Lrj ij vHkh Hkh
i. djksa ij dj ls cpko dqN vizR;{k dj tSls &
ii. vkxrksa ij dj ls cpko foykflrk dj] Ø; dj vkfn
iii. oLrqvksa dh dhersa de VAT ls vyx yxk, tk jgs gSaA
iv. fu;kZr izfrLi/khZ curs gSa
v. ihNs ds dj vkxs ugha tkrs buls Cascading mRiUu gksrh
vi. dj pksjh #drh gS gSA
pqukSfr;kWa &
i. dq”ky ,oa bZekunkj dj iz”kklu
ii. csgrj Electronic iz.kkyh
44 | P a g e
Capital Gain Tax ¼CGT½ iwWathxr ykHk dj
→ ;g ,d izR;{k dj gSA
→ ;fn ge dksbZ lEifRr ykHk ij csaprs gSa rks ;g ml ij yxrk gSA
→ eq[;r% “ks;j cktkj ¼”ks;j] ckaM lksuk] Real Estate ij yxrk gSA½
→ yxrk lEifRr csapus ij gS] ysfdu [kjhnus okyk ljdkj dks dj igys ls gh dkVdj cspus okys dks nsrk gSA mnkgj.k &
fdlh O;fDr us 100 djksM+ dh lEifRr ykHk ij csph] eku ysrs gSa ml ij dj gqvk 20%
ftlus lEifRr [kjhnh gS
100 djksM+ 80 djksM+ cspus okys dks
20 djksM+ Hkqxrku
Hkkjr }kjk nksgjs djk/kku le>kSrs dks viuk, tkus ls ¼Double Taxation½ Tax – Haven Country ekWjh”kl] gkaxdkax tSls ns”kksa ds
fuos”kdksa }kjk Hkkjr ds “ks;j cktkj muls izkIr fd, x, iwWathxr ykHk ij dksbZ dj ugha yxsxkA bl izko/kku dk ykHk mBkus ds
fy, vU; fons”kh fuos”kd ekWjh”kl ¼DTAA½ ds ekxZ dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA
Hkkjr esa Vodafone us blh izdkj dk dj ugha pqdk;k Fkk] tc mlus Hutch ¼2007½ dks [kjhnk FkkA Vodafone us gkaxdkax ds
ve
ek/;e ls Hutch dks [kjhnk Fkk rks Vodafone us ;g rdZ fn;k fd geus Hutch dks ugha] mlds ekfyd dks [kjhnk] blfy, CGT
Hkqxrku ugha djsaxAs
S.C. us Hkh dgk ;g Hkkjr ls ckgj ykxw ugha gksrkA fQj ljdkj us Hkh vius gkFk ihNs [khap fy,A dkj.k] fuos”kdksa dk fo”okl
cuk, j[kus ds fy, rkfd vkradokn ¼Tax Terrorism½ dks udkjk tk lds vkSj Make in India dks lQy cuk;k tk ldsA
Evasion Avoidance
i. LVkEi M~;Vw h cpkus ds fy, lEifRr de fn[kkuk rkfd i. ;g [kqysvke gksrk gS] ysfdu rduhdh dfe;ksa ds ek/;e
¼mnkgj.k & tehu] edku½

Li
ljdkj dks de LVkEi M~;wVh Hkqxrku djuh iM+As ls cp fudyrs gSa] tSls & Vodafone cp fudyhA
blh ls fuiVus ds fy, GAAR ysdj vk jgs gSaA
ii. ;s dkyk /ku gSA ii.
GST [oLrq ,oa lsok dj]

oLrq ,oa lsok dj dks vizR;{k djksa dh iz.kkyh esa lcls vge~ lq/kkj ekuk tk jgk gSA blds ykxw gksus ij lHkh izdkj ds vizR;{k
dj ,d gh dj esa lekfgr gksaxsA blesa VAT, lsok dj] mRikn “kqYd “kkfey gSA
D
ekpZ] 2011 esa 115okWa lafo/kku la”kks/ku fo/ks;d yksdlHkk esa is”k fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu jkT;ksa dh vlgefr ls v/kj esa yVd x;k FkkA
orZeku ljdkj }kjk bl lanHkZ esa 122okWa lafo/kku la”kks/ku fcy yksdlHkk }kjk ikfjr fd;k tk pqdk gSA bl fo/ks;d dks ikl djkus
ds fy, nksuksa lnuksa ds nks&frgkbZ cgqer vkSj mlds ckn vk/kh fo/kkulHkkvksa dh Hkh eatwjh ysuh iM+sxhA
bldk Lo:Ik &

K
i. Central GST [Duty, dsUnzh; mRikn “kqYd] lsokdj]

ii. State GST [VAT, lsYl] euksjt
a u vkSj izos”k dj]
dsUnz vkSj jkT;] nksuksa Lora= :Ik ls mRiknu vkSj foØ; dh lHkh voLFkkvksa ij GST olwy dj ldsaxAs “kjkc dks GST ls ckgj
j[kk x;k gSA isVªksfy;e mRikn] Alcohol vkSj rEckdw ds ckjs esa GST ifj’kn~ fu.kZ; djsxhA izLrkfor GST, Destination based
gksxk] ftldk vFkZ gS fd varjjkT; O;kikj esa ftl jkT; esa ml oLrq dk mi;ksx gksxk] SGST mls gh izkIr gksxkA
GST ifj’kn~ ,oa mlds dk;Z &

v/;{k & foRr ea=h
lnL; & lHkh jkT;ksa ds foRr ea=h ;k vU; ea=h tks jkT; dk izfrfuf/kRo djsaA
dsUnz ljdkj ds ikl dqy erkf/kdkj dk 1@3 Hkkx] jkT;ksa ds ikl 2@9 Hkkx gksxk] ysfdu lHkh fu.kZ; erkf/kdkjksa ds 3@4 Hkkx ls
fd, tk,axsA bl fLFkfr esa vke lgefr cuuk ;k 3@4 ls fu.kZ; ysuk cgqr gh eqf”dy dk;Z gksxkA
45 | P a g e
dk;Z
GST dh lhek r; djuk] vkiwfrZ ds ekWMy dh flQkfj”k djuk] lacaf/kr oLrqvksa dks GST ds v/khu djuk ;k mu ij NwV nsus ds
fy, flQkfj”k djuk] vkink ds le; vfrfjDr lalk/ku tqVkus dh j.kuhfr dh flQkfj”k djukA
ve
Li
D
K
46 | P a g e
GST dss ykHk %&
nk;js ls ckgj jgk gSA bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd oLrq ,oa lsok dj dh O;oLFkk dks ;fn lgh <ax ls ykxw fd;k x;k] rks de
le; esa gh ns”k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼thMhih½ esa cM+h jkf”k “kkfey gksxh vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 20 [kjc MkWyj ds vklikl
igqWap tk,xhA ,d i{k ;g Hkh gS fd Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vkf/kdkfjd vkadyu ¼x.kuksa½ ls vNwrk jgrk
gS] ysfdu th,lVh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh iwjh ewY; Jà[kyk dk irk yxk,xk ;kuh mls vkf/kdkfjd x.kuk dh lhek ds vanj ys
vk,xkA bl n`f’V ls th,lVh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk LokHkkfod Vªfs dax midj.k lkfcr gksxkA blls u dsoy dj n{krk o {kerk
c<+x s h cfYd thMhih esa Hkh mNky vk,xk ¼1&1-5%½A
cktkj esa vk,xh ,d:irk

th,lVh lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ,d lk>k cktkj fufeZr djsxkA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd lHkh jkT;ksa esa dj dh nj leku gksxh] ftlds
dkj.k ns”k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds fuckZ/k izokg dk volj izkIr gks tk,xkA th,lVh dk lcls lh/kk&lknk i{k ;g
gS fd lEiw.kZ ns”k esa ^^,d oLrq ;k ,d lsok vkSj ,d dj^Â mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;fn vkt ,d O;fDr dks dkj [kjhnuk gks rks
mldkh dher fnYyh esas vyx] y[kuÅ esa vyx ;k fdlh vU; “kgj esa vyx gksxhA ;fn ekdsZV eSdfs uTe ds vk/kkj ij fu’d’kZ
fudkysa rks dkj dh ekax ogkWa vf/kd gksrh] tgkWa ;g lLrh gksxhA leku ekax u gksus ds dkj.k izkra ksa dks leku dj izkfIr;kWa ugha gks
ikrha] ftlls vleku fodkl dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSaA ;gh fLFkfr pqaxh dj dks ysdj gksrh gS] ftlls ifjogu dks ck/kk igqWaprh
ve
gSA bldh fofHkUurk ds dkj.k oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;kf=;ksa dks Hkh xarO; rd igqWapus esa vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa
vyx&vyx le; yxrk gSA blls vFkZO;oLFkk esa izfr;ksxh i{k detksj gksrk gSA pwWfa d th,lVh esa “kkfey djksa dk laxzg
bysDVªkWafud rjhds ls gksxk] blfy, dkyk /ku iSnk gksus dh laHkkouk,a de gksaxhA ns”k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks ;g lcls cM+k ykHk gksxkA
esd bu bafM;k esa cusxk lg;ksxh

Hkkjr esa eSU;wQSDpfjax dks izHkkfor djus okys nks izeq[k dkjd gSaA izFke] Hkkjr ds vkarfjd O;kikj esa dj fo’kerk ls vk jgh fnDdrsa
vkSj f}rh;] iwWath dh dehA xkSj ls ns[ksa rks Hkkjr ds eSU;wQSDpfjax lsDVj dh reke dEifu;kWa fo”ks’kdj vkWVks ikVZ baMLVªh Hkkjr ds
Li
nwljs jkT;ksa dks gh ugha cfYd nwljs ns”kksa dks ikVZ dk fu;kZr djrh gSa ysfdu nqfu;k tc Qzh VªM s dh ckr dj jgh Fkh] rc Hkkjrh;
jkT;ksa dh lhek ij VSDl dh vyx&vyx njsa dkjksckj ds fy, udkjkRed okrkoj.k iSnk dj jgh FkhaA blds dkj.k bu m|ksxksa dh
?kjsyw ekax detksj iM+ tkrh gSA blds dbZ uqdlku gksrs gSa] nwljk iwath vkd’kZ.k de gks tkrk gS] ftlls mRiknu ?kVrk gS] Qyr%
?kjsyw ekWax dks iwjk djus ds fy, vk;krksa dk eqag rkduk iM+rk gS vkSj rhljk uqdlku ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; fofuekZrk izfr;ksxh ugha cu
ikrsA ,sls esa ;g t:jh Fkk fd Hkkjr ds vanj leku dj O;oLFkk gks ftlls Hkkjrh; fofuekZ.k {ks= dks izfr;ksxh cuus ds fy, ÅtkZ
fey ldsA
O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k cusxk

th,lVh ds ykxw gksus ds ckn VSDl Hkqxrku djuk vklku vkSj lqfo/kktud gks tk,xk] lkFk gh blls nks Qk;ns gksaxsA igyk ;g fd
D
vis{kkd`r vf/kd dkjksckjh dj O;oLFkk ls tqM+us ds fy, vkxs c<+ax s As nwljk] dj pksjh #dsxh] D;ksafd vc rd dkjksckjh dj O;oLFkk
esa fo|eku fNnzksa dk ykHk mBkdj dj pksjh djus eas lQy gks tkrs FksA rhljk] ljdkj dh vk; c<+sxh] ftlls jktLo ?kkVk “kwU;
dh fLFkfr vFkok vf/k”ks’k dh fLFkfr esa igqWpsxkA pkSFkk] fctusl ,fFkDl ,oa VªkaliSjl
sa h esa o`f) gksxh] ftlls fuos”kd vkdf’kZr gksaxs]
D;ksafd vc dkjksckjh vkSj fuos”k dj vkrad ls Hk; [kkus ;k dj dh xf.kr esa my>us ds ctk; fuf”pr gksdj viuk O;olk; dj
ldsaxsA NksVs LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ,oa fjVsylZ dks lcls T;knk Qk;nk gksxk] ftUgsa izk;% dj pksjh tSls ekeyksa esa ljdkjh e”khujh dk
f”kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA
K
th,lVh ij dsUnz vkSj jkT;

foRr ea=h dk ekuuk gS fd th,lVh dsUnz o jkT;] nksuksa ds fy, Qk;ns dk lkSnk lkfcr gksxkA jkT;ksa dks nwljs jkT; ls vkus okyh
oLrqvksa ds izos”k ij “kqYd ds gVus ls gksus okys uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ds fy, nks o’kZ rd ,d izfr”kr vfrfjDr dj yxkus dh NwV
gksxhA gkykafd th,lVh dks ysdj jkT; ljdkjksa esa fpark vHkh rd cuh gqbZ gSA mudk la”k; VSDl LySc dks ysdj gS vkSj loky
blls gksus okys uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dks ysdj gSA ekuk tk jgk gS fd th,lVh dk flLVe iwjh rjg rS;kj ugha gSA blds vykok
jkT; vkSj dsUnz ds chp VSDl cWaVokjs dks ysdj Hkh loky gSA VSDl c<+kus ;k ?kVkus lac/a kh fu.kZ; dkSu djsxk] bl ij Hkh fpark gSA
jkT; vc rd viuh ethZ ls dj] midj ,oa vf/kHkkj yxk ldrs Fks] ysfdu vc og NwV lekIr gks tk,xhA jkT; u dsoy bldk
gy fudkyuk pkgrs gSa cfYd Hkkjh&Hkjde eqvkotk Hkh pkgrs gSaA ;gh ugha] jkT; isVªksfy;e vkSj ,aVªh VSDl dh th,lVh ds nk;js ls
ckgj j[kus dh ekax Hkh dj jgs gSaA gkykWafd dsUnz ljdkj us bls ekuus ls bUdkj dj fn;k gS] ysfdu dsUnz ljdkj bl uqdlku dh
HkjikbZ ds fy, jkth gks xbZ gSA fcy esa izko/kku fd;k x;k gSs fd igys rhu lky rd dsUnz iwjs uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djsxkA pkSFks
lky uqdlku ds 75 izfr”kr rks ikWaposa o’kZ esa blds 50 izfr”kr dk Hkqxrku dsUnz }kjk fd;k tk,xkA egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd jkT;ksa
dks “kjkc ij yxk, tkus okys VSDl dks ljsaMj djuk Hkh drbZ eatwj ugha gSA bl en eas jkT; ljdkjsa lcls T;knk iSlk dekrh gSa
vkSj dbZ jkT;ksa dh rks vFkZO;oLFkk gh bl VSDl dh en ls gksus okyh vk; ls pyrh gSA dsUnz ljdkj us blhfy, th,lVh ls “kjkc
dks ckgj j[kus dk QSlyk fd;k gS vFkkZr~ “kjkc ij jkT; ljdkjsa igys dh rjg VSDl olw yrh jgsaxhA
47 | P a g e
miHkksDrkvksa dks gksxk Qk;nk
th,lVh dk lcls T;knk ykHk vke miHkksDrk dks gksus dh laHkkouk vf/kd gSA bldk ,d dkj.k rks ;g gS fd th,lVh ykxw gksus
ds ckn dksbZ Hkh oLrq iwjs ns”k esa ,d gh ewY; ij miyC/k gksxh] blfy, mlesa ;g izo`fRr fo|eku ugha jg tk,xh fd dksbZ oLrq
fdl jkT; esa lLrh feyrh gS ;k egaxhA pwWfd eSU;wQSDpfjax ds Lrj ij Hkh lkjk VSDl olwy fy;k tk,xk rks mlds ckn
vkiwfrZdrkZ] nqdkunkj ;k xzkgd dks vyx ls VSDl ugha nsuk gksxkaA ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa eky tkus ij fdlh rjg dk dksbZ
paqxh VSDl ugha yxsxkA
dfBukb;kWa %&
i. jkT;ksa dks jktLo vkSj Lok;Rrk ds uqdlku dk Mj
ii. la?kh; foRrh; larqyu fcxM+ ldrk gSA jkT;ksa dh rjQ ls lcls cM+k fojks/k isVªksfy;e mRiknksa ds “kqYd ls gS] D;ksafd jkT;ksa
ds vk; dk 50% blh ls vkrk gSA
iii. th,lVh ds Destination based gksus ls Manufacturing okys jkT; dg jgs gSa fd Consumer State dks GST ls vf/kd Qk;nk
gksxkA
iv. lHkh jkT;ksa esa ,d dj dh nj gksus ls fiNM+s jkT;ksa ds yksxksa ij Hkkj c<+xs kA
ve
v. GST ykxw gksus ls vf/kdrj dj vf/kdkj dsUnz ds ikl gksaxsA
vi. jkT; GST dh nj ÅWp a h j[kus ds fy, dg jgs gSa] rkfd mUgsa fiNyh dj iz.kkyh ftruk dj feyrk jgs] tcfd dsUnz ÅWp a h
nj j[kus ds i{k esa ugha gSA
vii. nksuksa lnuksa esa vkSj vk/kh fo/kkulHkkvksa esa ikfjr djkuk cgqr yEch izfØ;k gSA
lgefr %&
i. jkT;ksa dks jktLo uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ds fy, oknk fd;k x;k gSA
ii.
iii.
Li
jkT; isVªksfy;e mRikn ij 3 lky rd dj olwy ldsaxsA
D
K
48 | P a g e
GAAR
[General Anti-avoidance Rule]
→ blds tfj, Hkkjrh;] NRIS vkSj fons”kh fuos”kdksa ij utj j[kh tk,xh tks fdlh laf/k dk xyr ykHk mBkdj Tax pksjh
djrs gSaA
→ DTAA ds rgr~ fuos”k djus okys fuos”kd Hkh blds nk;js esa vk,axas tks fons”kh fuos”kd ekWjh”kl tSls ns”k ds ek/;e ls dj
laca/kh DTAA dh NwV dk Qk;nk mBkrs gSAa
→ Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkh uksfVl fn;k tk ldrk gSA
→ DTAA Okkys ns”kksa esa Hkh Hkh uksfVl fn;k tk ldrk gSA
pqukSfr;kWa
i. vk;dj foHkkx ds vf/kdkjh bldk iz;ksx fuos”kd dks ijs”kku djus gsrq dj ldrs gSaA
ii. deZpkfj;ksa ds izf”k{k.k dh deh
iii. fuos”kdksa }kjk fojks/k
ve
Lksl ¼Cess½ vf/kHkkj ¼Surcharge½
i. fdlh fo”ks’k mn~ns”; ds fy, gh yxk;k tkrk gSA i. blds fy, ;g t:jh ugha gSA
ii. lsok dj ij nks rjg ds midj ykxw gS] ysfdu ii. laaln flQZ vuq- 269] 270 ls lacf/kr djksa ij gh
vf/kHkkj ykxw ugha gSA vf/kHkkj yxk ldrh gSA
;g izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k nksuksa ij yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vk;dj rFkk dqN vU; djksa ij ljdkj us vf/kHkkj
iii.
Li iii.
yxk;k gqvk gSA
iv. midj dk mn~ns”; mlh en esa jktLo c<+kus gsrq fd;k iv. lkekU;r% vf/kHkkj izR;{k dj ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gS] tgkWa ls ;g izkIr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ midj dh
jkf”k ,d fuf”pr en ls tqM+h gksrh gSA
v. vf/kHkkj ls izkIr jktLo Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k esa pyk

tkrk gSA
nksuksa laln dh fof/k;ksa }kjk vkjksfir gksrs gSaA nksuksa dh izkfIr;ksa esa jkT;ksa dk dksbZ fgLlk ugha gksrkA dsUnzh; djksa esa vius fgLls dks
D
c<+kus ds jkT;ksa ds ekax dk ,d cM+k vk/kkj ;g Hkh jgk gS] D;ksafd 2012&13 esa buls izkIr gksus okyh vk; dk Lrj 12-5% jgk gSA
Production Taxes :-
→ Land Revenue
→ Stamp Duties
K
→ Registration Fees
→ Tax on Professions
Production Taxes/Subsidies mRiknu dh ek=k ls Lora= gksrs gSaA
Tax Expenditure (T.E.) :- jktLo ftls NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds djksa dks yxkrs le; tks NwV ,oa fj;k;rsa nh tkrh
gSa] muds vuqekfur ewY; dks Tax Expenditure dgrs gSaA
FRBM Act ds vuqlkj] foRr ea=h dks bl lanHkZ esa laln esa ,d oDrO; nsuk gksrk gSA T.E. ds dkj.k dj dh Nominal Rate rFkk
Effective Rate esa varj vk tkrk gS] ftlls ikjnf”kZrk esa deh vk tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa ;g dkQh ÅWpa k ik;k tkrk gSA
-ljdkj us lHkh izdkj dh lsokvksa ij ¼lsok dj & 14%½ ds vfrfjDr 0-5% LoPN Hkkjr midj ykxw dj fn;k gSA bl midj ls
vkus okys dj dk mi;ksx LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku essa gksxkA blds nk;js esa dsoy lfoZl] C.A., Career, Hotel, Mobile gokbZ ;k=k
egaxs gks tk,axAs
49 | P a g e
14okWa foRr vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
¼2015&20] v/;{k& ok;-oh- jsM~Mh½
i.vuq+PNsn 280 ds rgr foRr vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
ii.lkekU;r% izR;sd 5 o’kksZa ij bldk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
iii.lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr gsrq ;ksX;rk ,oa dk;Zdky dk fu/kkZj.k jk’Vªifr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
iv. lnL; vk;ksx ds dk;Z &
& djksa ds dqy izkfIr;ksa dk dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp forj.k rFkk jkT;ksa ds fgLls dk vkoaVuA
& jkT;ksa dks vuqnku dh ek=k dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ¼vuqPNsn 278½
& jkT; foRr vk;ksx dh flQkfj”kksa ij iapk;r ,oa uxj ikfydkvksa dh lalk/ku vkiwfrZ gsrq
jkT; lafpr fuf/k dh vfHko`f) gsrq mik; lq>kuk 1 v/;{k $ 4 lnL;] tks
& ¼79] 74½ lafo/kku la”kks/ku ykxw gksus ds ek/;e ls ;g dk;Z fn;k x;k gSA iqufuZ;qfDr ds ik= gksrs gSaA
&foRrh; n`f’V ls fgrdj dksbZ vU; fo’k; ftls jk’Vªifr us lkSaik gksA
v. fjiksVZ jk’Vªifr dks lkSairk gS tks lykgdkjh izo`fRr dh gksrh gS] ftls ekuus gsrq ljdkj
ck/; ugha] ysfdu ljdkj lkekU;r% bls eku ysrh gSA
jk’Vªifr fjiksVZ ij dh xbZ dk;Zokgh dk mYys[k okyk Kkiu laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa 10%
ve
j[kokrk gSA
vi. lnL;ksa ds osru] HkRrs ,oa vU; lsok “krsZa jk’Vªifr }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSa & laln dh 00%
vuqefr mijkarA 47-5%
Fiscal Discipline – 17.5%
→ Hkkjr dh la?kh; “kklu O;oLFkk esa dsUnz&jkT;ksa ds chp jktdks’kh; Lrj ij nks izdkj ds
vlarqyu ns[kus dks feyrs gSa & tula[;k & 25%
i. yEcor vlarqyu ¼Vertical Imbalance½

ii. {kSfrth; vlarqyu ¼Horizontal Imbalance½
Li
dsUnz dh jktdks’kh; “kfDr jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gS & yEcor vlarqyu dgk tkrk gSA foRr vk;ksx nksuks izdkj dh vlarqyu
nwj djus dh flQkfj”ksa nsrk gSA
foRr vk;ksx dks vius fjiksVZ esa ;g Hkh crkuk gksrk gS fd jkT; ljdkjsa fdl izdkj viuh foRrh; lalk/kuksa dks c<+k, rkfd os igys
dh rqyuk esa iapk;r] uxj ikfydk vkfn dks vf/kd lalk/ku viuk ldsAa
→ eq[; flQkfj”ksa %& 25% (1971) 0% (2011)

 la?kh; djksa esa jkT;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh fcuk “krZ gLrkarj.k ¼32% ls 42%½ dj nh xbZ gSA ¼tks vHkh rd ds lHkh foRr
D
vk;ksx dh flQkfj”kksa esa lokZf/kd gS½

 {ks= fo”ks’k ds fy, flQkfj”k ugha dh gSA
 vk/kkj &
↓
tula[;k & 27-5% 17.5% (1971)
K
{ks=Qy & 15%

Oku {ks= & 7-5% 10.1% (2011)
vk; varj.k & 50%
→ tEew&d”ehj dks lsokdj esa fgLlsnkjh ugha feyrhA
→ xzke iapk;r uxj ikfydk
90% 10% 80% 20%

[Øe”k% ewy vuqnku ,oa dk;Z fu’iknu]
→ ftl jkT; dk {ks=Qy ,oa ou {ks= vf/kd gksxk] mls mruk gh gh dsUnz ls vf/kd fgLlk feysxk ¼dsUnz djksa es½a
→ vk; varj.k ds varxZr mu jkT;ksa dks izkFkfedrk feyh gS] ftudh izfr O;fDr vk; de gksrh gSA foRr vk;ksx }kjk gfj;k.kk
jkT; ds izfr O;fDr vk; dks Reference ds :Ik esa bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA tks jkT; gfj;k.kk ds izfr O;fDr vk; ls ftruk
nwj gksxk] mls dsUnzh; djksa esa mruk gh vf/kd fgLlk feysxkA
50 | P a g e
fo”ys’k.k %&
→ vf/kd dj gLrkarj.k ls jkT;ksa dks foRrh;u esa rFkk viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj ;kstuk cukus esa enn feysxhA
→ ;g izfØ;k fo”ks’k ntsZ okys jkT; o vU; jkT;ksa ds Hksn tks [kRe djsxhA
→ ,d u;k vk;ke & ^^lg;ksxkRed laokn^^ & jkT;ksa ds fy, vf/kd lalk/ku miyC/krk ls dsUnz ds lkFk muds lac/a k T;knk
cjkcjh ds Lrj ij gksaxsA ,slk blfy, gksxk] D;ksafd dsUnz dk gLr{ksi de gks tk,xkA
ve
Li
D
K
51 | P a g e
Balance of Payment ¼Hkqxrku larqyu½
→ ,d ns”k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk “ks’k nqfu;k ;k vU; ns”kksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds lkFk

→ ,d o’kZ ds nkSjku fd;k x;k vkfFkZd ysunsu
→ dsUnzh; cSd
a }kjk iwjk fooj.k MkWyj esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA Current Account //kkjk
n`”;&vn`”;& ¼Minus½ esa gks

tks iSlk vk;k = Credit ¼$½ rks blls #i;k detksj gksrk
tks iSlk x;k = Debit ¼&½ gSA
As per the Manual ^^BPM6^^ ;g ?kkVk iwWth [kkrk iwjh
djrk gSA
→ ;g vk;kr&fu;kZr dk larqyu gSA
→ ;fn fu;kZr] vk;kr ls de gS rks O;kikj ?kkVk
→ fu;kZr] vk;kr ls vf/kd gS rks vuqdy
w O;kikj larqyuA “ks’k
→ vk;kr&fu;kZr cjkcj gS rks O;kikj larqyu dgk tk,xkA
ve
Hkkjr esa O;kikj ?kkVk flQZ oLrqvksa esa jgrk gS] lsokvksa esa ge ykHk esa jgrs gSAa dqy fudkysa rks O;kikj Minus (-) eas jgrk gSA
Balance of Payment ds izdkj
Pkkyw [kkrk ¼Current Account½

Li ¼iwWath [kkrk ¼Current Account½
foRrh; ysunsu dk ys[kktks[kk
n`”; vn`”;
blesa vk;kr&fu;kZr fn[kkbZ blesa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk _.k iwWath xSj&_.k iwWth
nsrk gSA ¼oLrqvksa dk½
 lfoZl& ukSdjh] chek] ifjogu] migkj Loan]ckg~; lgk;rk FDI ¼fLFkj½
Income& C;kt] ykHkka”k NRI dk cSadksa esa tek FPI/FII¼vfLFkj½
D

 Transfer& iSlk eqnzk
 xSj lsok dkjd& Software, IT] f”k{kk cSaM
O;olk; vkfn
Hkqxrku “ks’k esa valrqyu ds dkj.k Hkqxrku vlarqyu gks rks
IMF ds ikl tkuk
iM+rk gS] u fd fo”o
K
→ vkfFkZd cSad ds iklA

→ jktuhfrd
→ lkekftd ;s rks fodkl ds fy,
Soft Loan nsrk gS
rhuksa gh dkj.kksa dh otg ls fuos”k Fke tkrk gS rFkk FDI Hkh ugha vk ikrk gSA
fons”kh fofue; dks’k [Foreign Exchange Reserve] fLFkj& vf/kd le;

rd ns”k esa jgsxkA
Hkkjr esa miyC/k fons”kh eqnkz HkaMkj dks fons”kh fofue; dks’k dgrs gSAa
vfLFkj& bls deh Hkh
blesa & fudky ldrs gSaA
 fons”kh eqnzk 1
 lksuk 2 ?kVrs Øe esa
 SDR (IMF) 3
 RTP (IMF) 4 Economics by Anand Sir
¼fjtoZ VªUp iksth”ku½
52 | P a g e
CRF Contingency Reserve Fund
→ Brics lnL;ksa }kjk LFkkfir dks’k
→ mn~ns”; & BOP ladV ls fuiVus gsr _.k iznku djuk
→ xSj&lnL;ksa dks Hkh _.k ns ldrk gSA
→ bls Mini IMF dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
→ IMF dsoy lnL; jk’Vªksa dks _.k nsrk gSA
fofue; nj ¼Exchange Rate½

nwljs ns”k dh eqnzk ds :Ik esa izFke ns”k dh eqnzk dh dher]
tSls & 1 MkWyj = 65 #i,
fofue; nj esa cnyko gksus ls fons”kh fuos”k] O;kikj jk’Vªh; vk; ,oa jkstxkj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
ve
blds izdkj &
i. fLFkj fofue; nj &
& dsUnzh; cSd
a }kjk fons”kh eqnzk dh fofue; nj dks iz”kklfud }kjk fdlh fuf”pr Lrj ij fLFkj dj fn;k tkrk gSA
& blesa ckj&ckj cnyko ugha gksus ls fons”kh O;kikj vkfn dks fLFkj vkfFkZd okrkoj.k feyrk gSA
& blds fy, vf/kd ek=k esa fons”kh eqnzk HkaMkj dh vko”;drk gksrh gS ¼phu bldk iz;ksx djrk gS½
ii. yphyh fofue; nj &

Li
& fofue; nj dk fu/kkZj.k cktkj dh ekWax ,oa iwfrZ }kjk gksrk gSA
& iz”kklfud gLr{ksi dh vuqefr ughaA
iii. izc/a ku fofue; nj &

& fofue; nj dk fu/kkZj.k cktkj “kfDr;ksa }kjk gksrk gS] ysfdu blds izc/a ku dh fn”kk esa iz”kklu fudk; Hkh dk;Z djs rks
izc/a ku fofue; nj dgrs gSAa
& bl iz.kkyh esa fofue; nj dks ,d nk;js esa yphyk j[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu nk;jk VwVs rks dsUnzh; cSda gLr{ksi djrk gSA
& fo”o esa ekU;rk izkIr iz.kkyhA
& Hkkjr esa Hkh ;g ykxw gSA Depreciation vkSj Devaluation
& RBI }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ds gLr{ksi fd, tkrs jgs gSa & ds izHkko ,d leku gksrs gSaA
D
 MSF nj dks c<+kuk
 vesfjdu MkWyj dks cspuk
 NRI ls tqM+h ;kstukvksa dks vf/kd vkd’kZd cukukA
 Hkkjr }kjk fons”kksa esa fd, tkus okys FDI (Outward FDI) dh lhek dks de djukA
→fons”kh fofue; cktkj & tgkWa djsafl;ksa dk O;kikj gksrk gSA

K
fofue; nj esa ifjorZu & →fons”kh eqnzkvksa ds ysu&nsu ij yxus okyk djA
i. fofue; nj esa o`f) & tc cktkj ds vk/kkj ij fofue; nj esa o`f) gksrh gS ;k eqnzk dk ewY; c<+rk gSA ¼aApplication½
¼yphyh fofue; nj½A
ii. iz”kklfud fu.kZ; }kjk dh xbZ o`f) ftls vf/kewY;u dgrs gSaA →fLFkj fofue; iz.kkyh esa ¼voewY;u ds foijhr½
iii. fofue; nj esa fxjkoV & ⓪ cktkj ds vk/kkj ij fofue; nj esa fxjkoV ;k eqnzk ds ewY; esa fxjkoV ¼Depriciation½
⓪ iz”kklfud fu.kZ; }kjk fofue; nj esa dVkSrh ;k ewY; dks de djuk & voewY;u dgykrk gSA
53 | P a g e
voewY;u ¼Devaluation½
tc fLFkj fofue; nj iz.kkyh ds varxZr dsUnzh; cSad }kjk viuh eqnzk ds ewY; dks fons”kh eqnzk ds lkeus igys dh rqyuk esa de dj
fn;k tkrk gS rks voewY;u dgk tkrk gSA blesa vkarfjd ewY; ij izHkko ugha iM+rk] flQZ ckgjh ewY; de dj fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr
esa vktknh ds ckn 4 ckj #i, dk voewY;u fd;k x;k gS &
flrEcj 1949
twu 1966
1 tqykbZ 1991
3 tqykbZ 1991
 voewY;u ls vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+us okys izHkko

→ mÌs”;ijd gksrk gS
→ vk;kr egaxs gks tkrs gSa] ftlls vk;kr de gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd yksx vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dks de [kjhnsaxsA
→ fu;kZr lLrk gks tkus ls fu;kZr esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk ykHk c<+rk gSA
ve
→ O;kikj ?kkVk de gksrk gS ftlls O;kikj larqyu ij vuqdy w izHkko iM+rk gSA
→ ?kjsy oLrq,a lLrh gks tkrh gSaA
→ fuos”k dh ek=k esa o`f) gksrh gSA
→ FDI, FPI fuos”k dh ek=k esa o`f) gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa fofue; nj cktkj }kjk r; gksrh gS ysfdu RBI vius Ø;&foØ; ¼gLr{ksi½ }kjk cktkj esa fLFkfr dks fofu;fer j[krk gS]
rkfd ,d gn ls T;knk eqnzk ds ewY; esa vlarqyu u gks vkSj cktkj esa Volatility cukbZ j[kh tk ldsA
fofue; nj fu/kkZj.k ¼12th NCERT½

Li
1) cktkj ekWax o iwfrZ }kjk ¼vk;kr&fu;kZr½
2) lV~Vsckth ¼ewY; c<+us dh vis{kk lsA tSl& s MkWyj dk ewY; c<+us dh laHkkouk gS rks MkWyj vius ikl j[ksxk½
3) C;kt nj foHksnd ¼vFkkZr~ ns”kksa ds chp C;kt njksa esa varj½] ÅWaph C;kt izkIr djus ds fy, eqnzk dk lapyu iwj fo”o esa gksrk
gSA
4) Ø; {kerk fl)kar ¼nh?kZdky½
→ lkekU;r% Hkkjr esa cSad fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk dksbZ dke ugha djrk] ysfdu ljdkj voewY;u ds }kjk fofue;
nj esa ifjorZu djrh gSA
D
izHkkoh fofue; nj ¼Effective Exchange Rate½ & ;g fdlh jk’Vª ds eq[; O;kikfjd lk>snkj jk’Vª eqnzkvksa dk Hkkfjr
vkSlr gSA
↓ ↓
NEER REER
[National Effective Exchange Rate] [Real Effective Exchange Rate]
K
NEER – pkyw dherksa ij ns”kh eqnzk ds cnys izkIr fons”kh eqnzk dh vkSlr ek=kA
REER – fLFkj dherksa ij
NEER dss ekeys esa fdlh jk’Vª ,oa mlds lk>snkj ¼O;kikfjd½ jk’Vªksa ds chp esa ik, tkus okys dher Lrj dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk
tkrk] tcfd REER ds ekeys esa bu varjksa dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk gS & blfy, REER dks NEER dh rqyuk ea Js’B ekuk
tkrk gSA
RBI vius vkarfjd uhfrxr fo”ys’k.k ds fy, NEER vkSj REER dk iz;ksx djrk gS vkSj RBI (2014) }kjk bldh x.kuk ds fy,
REER CPI - New Series iz;ksx djsxkA
eqqnzk dh ifjorZuh;rk@ifjorZu”khyrk
mnkjhdj.k ls tqM+h ,d vo/kkj.kk gSA Economics by Anand Sir
54 | P a g e
blesa eqnzkvksa ds iz;ksx ls lacaf/kr izfrca/kksa esa NwV nh xbZ gS] rkfd yksx Hkqxrku larqyu ls tqM+s ysu&nsu ds fy, Lons”kh eqnzk
dks fons”kh eqnzk esa vkSj fons”kh eqnzk dks Lons”kh eqnzk esa Lorar=rkiwoZd cny ldsaA
Hkkjrh; #i, dh ifjorZuh;rk &
1994 ls Current A/c esa #i, dks iw.kZ :Ik ls ifjorZuh; cuk fn;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa Full Capital A/c Convertibility ugha gS] flQZ Partial gSA
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr Capital A/c esa iw.kZr% ifjorZuh;rk ds vuqdy
w ugha gSA
Capital A/c esa ifjorZuh;rk ds fy, rkjkiksj lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk ¼izFke 1996] f)rh; 2006½
[blesa Lons”kh&fons”kh laifRr;ksa ds vkil esa cnyus dh NwV]
Current A/c ifjorZuh;rk dk vlj vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh {ks=ksa ij ldkjkRed jgk gSA Capital A/c ifjorZuh;rk dks ykxw djus
esa fofHkUu pqukSfr;kWa &
;wjks tksu dk vkfFkZd ladV
ve
1)
2) vesfjdk dh vLi’V ekSfnzd uhfr
3) Hkkjrh; cSadksa dk c<+rk NPA vkSj
4) phu dh vFkZO;oLFkk
iwWt
a h [kkrs esa ifjorZuh;rk ds ykHk iwWth[kkrs esa ifjorZuh;rk ds udkjkRed izHkko
 iwWt
a h [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk dk izkFkfed :Ik ls feyus  cM+h ek=k esa iwWta h ds ns”k ls ckgj fudy tkus ij
okyk lcls cM+k ykHk ?kjsyw ifj;kstukvksa esa iwWat
w h dk rhoz vFkZO;oLFkk esa vfLFkjrk vk ldrh gSA
xfr ls gksus okyk izokg gSA
Li
 QkWeksZa ds fy, m/kkj ysus dh ykxr de gks tk,xhA
 iwWth [kkrs esa ifjorZuh;rk ij izfrca/k ds dkj.k gh lu~
2008&09 ds foRrh; ladV dk Hkkjr ij U;wure izHkko
 fofo/k izdkj dh eqnzkvksa dh miyC/krk m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj iM+k FkkA
fuos”kdksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh jgsaxhA
Foreign Exchange Management Act [FEMA]

Rkkjkiksj lfefr dh flQkfj”k ij
 fons”kh eqnzk izc/a ku vf/kfu;e ¼FEMA½ dk fons”kh eqnzk fofu;eu vf/kfu;e ¼FERA½ds LFkku ij ykxw fd;k x;k gSA
D
 Qsjk dh rqyuk esa Qsek esa dbZ rjg ds mnkjhd`r izko/kku fd, x, gSaA
 Qsek ds mYya?kudrkZvksa dks vc dsoy ekSfnzd naM dk gh Hkqxrku djuk gksxk tks fd lac) jkf”k dk vf/kdre rhu xquk rd
gksxkA
 Qsek ds rgr~ ;fn dksbZ nafMr O;fDr vFkZnaM pqdkus esa vlQy jgrk gS rks mls tsy Hkstus dh Hkh dkjZokbZ dh tk ldsxhA
bl n”kk esa Hkh tsy esa mldh fLFkfr ,d flfoy vijk/kh dh gksxhA
 Qsek ds varxZr nks’kflf) dk nkf;Ro izorZu ,tsalh ij gksxk tcfd Qsek ds varxZr ;g nkf;Ro O;fDr ij FkkA
K
FDI FPI/FII
i. fdlh dEiuh esa 10% ls vf/kd fuos”k i. 10% ls de

ii. Long-term gksrk gS ¼fLFkj½ ii. Short-term gksrk gS ¼vfLFkj½
iii. funs”kd eaMy ¼dEiuh½ esa izR;{k Hkkxhnkjh dj ldrk gS iii. ugha fgrksa dk tqM+ko ugha gks ikrkA
ftlls mls fu;a=.kdkjh “kfDr izkIr gks ldrh gSA iv. ugha
iv. fons”kh eqnzk HkaMkj] rduhdh] csgrj Kku&izca/ku] v. Vªstjh fcy esa ugha gS] ysfdu Government Security
vuqla/kku ,o fodkl ysdj vkrs gSaA 30 fcfy;u ckaM [kjhn ldrs gSaA
v. Government Security Vªstjh fcy esa ykxw ugha gSA vi. SEBI
vi. RBI (FEMA) vii. foRr cktkjksa ds varxZr izos”k djrk gSA
vii. Foreign Investor Promotor Board (FIPB) – eatwjh nsuk
viii. DPIP }kjk uhfr fu/kkZj.k
55 | P a g e
FDI ds izdkj
Green Field FDI Brown Field FDI
ubZ dEiuh dh LFkkiuk ds le; fd;k tkus okyk FDI igys ls py jgh dEiuh dh 10% ;k mlls T;knk dh
fgLlsnkjh [kjhnukA
 Green Field FDI Hkkjr esa vf/kd mi;ksxh
 Hkkjr esas FDI ls T;knk iSlk FPI ds ek/;e ls vkrk gSA
3000 djksM+ rd ds LFkku ij 5]000 djksM+ rd ds FDI dh vuqefr FIPB nsxhA blds ckn
izLrko ij vafre QSlyk iz/kkuea=h dh vxqokbZ okyh CCEA ysxhA caan vFkZO;oLFkk & vU;
ns”k ds lkFk O;kikj cgqr
49% ¼j{kk½ ij FIPB QSlyk djsxk vkSj blds ckn lqj{kk ij QSlyk Cabinet Committee on
Security (Head- Prime Minister) djsxkA gh de
ve
Round Tripping & ¼iqu% ykSVuk½
tc dksbZ Hkh fons”kh fuos”kd Hkkjr esa vU; jk’Vªksa ds ekxZ ls FDI djrk gS rks Round Tripping dgykrk gSA ,slk ekxZ iznku djus
okys jk’Vª dks Tax Haven ¼ekWfj”kl½
Round Tripping dk dkj.k nksgjs djk/kku ls cpus ls tqM+s le>kSrs dk ykHk mBkuk gksrk gSA [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk & vU;
ns”kksa ds lkFk O;kikj gsrq
Li
USA/JAPAN/UK etc. [kqykiu
INDIA
foRr ea=ky; ds rgr~
MAURITIUS foRr lfpo dh v/;{krk
Ekkjh”kl esa varj&ea=ky; lewg
→ Hkkjr esa mRiUUk dkys/ku dks iqu% fons”kh fuos”k ds tfj;s ykSVk fn;k tk,
→ fons”kh fuos”k ds lanHkZ esa vc OCI, PIO vkSj NRI }kjk fd, x, fuos”k dks ?kjsyw fuos”k ekuk tk,xkA
D
Hkkjr dk FDI lsok {ks= vk/kkfjr gS ¼lsok {ks= esa FDI vf/kd vkrk gS] tcfd phu dk FDI fofuekZ.k {ks= vk/kkfjr gSA blfy, phu
esa Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa FDI ls vf/kd jkstxkj iSnk gksrs gSaA
nwl
w jh rjQ fofuekZ.k {ks= dk dkjksckj lsok {ks= ds dkjksckj {ks= ls vf/kd gksrk gSA blfy, phu ds fofuekZ.k {ks= ds FDI dk
vkdkj Hkh Hkkjr ds FDI ls vf/kd gSA
K
ftu {ks=ksa esa FDI ugha &
 Ikjek.kq ÅtkZ ¼cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dks NksM+dj½

 jsYos ¼cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dks NksM+dj½
 ykWVjh] lV~Vsckth
 fpVQaM] fuf/k dEiuh
 rEckdw mRikn
 d`f’k ¼ckxokuh] Ik”kq ikyu dks NksM+dj½
 vkokl o fj;y bLVsV
56 | P a g e
vuqefr okys {ks=
 j{kk] chek & 49%

 ,dy czkM a & 100%
 eYVh czkMa & 51%
jkT; dh Permission vlj u gks½ 30%lkekU; ¼NksVs dkjksckfj;ksa ij LFkkuh; fodzsrkvksa ls [kjhnuk
Hkkjr esa fuekZ.k {ks= esa de FDI ds dkj.k &
i. fo”o Lrjh; vk/kkfjr lajpuk dh deh

ii. Je lq/kkjksa ls lacaf/kr leL;k,a
ve
blh dkj.k Hkkjr izkFkfed {ks= ls lh/kk lsok {ks= dh vksj pyk x;kA
Li
D
K
57 | P a g e
Hkkjr esa FDI fdl izdkj c<+k;k tk ldrk gS \
i. vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dk fodkl

ii. Je lq/kkj dks ykxw djuk
iii. Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k ls lacaf/kr eqn~nksa dks lqy>kuk
iv. fofuekZ.k {ks= dks c<+kok nsuk
v. Single Window Clearance System dks ykxw djuk
vi. Ease of doing business esa Ranking lq/kkjuk
vii. dsUnz&jkT; leUo;
fofHkUu dne tks oSf”od fuos”k ds fy, Hkkjr dks vkd’kZd cuk ldrs gSaA
 djk/kku O;oLFkk esa fLFkjrkA oksMkQksu] ds;uZ vkSj “kSy tSls dj fookn fQj ls u gksAa
 Hkkjr esa O;kikj djuk ljy cukuk ¼fo”o cSad ds O;kikj djus dh vklkuh ds lwpdkad esa 189 ns”kksa dh lwph esa Hkkjr 142osa
LFkku ij gS½
 ljdkj djk/kku] Je] Hkwfe] dkS”ky fodkl vkSj fctyh {ks= lfgr fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dbZ lq/kkj ykbZ gSA
 cSafdax {ks= esa lq/kkj ykuk] izkd`frd lalk/kukas dk ikjn”khZ vkSj fu’i{k vkoaVu djuk] tYn ls tYn th,lVh ykxw djuk vkSj
ve
fctyh forj.k {ks= dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djukA
 ns”k ds volajpuk {ks= esa Hkkjh fuos”k dh t:jr gS vkSj blds fy, fons”kh fuos”k vPNs lalk/ku lkfcr gks ldrs gSAa
 fMftVy Hkkjr vkSj esd bu bafM;k tSlh ;kstukvksa eq[;r% mRiknu {ks= dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ykbZ xbZ gSaA bl {ks= esa
oSf”od vkiwfrZ Jà[kyk] cktkj vkSj O;kikj ds lkFk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds csgrj ,dhdj.k dh vko”;drk gksxhA
 ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkjksa dk lqnz<+hdj.k & uokpkj vkSj fuos”k vkdf’kZr djus ds fy,A
 izLrkfor jk’Vªh; fuos”k vkSj bUQzkLVªDpj QaM ¼NIIF½ fuos”k dks vkdf’kZr djus ds fy, ,d cM+k dne lkfcr gksxkA
Hkkjr ds fy, FDI, FPI dh izklafxdrk&

i.
Li
FDI ls Hkkjr ds foRr cktkj esa rjyrk c<+rh gSA
ii. Hkkjrh; foRrh; ifjlaifRr;ksa ds varjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ds ewY;kadu esa enn feyrh gSA
iii. Current A/c ?kkVk ds foRrh;u esa enn djrk gSA
iv- GDP dh nj vkSj vkdkj c<+rk gSA
→ fuos”k fuHkZj djrk gS &

i. C;kt nj ij
ii. vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr
lfClMh Angel Investors
D
iii.
de ls de 2 djksM+ dh fo”kq) laifRr gksA fdlh O;olk; dks pykus dk 20 o’kZ dk vuqHko gksA
SEBI }kjk ykxw dh xbZ bl vo/kkj.kk esa ,sls fuos”kd gksrs gSa tks Start-up esa fuos”k djrs gSaA
K
↓
,slh dEifu;kWa tks igyh ckj fdlh O;olk; dks “kq: djrh gSaA
vesfjdk dh rjg Hkkjr esa lekos”kh fodkl ds fy, fo”ks’kdj rduhdh Kku ds {ks= esa Start-up ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA
fodflr jk’Vªksa dh ekSfnzd uhfr vkSj Currency Depriciation &
gky ds o’kksZa esa Growth Rate dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, C;kt nj okyh ekSfnzd uhfr dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA blds dkj.k Hkkjr tSlh
mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk dh vksj fodflr jk’Vªksa ls Capital Inflow ls c<+ jgs gSaA
izHkko
fodflr jk’Vªksa dh eqnzkvksa dk Hkkjr tSls jk’Vªksa Hkkjr tSls fodkl”khy ns”kksa ds fu;kZrksa ij
esa gks Depriation jgk gSA foijhr izHkko iM+ jgk gS
fodflr jk’Vªksa ds fu;kZr dks c<+kok fey jgk gSA

58 | P a g e
vk;kstu ds izdkj
vk;kstu D;k gS \
jkT; ds usr`Ro esa jk’Vª ds lalk/kuksa dk dq”kyre ,oa vuqdwyre jk’Vª fgr esa mi;ksx lqfuf”pr djuk] rkfd fodkl ds ek/;e ls
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks etcwr fd;k tk ldsA
Hkkjr esa vk;kstu D;ksa t:jh gS \

O;kid xjhch] csjkstxkjh] fuEu miHkksx Lrj] dkS”ky ,oa foRr dk vHkko vkfn ds dkj.kA
vk;kstu dk oxhZdj.k &

vkns”kkRed vk;kstu funs”kkRed vk;kstu
(Imperative Planning) (Indicative Planning)
ve
i. dsUnzh; vo/kkj.kk gS i. fodsUnzhd`r O;oLFkk
ii. jkT; ,oa ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dk ii. jkT; ,oa laLFkkvksa dk lkadsfrd gLr{ksi
O;kid rFkk izR;{k fu;a=.k gksrk gSA iii. futh {ks= dh O;kid Hkkxhnkjh
iii. lektoknh ns”k] :l] phu iv. ljdkj dsoy uhfr;kWa cukus rd gh vius vkidks lhfer j[krh gSA
iv. iz”kklfud <kWaps dks lfØ; j[kus ds v. cktkj fØ;kfof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fy, naM fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
v. forj.k iz.kkyh esa iz”kklu dh izR;{k
Hkwfedk gksus ds dkj.k iz”kkflr dher
Li
1980 ds n”kd ls iwjh nqfu;k ds ns”kksa esa funs”kkRed vk;kstu dh yksdfiz;rk c<+rh tk jgh gSA Hkkjr esa 1991 ls igys yxHkx
vkns”kkRed vk;kstu dh fLFkfr Fkh] ysfdu 1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kkj ds ckn ge fuos”s kkRed ds T;knk djhc gSaA gekjh vk;kstu
O;oLFkk esa lektoknh rFkk iwWthoknh] lkoZtfud rFkk futh nksuksa gh {ks=ksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ds dkj.k fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk gks xbZ
gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsnzh; leL;k,a

i. D;k mRikn fd;k tk,
ii. dSls mRiknu fd;k tk,
D
iii. Je ls ;k e”khu ls
vkfFkZd ladV &

tks vkfFkZd fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA miHkksDrk] mRiknd] cSad] fuxe ljdkj vkfn gks ldrs gSaA
vafre oLrq,a &

K
ftldk vafre mi;ksx gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ mUgsa mRiknu izØe ds fdlh pj.k ls xqtjuk ugha iM+rkA pk;iRrh vafre oLrq gSA dksbZ oLrq
izd`fr ds dkj.k ugha mi;ksx dh vkfFkZd izdf` r ls vafre oLrq ekuh tkrh gSA dsoy vafre oLrq dh ewY; dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS]
D;ksafd blesa e/;orhZ oLrq dk ewY; Hkh “kkfey gksrk gSA
lkekU; oLrq,a &

i. ftudk mi;ksx vf/kdrj miHkksDrk djrk gSA
ii. vk; c<+sxh rks oLrq dh ek=k c<+sxhA
iii. vk; de gksxh rks oLrq dh ek=k de gksxhA
fuEu Lrjh; oLrq,a &

i. ;s miHkksDrk vk; ds foijhr gSA
ii. vk; c<+h rks ekax ?kVhA [kk| inkFkZ Economics by Anand Sir
iii. vk; ?kVh rks ekax c<+x
s hA eksVs vukt
59 | P a g e
iapo’khZ; ;kstuk,a
izFke & & ¼1951&56½
& gsjkWYM Mksej lao`f) ekWMy ij vk/kkfjr Hkwfe lq/kkj rFkk lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØze ds ek/;e ls [kk+| ladV dk lek/kku
vkSj d`f’k {ks= dk fodkl djukA
nwljh & ¼1956&61½

& egkyuksfcl ekWMy vkSj m|ksxksa dks izkFkfedrk
rhljh & ¼1961&66½

& [kk|kUu mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djuk@m|ksx ,oa fu;kZr dh vko”;drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, d`f’k ds mRiknu
dks c<+kok nsukA
;kstuk vodk”k & ¼1966&69½

& phu rFkk ikfdLrku ls ;q+) gksus ds dkj.k ns”k dh foRrh; fLFkfr detksj gqbZ] ftlds dkj.k 1 o’khZ; ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZAa
ve
pkSFkh & ¼1969&74½
& dqN [kkl ugha] ysfdu ifjokj fu;kstu ds dk;ZØe dks ykxw djukA
ikWp
a oha & ¼1974&79½
& xjhch mUewyu dk uk”k
vuojr~ ;kstuk ¼Rolling Plan½

&
Li
turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj us 5th PYP 1 o’kZ iwoZ 1978 esa gh lekIr dj fn;k vkSj 1983 rd vuojr~ ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ] ysfdu
ubZ ljdkj us 1980 esa gh bls lekIr dj fn;kA
NBh & ¼1985&90½
Lkkroha ¼1985&90½
ubZ vkfZFkZd uhfr & ¼1990&91½

D
viukus ds dkj.k &

i. Hkqxrku larqyu
ii. jktdks’kh; ?kkVs esa o`f)
iii. fons”kh fofue; dks’k esa deh
iv. lkoZtfud ladV ds dkj.k isVªksy ds nke esa o`f)
K
iv. [kkM+h ladV ds dkj.k isVªksy ds nke esa o`f)
fd, x, dk;Z
i. mnkjhdj.k & m|ksx ,oa O;kikj ds fy, m/kkj uhfr
ii. futhdj.k
iii. oS”ohdj.k & vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr dks ekU;rk iznku djukA
igyh ih<+h ds lq/kkj & ¼1991&96½

i. 6 m+|ksxksa ¼”kjkc] flxjsV] vkS’kf/k] j{kk midj.k] foLQksV ,oa [krjukd jlk;u½ dks NksM+dj lHkh m|ksxksa esa dh Licence dh
lekfIrA
ii. FTI dks vuqefr
iii. dj iz.kkyh dks ljy cuk;k x;kA
iv. fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, #i;s dk voewY;u
60 | P a g e
vkBoha & ¼1992&97½
1990&92 rd jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk o vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k 2 ,d o’khZ; ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZAa blfy, 1992 ls 8oha FYP dh
“kq#vkr gqbZA
9oha & ¼1997&2002½

10oha & ¼2002&07½
11oha & ¼2007&12½ → jk’Vªh; d`f’k fodkl uhfr] jk’Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk fe”ku] jk’Vªh; ckxokuh fe”ku] jk’Vªh; d`f’k chek ;kstuk rFkk
fdlkuksa ds fy, _.k ekQh ;kstuk dh “kq#vkr dh xbZA
12oha FYP
i. rhoz /kkj.kh; ,oa vf/kd lekos”kh fodkl dk y{; izkIr djrs gq, 8% fodkl nj izkIr djuk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
ii. d`f’k {ks= esa 4% ,oa fofuekZ.k {ks= esa 10% vkSlr okf’kZd o`f) dk y{;A
iii. fyax lekurk ,oa efgyk l”kfDrdj.k ij cy
ve
Ckktkj vFkZO;oLFkk dk nwljk nkSj % cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk dks ysdj ,d csgrj utfj;k Hkh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA ÅWp a h o`f) nj t:jh
gS] ij dsoy blh ls xjhch] oapuk] voljksa dh deh vkSj HksnHkko tSlh iqjkuh leL;kvksa ls ugha fuiVk tk ldrkA o`f) vfHkeq[kh
uhfr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,sls dne mBkus Hkh t:jh gSa] tks lekos”kh fodkl] iwjh vkcknh dh U;wure t:jrksa dh iwfrZ vkSj lkekftd
U;k; dks lqfuf”pr dj ldsaA
1991 ds ckn gq, izeq[k lq/kkj

 fons”k O;kikj dh ubZ uhfr % tqykbZ 1991 ls ekpZ 1992 ds chp dbZ dne mBk, x,A vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ls lacaf/kr
Li
reke fu’ks/kksa] vokafNr funsZ”kksa] “kadkvksa vkSj vLi’Vrkvksa dks nwj fd;k x;kA vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr dks fu;af=r djus okyk
dk;kZy; can dj fn;k x;kA oLrqvksa ds eqDr vk;kr&fu;kZr dh ?kks’k.kk dh xbZA
 vkS|ksfxd yk;lsl a dh lekfIr % blls m|ksxksa dh {kerk] rduhd vkSj dher ij fu;a=.k ls eqfDr fey xbZ vkSj
izfrLi/kkZ dks izksRlkgu feykA
 tqykbZ 1991 esa fuf”pr fofue; nj ls gVus vkSj cktkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr fofue; nj dh rjQ c<+us dh “kq#vkr gqbZA ^^Qsl^^
dkuwu jn~n fd;k x;k vkSj ^^Qsek^^ dkuwu us mldh txg yh] tks ^^fu;a=.k^^ ls ^^fu;eu^^ dh rjQ c<+us dk ladsr FkkA
 Hkkjr ds iwWth cktkj us vkdkj ysuk “kq: fd;kA dSfiVy b”;wt ds fu;a=d dk dk;kZy; can dj fn;k x;k vkSj lsch
¼Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr fofue; cksMZ½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA
 ,dkf/kdkj ,oa izfrca/kd O;kikj O;ogkj vf/kfu;e ¼Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act MRTP Act½ ds izeq[k
D
izko/kku jn~n dj fn, x,A izfrLi/kkZ vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 2002 ykxw] nwljh ih<+h ds lq/kkj ¼1996 ls½
 nwl
w jh ih<+h ds lq/kkjksa ds varxZr d`f’k lq/kkj] cqfu;knh <kWapk lq/kkj] ftlesa vkfFkZd cqfu;knh <kWasps ds varxZr flapkbZ ,oa ty
fudkl] ifjogu] lapkj] fo|qr vkiwfrZ] foRrh; <kWaps ds foLrkj ij cy fn;k x;kA
 lkekftd cqfu;knh <kWaps ds rgr~ fuokl <kWapk] LokLF;] f”k{kk] is;ty] LopNrk] euksjt a u ds fodkl ij cy fn;k x;kA
 LFkkuh; Lo”kklu dks lqn`<+ cuk;k x;kA
 O;ogkjijd fons”k uhfr viukbZ xbZA
K
 volj dh lekurk rFkk fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, vYila[;d vk;ksx] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr vk;ksx] efgyk vk;ksx rFkk
ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
csjkstxkjh
tc ,d O;fDr jkstxkj dh ryk”k djrk gS] ysfdu og dke ikus esa lQy ugha gks ikrk & bl voLFkk dks csjkstxkjh dgk tkrk
gSA lkekU;r% 15&59 o’kZ vk;q oxZ dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls lfØ; ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn buds ikl dke ugha gS rks bUgsa gh csjkstxkj ekuk
tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh ds laca/k esa {ks=h; vlarqyu Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dqN {ks=ksa esa vf/kd jkstxkj gSa] tcfd dqN {ks=ksa esa de]
ftlls vR;f/kd varj jkT; Jfed izolu gksrk gSA
61 | P a g e
csjkstxkjh dks c<+kus okys dkjd &
 c<+rh gqbZ Technology
 eanh
 eqnzkLQhfr
 dk;ZLFky ij HksnHkko vkfn
csjkstxkjh ds dkj.k &
 c<+rh tula[;k
 lhfer Hkwfe lalk/ku
 d`f’k dh ekSleh csjkstxkjh
 nks’kiw.kZ f”k{kk iz.kkyh & f”kf{kr csjkstxkjh
 fofuekZ.k dk fiNM+kiu
ve
csjkstxkjh ds izdkj & okf’kZd jkstxkj vkdyu
i. iw.kZ ,oa v)Z csjkstxkjh &

95 ls de fnu jkstxkj gS rks & iw.kZ csjkstxkjh
85 ls 135 fnu ls de jkstxkj gS rks v)Z csjkstxkjh
135 ls vf/kd fnu jkstxkj gS rks iw.kZ jkstxkj
ii. izPNUu csjkstxkjh
Li
fdlh dke dks t:jr ls T;knk yksxksa }kjk djuk] tcfd mrus yksxksa dh t:jr ugha gksrhA blesa Jfed dh lhekar
mRikndrk “kwU; gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh csjkstxkjh d`f’k {ks= esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
blds dkj.k &
 c<+rh tul[a;k
 xSj&d`f’k jkstxkjksa dh deh
iii. lajpukRed csjkstxkjh &

bl csjkstxkjh dk laca/k vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkiwfrZ Ik{k ls gksrk gSA ns”k dh mRiknd laLFkkvksa dh la[;k esa deh ds dkj.k
D
volj lhfer jg tkrs gSAa nwljh rjQ tula[;k c<+r+ h jgrh gSA blds dkj.k &
 vkS?kksfxdhdj.k dk izHkko
 dq”kyrk fodkl dh deh
Hkkjr tSls ns”k esa bl izdkj dh csjkstxkjh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA cpr] fuos”k] dq”kyrk dks c<+kdj blls fuiVk tk ldrk gSA
K
iv. ;g csjkstxkjh vFkZO;oLFkk@cktkj ifjos”k esa ifjorZu ds nkSjku gksus okys mrkj&p<+ko ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g eq[;
:Ik ls iwWathoknh@fodflr ns”kksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS] tks ekWax esa deh ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g csjkstxkjh vYifodflr gksrh
gS] blfy, bls ekSf[kd vkSj jktdks’kh; uhfr;ksa }kjk ekWax dks c<+dj lqy>k;k tk ldrk gSA
v. vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh &

izpfyr nj ij dke djus dh bPNk gksrs gq, Hkh dke dh miyC/krk u gksukA
vi. ekSleh csjkstxkjh &

→ d`f’k esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS
→ Qly mxkuk] fujkbZ] dVkbZ ds le; dke feyrk gSA
→ ;s dke [kRe gksus ij dkexkj csjkstxkj gks tkrs gSaA
vii. vLFkk;h csjkstxkjh &

tc Jfed ,d mRiknu izfØ;k ls nwljh izfØ;k dh vksj pys tkrs gSaA fu;ksDrk dkexkjksa dh [kkst esa jgrs gSaA tc rd ;g
nksuksa ugha feyrs] rc rd csjkstxkjh cuh jgrh gSA lwpuk dk vHkko rFkk HkkSxksfyd nwjh bl fLFkfr dh vksj Hkh tfVy cuk
nsrh gSA Economics by Anand Sir
62 | P a g e
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh fLFkfr ¼NSSO½
→ Hkkjr esa jkstxkj ds volj c<+ jgs gSa] ysfdu muds c<+us dh nj Je cy c<+us dh nj ls de gSA blh lanHkZ esa ;g dgk
tkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa Jobless Growth gSA Hkkjr esa jkstxkj dh yksp yxkrkj fxjrh tk jgh gSA dk;Zcy dk O;olkf;d
forj.k fuEu izdkj ik;k x;k &
a) d`f’k & 49%
b) m|ksx & 24%
c) lsok,a & 27%
Li’V gS fd Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk O;kolkf;d cnyko Bhd ls ughaa gqvk gSA dk;Z”khy tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx d`f’k ij fuHkZj gS
vkSj ;g fuHkZjrk ,slh fLFkfr esa gS tc jk’Vªh; vk; esa d`f’k dh Hkwfedk de gSA
Hkkjr esa GDP dh Rofjr o`f) nj dks lqfuf”pr djuk vkSj mu {ks=ksa esa fo”ks’k /;ku nsuk tks jkstxkj ds vPNs volj mRiUu djrs
gSaA dq”kyrk fodkl ij /;ku nsuk rFkk fu/kZuksa] vf”kf{kr yksxksa ds fy, O;kolkf;d izf”k{k.k dks lqfuf”pr djuk] rkfd mudh
jkstxkj izkIr djus dh {kerk c<+As
blls lao`f) dh izfØ;k dks Hkh mPp xq.koRrk ;qDr jkstxkj nsus esa vklkuh gksxhA Hkkjr ds Je dkuwuksa esa bl izdkj ls cnyko
ve
djuk fd os Je ds vo”kks’k.k dks c<+kok nsa] u fd Je ds cfg’dkj dksA
Li
D
K
63 | P a g e
xjhch
og lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ftlds varxZr tc yksxksa }kjk viuh ewyHkwr vko”;drkvksa tSls& jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh Hkh
iwfrZ ugha gks ikrh] mls xjhch dgrs gSAa
xjhch voljksa ,oa fodYiksa ls oafpr jguk

gS tks fd LoLFk] Lora=] xfjekiw.kZ] vkRe
lEeku thou thus ds fy, vko”;d gSA
xjhch ds izdkj
fujis{k xjhch Lkkis{k xjhch

blesa euq’; dh cqfu;knh vko”;drk,a& tSls lekt ds vkSlr O;fDr dh rqyuk esa fdlh O;fDr ds
Hkkstu] is;ty] LokLF; lqfo/kk,a] f”k{kk] lwpuk miHkksx] vk; vkSj laifRr dk vHkko] ftlds dkj.k
ve
dk vHkko gksrk gSA lacaf/kr yksxksa dh vk; ;k thou Lrj lkekU; yksxksa
ls fuEu gksrk gSA
fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
→ xjhch dsoy /ku dk vHkko gh ugha] cfYd ,d ekufld n”kk Hkh gSA ekufld :Ik ls detksj gksus ds dkj.k O;fDr viuh
vkfFkZd csgrjh vkSj jk’Vª dY;k.k gsrq Hkh ugha lksp ikrkA
xjhch js[kk fu/kkZj.k & ¼NSSO }kjk½

Li
Hkkjr esa xjhch ekius ds fy, miHkksx vFkok [kpZ fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ,slk rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd xjhch dks ekius
ds fy, vk; dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
fo”o cSad dk Hkkjrh; xjhch ij vuqeku &

fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh ns”k dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk xjhch gSA fo”o cSad }kjk 1-9 vesfjdh MkWyj vk; dks ,d ekud
ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS tks igys 1-25$ ¼2005½ FkkA
MPI (Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index) – 2010

D
1. Education 2. Health 3. Living Standard

dkS”ky esa deh dqiks’k.k vkoklh; lqfo/kk dk vHkko vkSj lkekftd HksnHkko
xjhch ds dkj.k %&

i. d`f’k ij fuHkZjrk &
K
vf/kdka”k fodkl”khy ns”k esa yksx d`f’k ij fuHkZj gSa vkSj orZeku esa d`f’k vykHkdkjh gksrh tk jgh gSA
ii. jkstxkj ds voljksa dk vHkko &
iii. vi;kZIr cqfu;knh <kWapk &
f”k{kk ,oa LokLF; tSlh cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa ds vHkko esa xjhch vkSj c<+rh gSA
iv. vkSifuosf”kd iz”kklu & ikjaifjd gLrf”kYi dk;Z u’V gqbZA
v. Hkwfe lq/kkj dh vlQyrk
vi. c<+rh tula[;k vkSj vk; ds de lzkrs A
xjhcksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ls mudh etnwjh nj de gks tkrh gS]
D;ksafd ek= dh rqyuk esa vkiwfrZ nj de gks tkrh gSA etnwjh nj de
gksus ls vk; de gks tkrh gSA bl otg ls ifjokj ds cPps Je dk;Z es
yxk, tkrs gSa & blls cky Je dh leL;k Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSA bl
izdkj xjhcksa dh vxyh ih<+h Hkh xjhch vkSj etcwjh esa jg tkrh gSA
64 | P a g e
xjhch de djus ds lq>ko@mik;
i. tula[;k fu;a=.k
ii. d`f’k dh mRikndrk dks c<+kuk
d`f’k vk/kkjHkwr <kWaps dk fodkl tSls flapkbZ vkfnA
MSP
rduhd dks c<+kok nsuk
iii. jkstxkj ds voljksa dk l`tu &
fuekZ.k] fofuekZ.k & Je lq/kkj
iz”kklfud Hkkj dks de djuk] cktkj dh fLFkfr;ksa dks nwj djuk] dq”kyrk fodklA
iv. ewyHkwr lsokvksa tSls& f”k{kk] LokLF; is;ty esa lkoZtfud [kpZ dks c<+kukA
Trickle – down vkSj xjhch &

blds varxZr
↓
i. C;kt njksa esa dVkSfr;kaW dh tkrh gSaA
ve
ii. rjyrk dk foLrkj fd;k tkrk gSA
iii. djksa esa NwV nh tkrh gSA
iv. fofHkUu izdkj dh lfCLkM;kWa nh tkrh gSa] rkfd vkS?kksfxdhdj.k] lsok {ks= vkfn dks c<+kok fey ldsA
uohure vuql/a kku esa Trickle – down vk; dh fo’kerkvksa dks c<+k jgs gSa vkSj xjhch dks de djus esa bldh dksbZ fo”ks’k Hkwfedk ugha
gSA dkWjiksjVs {ks= }kjk bu NwVksa dk ykHk mBk;k tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr ds orZeku jk’Vªifr }kjk Trickle – down dks fu’izHkkoh crk;k x;k ftlds fuEu dkj.k gSa &
i.
ii.
Li
mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa esa d`f’kd {ks= dh vis{kk djukA
xSj&d`f’k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fodkl ij /;ku ugha nsukA
iii. MSMEs {ks= dh mis{kk djukA
iv. dq”kyrk fodkl ij /;ku ugha nsukA
eujsxk
→ xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;
→ 2005 esa laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwuh vf/kdkj
→ 2 Qjojh 2006 ls vka/kz izns”k ls ykxw
D
→ dke ds igys vukt $ lEiw.kZ xzkeh.k jkstxkj dks feykdj cuk;k

→ 2009 esa ujsxk ls eujsxk
→ izR;sd xzkeh.k ifjokj ds ,d o;Ld dks tks vdq”ky Je ds fy, rS;kj gks & 100 fnuksa ds jkstxkj dh xkjaVh ¼1 o’kZ esa½
→ 33% efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k
→ jkstxkj ikus okys dks vkosnu ds 15 fnuksa ds vanj jkstxkj fn;k tk,xk ¼5 fdeh- ds vanj½ ojuk csjkstxkjh HkRrk fn;k
tk,xkA
K
→ jkstxkj xkjaVh dks’k cuk;k x;k gSA

→ fØ;kUo;u xzke iapk;r }kjk
→ foRr → dsUnz % jkT; %% 90 %10
→ xzkeh.k volajpuk ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr {ks=] tSls ty laj{k.k] lM+d fuekZ.k] flapkbZ] gkWfLiVy bR;kfn esa jkstxkj iznku
fd;k tkrk gSA
→ jkT; ljdkj }kjk fdlh {ks= dks lw[kk ?kksf’kr djrs gh jkstxkj fnolksa dh la[;k 100 ls 150 fnu gks tkrh gSA
→ LoPNrk vfHk;ku ls tksM+k x;k gSA\
→ ns; etnwjh dks DBT Scheme ls tksM+k x;k gSA
eujsxk ls ykHk
↓
 xjhch de dh gSA
 U;wure etnwjh lqfuf”pr ftlls Ø; “kfDr {kerk c<+h gSA
↓
Economics
ftlls ekWx c<+h ,oa xzkeh.k [kir us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks eanh dh pisV esa vkus ls jksdkA
by Anand Sir
65 | P a g e
 foRrh; lekos”ku ftlls lkgwdkjksa ij fuHkZjrk de gqbZA
 efgyk l”kfDrdj.k
 jgu&lgu ds Lrj esa lq/kkj
 izkd`frd lalk/kukasa esa o`f) ,oa laj{k.k
tula[;k
→ 121 djksM+ ¼2011½
→ phu ds ckn nwljk LFkku Ikgyh tux.kuk & 1872
fof/kor tux.ku & 1881
→ fo”o dh tula[;k ij 17-5% vHkh 2011 & 14oha Fkh %
→ fo”o ds dqy HkwHkkx dk 2-4% 1911 ls 1921 dks
→ 2001&2011 vkSlr okf’kZd o`f) 1-77% egku foHkktd o’kZ dgk tkrk gS]
→ “kgjh tula[;k 31-16% vkSj xzkeh.k 68-84% D;ksafd blesa Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa
→ tula[;k ?kuRo 2001&324 ;k vkSj 2011&382 ¼izfr oxZ fdyksehVj½ deh gqbZ FkhA
 v”kksf/kr tUe nj & izfr gtkj tula[;k ij fdlh fo”ks’k o’kZ esa tUesa
ve
iathd`r dqy cPpksa dh la[;kA
 v”kksf/kr e`R;q nj & bldk mYVk gS ¼e`R;q nj½
 tula[;k dh o`f) nj & fdlh ,d o’kZ esa v”kksf/kr tUe nj rFkk v”kksf/kr e`R;q nj esa varj blesa fuoy Migration nj dks
tksM+ fn;k tk, rks bls tula[;k dh o`f) nj dgk tkrk gSA
 ekr`Ro e`R;q nj & izfr 1 yk[k thfor tUe ij izlo ds nkSjku ;k xHkZ u’V gksus ds 42 fnuksa esa ejus okyh efgykvksa dh
la[;k 1 ¼174½
 fyaxkuqikr & izfr gtkj iq#’kksa dh la[;k ds vuqikr esa fL=;ksa dh la[;k 1 ¼940½
 f”k”kq e`R;q nj & izfr gtkj thfor tuksa f”k”kqvksa ds vuqikr esa 1 o’kZ ls de vk;q ds e`r f”k”kqvksa dh la[;kA


Li
cky e`R;q nj & 1000 tUesa thfor cPpksa dh la[;k ds vuqikr esa 5 o’kZ rd ds e`r cPpksa dh la[;kA
lEiw.kZ iztuu nj & fdlh L=h ds lEiw.kZ iztuu dky 15&49 esa iSnk gq, cPpksa dh la[;kA
 f”k”kq fyax vuqikr & 6 o’kZ rd ds vk;q lewg esa izfr gtkj ckydksa ds lewg esa ckfydkvksa dh la[;k 1 ¼914½
tula[;k uhfr & 2000 & bl uhfr ds vuqlkj Hkkjr 2045 rd tula[;k esa fLFkjrk izkIr dj ysxk] ysfdu vc bl y{; dks
2070 dj fn;k x;k x;k gSA
lEiw.kZ iztuu nj dks 2% ij ykukA

D
vk”kk %&
→ tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk ls lacaf/kr xzkeh.k dk;ZdrkZA

→ jk’Vªh; LokLF; lqj{kk fe”ku ls tqM+h gSA
→ vk”kk }kjk izlo iwoZ ns[kHkky dh tkrh gS rFkk xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku iks’k.k rFkk LokLF; ds fo’k; esa lykg nsrh gSA budk
dk;Z izlo djkuk ugha gSA
K
 lh-ih- Cysdj }kjk tula[;k esa ifjorZu dh 5 voLFkkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tks bl izdkj gS &
1- izFke voLFkk % blesa tUe nj rFkk e`R;q nj nksuksa gh ÅWaph gksaxhA tula[;k o`f) dk vkdkj fLFkj ;k cgqr /khek gksxkA
2- f)rh; voLFkk % ;g voLFkk fodkl dh vksj vxzlj ns”kksa esa ikbZ tk,xhA blds varxZr tUe nj esa rsth ijarq e`R;q nj esa
deh gksxh] tula[;k foLQksV dh fLFkfr cusxhA
3- rhljh voLFkk % vkS|ksfxd rFkk d`f’k fodkl ds pj.k esa izo”s k djus okys ns”kksa esa tula[;k dh vbl voLFkk dh fLFkfr
gksxh] ftlds varxZr tUe nj esa deh gksxh] ijarq e`R;q nj mlls vf/kd rsth ls ?kVsxhA tula[;k dh o`f) nj esa deh
gksxh] ijarq tula[;k dh Hk;kog fLFkfr cuh jgsxhA
4- pkSFkh voLFkk % ;g mPp fodkl ds nkSj esa igqWaps gq, fodflr ns”kksa esa gksxh] ftlesa tUe nj fu;af=r rFkk uhph] lkFk gh
e`R;q nj Hkh fu;af=r rFkk uhph gh gksxhA bl fLFkfr esa tula[;k rsth ls fxjrh gSA
5- ikWpoha voLFkk % iw.kZ fodkl dh nj dks izkIr fd, gq, fodflr jk’Vªksa esa ,slh voLFkk ikbZ tkrh gSA blesa tUe nj vR;ar
uhph rFkk e`R;q nj ls Hkh de gksrh gSA lkFk gh e`R;q nj Hkh uhph gksrh gSA
66 | P a g e
Hkkjr esa tUe nj esa larks’ktud deh u vkus ds dkj.k
 d`f’k iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk
 xjhch
 f”k{kk dk fuEu fodkl Lrj
 de mez esa fookg gksuk
 lkekftd va/kfo”okl & iq= dh iz/kkurk
 uxjhdj.k dh /kheh izfØ;k
Hkkjr esa e`R;q nj esa deh ykus ds fy, lgk;d dkjd
 LokLF; lsokvksa dk foLrkj

 vdky dh lekfIr
 gStk] Iysx] pspd vkfn egkekfj;ksa dh lekfIr
 “kq) is;ty miyC/krk] izlo ds nkSjku vPNh fpfdRLkk lqfo/kk vkfnA
ve
fyaxkuqikr %&
tula[;k o`f) dks jksdus ds mik;
 gfj;k.kk& 877] dsjy& 1084
 f”k{kk
 tEew ,oa d”ehj & 889
 fookg dh U;wure fu/kkZfjr vk;q lhek
 rfeyukMw & 996
 vkS?kksfxdhdj.k dks c<+kok nsuk
 lkekftd ekufldrk esa cnyko
 vk; es ao`f)

Li
1992 jk’Vªh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe cuk;k x;k FkkA ¼fo”o dk igyk½
D
K
67 | P a g e
IMF ¼varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k½
 laa;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds U;w gSEilk;j ds czsVu oqM~l esa tqykbZ 1944 esa vk;ksftr 44 ns”kksa ds lEesyu esa varjkZ’Vªh;
iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fodkl cSad ¼vkbZ-ch-vkj-Mh-½ ds lkFk&lkFk varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k ¼vkbZ,e,Q½ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 orZeku esa 188 jk’Vª vkbZ-,e-,Q- ds lnL; gSAa
 Hkkjr vkbZ-,e-,Q- dk laLFkkid lnL; gSA
 varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k dk mn~ns”; vxzfyf[kr gS% o`gn vkfFkZd fodkl dks lqfuf”pr djuk] xjhch de djuk] vkfFkZd fLFkjrk
cuk, j[kuk] fodkl”khy ns”kksa ds fy, uhfrxr lykg vkSj foRr iks’k.k] ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa lg;ksx ds fy, eap iznku djuk]
fofue; nj fLFkjrk rFkk varjkZ’Vªh; Hkqxrku iz.kkyh dks c<+kok nsukA
 1993 ds ckn Hkkjr us varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k ls dksbZ foRrh; lgk;rk ugha fy;k gSA vkbZ-,e-,Q- ls fy, x, lHkh _.kksa dk
ve
Hkqxrku 31 ebZ 2000 dks dj fn;k x;kA
 vkbZ-,e-,Q- ,d cgqi{kh; _.k ,tsalh ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrh gSA bldk eq[;ky; vesfjdk ds okf”kaxVu Mh-lh- esa vofLFkr
gSA ;g fodflr o nwljs leFkZ lnL; ns”kksa ls foRrh; lgk;rk ysrk gS vkSj t:jr iM+us ij fodkl”khy ,oa xjhc lnL;
ns”kksa dks foRrh; lgk;rk eqgS;k djkrk gSA bl dze esa izR;sd lnL; ns”k dk dksVk] rhu ekinaMksa &
1- fo”o O;kikj esa Hkkxhnkjh

2- izfr O;fDr jk’Vªh; vk; vkSj
Li
3- vkfFkZd fodkl dks n`f’Vxr j[krs gq, fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ^^dksVk izfr”kr^^ ds vk/kkj ij lacaf/kr ns”k dks vkbZ,e,Q
esa erkf/kdkj fn;k tkrk gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd vkfFkZd :Ik ls “kfDr”kkyh pqfuank fodflr ns”k ges”kk ls bl laxBu ds fn”kk&funsZ”kksa dks izHkkfor djrs
vk jgs gSaA
fo”o vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkbZ,e,Q dh izklafxdrk
ekStwnk le; esa fo”o vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkbZ,e,Q dh Hkwfedk dks fljs ls [kkfjt
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vxj ;g viuh vkarfjd [kkfe;ksa dks nwj djrs gq, → LFkkiuk 27 vDVwcj] 1945
,d yksdrkaf=d ,oa ikjn”khZ O;oLFkk ykxw djus esa lQy jgrk gS rks fuf”pr → BOP ladV ls fuiVus ds fy, lnL;
:Ik ls fo”o ls xjhch ds mUewyu ,oa lekos”kh fodkl dks lqfuf”pr fd;k tk ns”kksa dks _.k nsukA
D
ldsxkA → vYidkyhu oYMZ cSad lnL;ksa] ns”kksa dks
nh?kZdkyhu _.k lgk;rkA
dksVk iz.kkyh esa fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh fLFkfr → IMF vius lnL; ns”kksa ds dksVk izfr”kr
;k vf/kdkjksa ¼SDR½ dh izR;sd 5 lky esa
vkbZ,e,Q ds lnL; ns”kksa esa fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh la[;k cgqyrk esa gS] ysfdu leh{kk djrk gSA
laLFkk ds fn”kk&funsZ”kksa dks r; djus esa mudh Hkwfedk U;wu gSA ,slh fLFkfr
fuf”pr :Ik ls bl laLFkk ds fy, ?kkrd gS] D;ksafd ;g lgHkkfxrk dk yksdrkaf=d ;k rkfdZd izfØ;k ugha gSA fQygky] bl
K
laxBu esa dksVk izfr”kr dh leh{kk izR;sd ikWap lky esa dh tkrh gS] ysfdu laxBu dk ^^cksMZ vkWQ xouZlZ^^ dHkh Hkh fodkl”khy
ns”kksa dk dksVk izfr”kr ugha c<+krk gSA blds fy, vkerkSj ij ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd pwWfa d fodkl”khy ns”k vkbZ,e,Q ls _.k
rks ysrs gSa] ysfdu ^^fjokWfYoax QaM^^ esa mudk va”knku U;wu ;k u ds cjkcj gksrk gSA fygktk] muds dksVk izfr”kr esa btkQk djuk
fdlh Hkh n`f’Vdks.k ls mfpr ugha gSA
O;kogkfjd Lrj ij vkbZ,e,Q ,d yksdrkaf=d laxBu ugha gS

tgkWa lHkh lnL; ns”kksa dk erkf/kdkj leku :Ik ls gkfly ns”k ges”kk ls vkbZ,e,Q esa fdlh Hkh eqn~ns ij erkf/kdkj] uhfr&fuekZ.k]
fn”kk&funsZ”k vkfn dks “kq: ls gh izHkkfor djrs vk, gSaA ;gh ns”k rc ;g dgrs gSa fd fdl lnL; ns”k dks _.k fn;k tk, vkSj
mldh “krsZa D;k gksa \ chrs lkyksa esa vkbZ,e,Q ds “kfDr”kkyh lnL; ns”kksa }kjk dtZnkj ns”kksa ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa n[ky nsus ds
ekeys Hkh ns[kus esa vk, gSaA
68 | P a g e
vkbZ,e,Q esa O;kIr [kkfe;kWa
vkbZ,e,Q dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ds Lrj ij fodflr ns”kksa dh nknkfxjh ij fu;a=.k djuk vkbZ,e,Q ds le{k ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gS]
ftlesa lQyrk gkfly djuk vklku ugha gSA nwljh rjQ] 1973 ds fo”oO;kih rsy ladV ¼Oil Crisis½ ds ckn ,slk eglwl fd;k
tk jgk gS fd vkbZ,e,Q fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh foRrh; t:jrksa dk lgh vkdyu ugha dj ik jgk gS] ftlds dkj.k fodkl”khy ns”k
_.k dk lgh mi;ksx ugha dj ik jgs gSaA bl ifjiz{s ; esa vkbZ,e,Q fodkl”khy ns”kksa dks rkfdZd <ax las rduhdh lgk;rk Hkh
miyC/k ugha djk ik jgk gSA ,slk Hkh ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd vkbZ,e,Q dh uhfr;ksa ds nks’kiw.kZ gksus ds dkj.k fodkl”khy ns”k _.k
dk nq#i;ksx dj jgs gSa] ftlds dkj.k Hkz’Vkpkj ,oa vU; leL;k,a iui jgh gSaA
vkbZ,e,Q dh uhfr;ksa dk Hkkstu ,oa LokLF; ij izHkko

ns[kk x;k gS fd vkbZ,e,Q dh uhfr;ksa ls fodkl”khy ns”kksa eas nks oDr ds Hkkstu dh miyC/krk ,oa d`f’k xfrfof/k;ksa ij udkjkRed
izHkko iM+ jgk gSA njvly] vkbZ,e,Q }kjk _.k dh “krksaZ ;k izR;{k o vizR;{k rjhdksa ls fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkk
djus ds dkj.k lacaf/kr ns”k dh d`f’k xfrfof/k;ksa ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gS] ftlls Qlyksa dh mRikndrk eas deh vkrh gSA bl
ckr dh iqf’V HkwriwoZ vesfjdh jk’Vªifr fcy fDyaVu us o’kZ 2008 esa la;qDr jk’Vª egklHkk esa fn, x, vius Hkk’k.k esa dh FkhA 2
dSfEczt fo”ofo|ky; }kjk fd, x, ,d v/;;u esa Hkh ik;k x;k fd vkbZ,e,Q us ftu 21 fodkl”khy ns”kksa dks _.k fn;k Fkk]
ve
ogkWa fodkl gksus dh ctk;] Vhch ls gqbZ ekSrksa esa 16-6 izfr”kr dh c<+ksRrjh gqbZA o’kZ 2009 esa gh izfl) ys[kd ^^fjd jksMsu^^ us viuh
fdrkc ^^n MSMyh vkbfM;kt vkWQ fu;ksfycfjTe^^ esa fy[kk Fkk fd vkbZ,e,Q fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa viuh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa tSls] fuEu
eqnzk LQhfr vkSj fuEu ctV ?kkVk vkfn ds ek/;e ls LokLF; ,oa ,M~l ds fo#) tkjh yM+kbZ dks detksj djus dk dke dj jgk
gSA
fu’d’kZ
dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkys gh vkbZ,e,Q ,d yEcs le; ls vfLRkRo esa gS] ysfdu vius mn~ns”; dks iwjk djus esa ;g iwjh rjg ls
ukdke jgk gSA oLrqr% bldk eq[; edln Fkk & lnL; ns”kksa dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls lcy cukuk] xjhch mUewyu djuk] fodkl dks
Li
xfr nsuk] jkstxkj l`tu esa lgk;rk djuk] varjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj dks ljy o lqxe cukuk vkfn] ysfdu ;g ,slk djus esa vlQy jgk
gSA vkbZ,e,Q ds vanj yksdra= dk vHkko gSA fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks ikjn”khZ rjhds ls vatke ugha fn;k tkrk gS] fodflr vkSj
fodkl”khy ns”k unh ds nks Nksj cu x, gSaA ns[kus esa ;g Hkh vk;k gS fd vkbZ,e,Q dh vkM+ esa fodflr ns”k] fodkl”khy ns”kksa ds
vkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi dj jgs gSaA os fodkl”khy ns”kksa dks ,d cM+s cktkj vkSj iz;ksx”kkyk ds :Ik eas ns[k o bLrseky dj jgs
gSaA Li’V gS fd lHkh ns”kksa dks cjkcj erkf/kdkj nsus ls gh fodflr ns”kksa dh vkbZ,e,Q esa py jgh nknkfxjh dks [kRe ,oa bldh
lkFkZdrk dks cjdjkj j[kk tk ldrk gSA
lq/kkj laca/kh fookn %&

i. vkbZ,e,Q dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks yksdrkaf=d ugha ekuk x;k gSA fodkl”khy ns”k vkbZ,e,Q esa dksVk vkSj erkf/kdkj c<+kus dh
D
ekWx dj jgh gSA bldk forj.k vlarqfyr <ax ls foLr`r jk’Vªksa ds i{k esa gSA vesfjdk ds ikl 16-5% Hkkx ds lkFk ohVks
ikWoj gSA
ii. vkbZ,e,Q ds Executive Board dh lajpuk Hkh iztkrkaf=d ugha ekuh xbZ gSA blesa dqy 24 lnL; gksrs gSaA tgkWa vesfjdk
TkSls jk’Vª vdsys ,d lnL; dks Hkstrs gSa] ogkWa Hkkjr] HkwVku] Jhyadk] ckaXykns”k feydj ,d lnL; dks Hkstrs gSaA
iii. Hkkjr dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd Hkkjr ds izca/k funs”kd dh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gks] D;ksafd vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksfi;u
jk’Vªksa ds chp ,d lgefr cuh gqbZ gS fd vkbZ,e,Q dk izca/k funs”kd dksbZ ;wjksfi;u gksxk] tcfd fo”o cSad dk v/;{k dksbZ
vesfjdu gksxkA
K
 gky ds lq/kkj % tuojh 2016
 varjk’ZVªh; eqnzk dks’k ¼vkbZ,e,Q½ ds xousZsl lajpuk esa mHkjrh vkSj fodkl”khy vFkZO;oLFkkvks ds izHkko esa vf/kd o`f) gqbZ
gSA
 bu lq/kkjksa ds QyLo:Ik la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; ns”kksa ds fgLls ls 6 izfr”kr ls vf/kd dksVk mHkjrs vkSj
fodkl”khy ns”kksa dks izkIr gksaxAs
 u, izko/kkuksa ds rgr~ Hkkjr dk erkf/kdkj orZeku 2-3 izfr”kr ls c<+dj 2-6 izfr”kr vkSj phu dk 3-8 izfr”kr ls c<+dj 6
izfr”kr gks x;k gSA
 :l vkSj czkthy Hkh bu lq/kkjksa ls ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA
 bu lq/kkjksa ds dkj.k ;w-,l-] tkiku] Qzka l] teZuh] bVyh] fczVsu] phu vkSj :l ds lkFk czkthy Hkh “kkfey gks x, gSaA
 bl lq/kkj izfØ;k ds dkj.k dukMk vkSj lÅnh “kh’kZ nl ns”kksa dh lwph ls ckgj gks x, gSaA
 BRICS lewg dh pkj mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa & czkthy] phu] Hkkjr vkSj :l izFke ckj varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k ds 10 lcls cM+s
lnL; ns”kksa ds lewg esa “kkfey gksxhA
69 | P a g e
vkbZ-,e-,Q- dh foRrh; rkdr esa o`f) %
 bu lq/kkjksa us vkbZ-,e-,Q- ds LFkk;h iwWth lalk/kuksa dks nqxuk dj bls 477 fcfy;u ,l-Mh-vkj- ¼fo”ks’k vkgj.k vf/kdkj½
¼659 fcfy;u MkWyj½ dj fn;k gS] ftlls bldh foRrh; rkdr esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ gSA
vkbZ-,e-,Q- dk;Zdkjh cksMZ
 bu lq/kkjksa dk ,d igyw ;g Hkh gS fd vkbZ-,e-,Q- ds dk;Zdkjh cksMZ ds fy, dqN Hkkjr dks ykHk &
dk;Zdkjh funs”kdksa dh fu;qfDr ¼,ikWbaVesaV½ ds izko/kku dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA vc
vkbZ-,e-,Q- dk dk;Zdkjh cksMZ iwjh rjg ds fuokZfpr------------------------ vf/kd oksfVax vf/kdkj vkSj
 vkbZ-,e-,Q- ds 14os tujy dksVk fjO;q ds izHkkoh gksus ds ckn vc eq[; /;ku 15osa tujy m/kkjh {kerkA fu.kZ; fuekZ.k
dksVk fjO;q ij dk;Z djus dh fn”kk esa eqfnzr gksxkA iqu% ,d u;k dksVk QkWeZwyk ij dk;Z esa Hkkjr dk T;knk n[kyA
djus ds vfrfjDr loZlEefr ds O;kid fl)kar dks gkfly djus ij Hkh dke fd;k
tk,xkA
 ;s lq/kkj varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k dh fo”oluh;rk] izHkko”khyrk vkSj oS/krk dks lqn`<+ djsxkA
ve
SDR (Special Doing Right) & varjkZ’Vªh; fjtoZ lEifRr
Global Liquidity dks c<kus ds fy, 1969 esa IMF }kjk SDR dks “kq: fd;k x;kA bls ^^Paper of Goldª Hkh dgrs gSAa blesa
 MkWyj ;w,l, 41%

SDR ds ek/;e ls lnL; fcuk fdlh
 ;wjks ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u 31%
HkkSfrd gLrkarj.k ds ijLij Hkqxrku ds
 ikmaM ;w-ds 8-09%
fy, Lohdkj dh tkrh gSA futh


;su
;qvku
tkiku
Li
[(jsufeuch) &2016]
8-5%
phu & 10-9%
O;kikfjd O;ogkjksa ds fy,
tkrkA
ugha fd;k
SDR esa lfEefyr gksus dh vfuok;Zrk

i. laacaf/kr jk’Vª esa iw.kZ Capital A/c. Convertibility gksA
ii. eqnzk dh fofue; nj yksp”khy gks] ysfdu buesa ls phu esa dksbZ ugha gS] ysfdu gky gh esa phu ds }kjk ;qvku dh vkiwfrZ
c<+kus ds fy, BRICS Bank esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku] AIIB dh LFkkiuk] vusd ns”kksa ds lkFk Currency Swap tSls le>kSrs
fd, x, FksA
→ SDR esa Hkkjr dqN # ds :Ik esa tek djok ldrk gSA SDR esa tekdrkZ ns”k dks C;kt feyrk gS] ysfdu BOP ds fy,
D
vf/kd C;kt nsuk iM+rk gSA dkSVs dk 25% SDR ds :Ik esa j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA
→ Federal Reserve Bank of America MkWyj dk fuekZ.k ugha djrkA MkWyj dk fuekZ.k United State Department of the
Treasury djrk gSA
¼lnL; & 57½

K
AIIB – chftax [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]

 vf/kd`r iwWt
a h 100 vjc MkWyj vkSj iznRr iwWath 50 vjc MkWyj
 ,f”k;kbZ ns”k dqy iwWt
a h dk 75% ;ksxnku djsaxsA
 izR;sd ns”k dks mlds “ks;j dk dksVk mlds vkfFkZd vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk,xkA
ns”k er dksVk
phu 26% 80%
Hkkjr 7% 8%
:l 5% 6%
vkWLVªsfy;k] teZuh] Ýkal] ;w-ds- blesa “kkfey gSaA
vesfjdk] tkiku blds lnL; ugha gSaA
AIIB volajpuk {ks= dh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, QafMax nsxkA blfy, bls fo”o cSad vkSj ,f”k;u fodkl cSad ds izfr)a)h dh rjg
ns[kk tk jgk gSA
phu dks ohVks dk vf/kdkj------ Economics by Anand Sir
70 | P a g e
ADB &
,f”k;kbZ fodkl cSad ¼,Mhch½

 ,f”k;kbZ fodkl cSad ,d {ks=h; fodkl cSad gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 22 vxLr 1966 dks ,f”k;k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d
gksus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA fQyhihal ds euhyk esa bldk eq[;ky; gSA
 ,Mhch dks fo”o cSad ds ekWMy ij cuk;k x;k gSA bldh ernku iz.kkyh Hkh leku gS] tgkWa erkf/kdkj lnL;ksa ds iwWt a h
va”knku ds vuqikr esa forfjr fd, x, gSaA
 orZeku esa tkiku 15-67% ds lkFk lcls cM+k va”k/kkjd gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh va”k/kkfjrk 15-56%] phu dh 6-47%]
Hkkjr dh 6-36% vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k dh 5-8% gSA
mn~ns”; %
,f”k;k ds ns”kksa ds vfkFkZd fodkl esa lqfo/kkiznRrk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuk gSA lkFk gh] bldk y{; ,f”k;k vkSj iz”kkar {ks= dks xjhch ls
ve
eqDr djkuk gSA
lnL;% orZeku esa blesa 67 lnL; ns”k gSa] ftuesa ls 48 ,f”k;k iz”kkar {ks= ls gSa vkSj 19 ckgj ls gSaA
cksMZ vkWQ xouZlZ
 bleas izR;sd lnL; ns”k ls ,d izfrfuf/k gksrk gSA cksMZ vkWQ xouZlZ cSad ds izfrfuf/k dk pquko Hkh djrk gS] tks fd funs”kdksa
ds cksMZ dk ps;jeSu gksrk gS vkSj ,Mhch dk izca/ku djrk gSA

Li
_.k % ;g ikWap eq[; {ks=ksa ij Qksdl djrs gq, dBkj rFkk mnkj _.k nksuksa miyC/k djkrk gSA ;s {ks= gSa & volajpuk]
tyok;q ifjorZu lfgr Ik;kZoj.k] {ks=h; lg;ksx ,oa ,dhdj.k] foRrh; fodkl vkSj f”k{kkA
ekStwnk varjkZ’Vªh; foRrh; laLFkku
 orZeku varjkZ’Vªh; foRrh; laLFkkukasa dks f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds var esa vesfjdh usr`Ro eas cuk;k x;k FkkA
 vesfjdk] ;wjksi vkSj tkiku viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fxjkoV ds ckotwn] bu laLFkkuksa esa viuk izHkko cuk, gq, FkkA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] vesfjdk ds ikl vHkh Hkh varjkZ’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k vkSj fo”o cSad }kjk fy, x, izeq[k fu.kZ;ksa ij ohVks dk vf/kdkj gSA
fo”o cSad ¼World Bank½

D
 fo”o cSad lewg esa ikWap laxBu “kkfey gSa &

i. varjkZ’Vªh; fodkl la?k ¼International Development Association- bldk eq[; dk;Z lnL; jk’Vªksa esa gksus okys
IDA½ fuos”k dks Political Risk ds fo#) lqj{kk
 bldh LFkkiuk 1960 esa gqbZA iznku djrk gSA blesa vkradoknh geys] x`g
vkbZMh, dks fo”o cSad dh fj;k;rh f[kM+dh ¼Soft Loan Window½ Hkh dgk ;q)] jk’Vªh;dj.k vkfn ds dkj.k gksus okyh
K

tkrk gSA gkfu;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA ;g
 vkbZMh, }kjk fuEu izfr O;fDr vk; okys ns”kksa dks _.k fn;k tkrk gSA def”kZ;y Based gksus okyh gkfu dks lqjf{kr
¼Long term½ ugha djrkA
ii. vkbZchvkjMh ¼International Bank for Reconsstruction and
Development½
 bldh LFkkiuk o’kZ 1944 esa gqbZA
 blds }kjk xjhc rFkk vYifodflr ns”kksa dks fofHkUu dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa tSls & xjhch fuokj.k] volajpuk fodkl vkfn ds
fy;s _.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ¼Long term½
iii. varjkZ’Vªh; foRr fuxe ¼International Finance Corporation- IFC½
 bldh LFkkiuk o’kZ 1956 esa dh xbZ FkhA
 IFC fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa futh {ks= ds m|eksa ds fy, iwWt
wa h tqVkus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
 1961 esa ;g la;qDr jk’Vª la?k dk vfHkdj.k cukA
iv. cgqi{kh; fuos”k xkjaVh laLFkk ¼MIGA½
 fexk dh LFkkiuk o’kZ 1988 esa gqbZ FkhA
71 | P a g e
 bldh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mn~ns”; Fkk & xSj O;kikfjd vojks/kksa dks de djds lerk fuos”k ¼Equity Investment½ rFkk vU;
izR;{k fuos”kksa dks izkRs lkfgr djukA
v. vkbZlh,lvkbZMh ¼International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes - ICSID½ bldh LFkkiuk 1966 bZ- esa
dh xbZ FkhA
bldk eq[; dk;Z fons”kh fuos”k ls tqM+s vuqca/kksa ls lacaf/kr fooknksa ds fy, lek/kku djuk gSA Hkkjr bldk lnL; ugha gSA
 fo”o cSad ls vfHkizk; lkekU;r% IBRD rFkk IDA ls gSA mi;qZDr ikWapksa laLFkkvksa dks feykdj fo”o cSad lewg dgk tkrk gSA
fo”o csSad dk eq[;ky; okf”kaxVu esa gSA
BRICS D;k gS \
czkthy] :l] Hkkjr vkSj phu ds oSf”od vFkZO;oLFkk esa c<+rs izHkko dks ns[krs gq, o’kZ 2001 esa xksYMeSu lSd lewg ds vFkZ”kkL=h
ftldks uhy ds }kjk ^^fcØ^^ “kCn dk iz;ksx bu ns”kksa ds fy, la;qDr :Ik ls fd;k x;kA
 fczDl ns”kksa us o’kZ 2009 esa igyh cSBd dhA bl lewg esa nf{k.k vQzhdk ckn esa “kkfey gqvkA vr% fczDl vc fczDl
(BRICS) dk :Ik ys pqdk Gsa
 fczDl ns”kksa esa fczDl dh dqy tula[;k dh 40 izfr”kr tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA bu ns”kksa dh la;qDr vFkZO;oLFkk 16
fVªfy;u MkWyj dh gks pqdh gSA ;|fi ;g la;qDr :Ik ls fo”o dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk 1@5oka Hkkx gS] fdarq mUgsa ¼IMF½ esa 11
ve
izfr”kr er gh izkIr gSa] tcfd vesfjdk] tkiku] teZuh] baXySaM rFkk Ýkal 40 izfr”kr ernku “kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
 fczDl cSad esa laLFkkid lnL;ksa dk cjkcj erkf/kdkj gksxkA
fczDl (BRICS) cSad D;k gS \

 tqykbZ 2014 essa fczDl ns”k ,d ,sls fodkl”khy ns”k dh LFkkiuk ij lger gq,] ftldk u flQZ fczDl ns”kksa cfYd vc
fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa Hkh vk/kkjHkwr <kWaps vkSj lrr~ fodkl laca/kh lalk/kuksa dks xfr”khy djuk gSA cSad ;g dk;Z lkoZtfud

Li
vkSj futh ifj;kstukvksa esa _.k] xkjaVh vkSj bfDoVh ds ek/;e ls foRr miyC/k djuk pkgrk gSA
cSad 50 fcfy;u MkWyj dh vfHknRr iwWth ls izkjaHk gksxkA ;g ikWap laLFkkid lnL;ksa esa cjkcj&cjkcj ckWaVk tk,xk] ftlls ;s
ns”k 10 fcfy;u MkWyj vxys lkr o’kksZa esa uxn ds :Ik esa rFkk 40 fcfy;u MkWyj xkjaVh ds :Ik esa eqnzk fofue; HkaMkj
LFkkfir djus ij Hkh lger gq, gSaA bldk mi;ksx lnL; ns”kksa ds }kjk Hkqxrku larqyu laca/kh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus esa fd;k
tk,xkA
 bu lHkh ns”kksa esa lokZf/kd fons”kh eqnzk HkaMkj okyk ns”k phu] eqnzk HkaMkj esa lcls T;knk ;ksxnku djsxkA czkthy Hkkjr] :l esa
ls izR;sd ns”k 18 fcfy;u MkWyj dk ;ksxnku djsxk] tcfd nf{k.k vÝhdk 5 fcfy;u MkWyj dk ;ksxnku djsxkA
;wjksih; la?k
D
 o’kZ 1958 esa LFkkfir ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; ¼EEC½ dks gh ckn esa ;wjksih; la?k dk uke ns fn;k x;kA
 blesa 28 lnL; ns”k gSaA
 ;wjksih; la?k us lnL; ns”kksa ij ykxw gksus okys ekudksa ds }kjk ,dy cktkj dk fodkl fd;k gSA
 ;g dkWeu ekdsZV dk mnkgj.k gSA
 bldh viuh eqnzk ;wjks gS] ftls 10 lnL; ns”kksa }kjk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
K
 ukosZ rFkk fLoV~tjySaM DU ds lnL; jk’Vª ugha gSaA
fo”o O;kikj laxBu ¼World Trade Organisation - WTO½
 fo”o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1995 dks iz”kqYd ,oa O;kikj laca/kh lkekU; le>kSrs (General Agreement on
Tariff and Trade-G) esa LFkku ij gqbZ FkhA
 WTO dk xBu m#Xos nkSj dh okrkZ ¼1986&93½ ds lQyrkiwoZd gksus ds ckn ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds izeq[k dk;Z
 vk;kr iz”kqYd rFkk vU; O;kikj ck/kkvksa dks lekIr djus ;k muesa deh ykus gsrq okrkZ djukA
 varjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj dks lapkfyr djus okys fu;ekasa ij lgefr cukukA
 oLrq ,oa lsok O;kikj laca/kh ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkjksa ls lacaf/kr fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds lgefr izkIr fu;eksa dks ykxw djus
laca/kh fuxjkuh ,oa iz”kklu djukA
 fo”o O;kikj laxBu dh vU; izeq[k xfrfof/k;ksa gsrq vko”;d vkfFkZd vuqla/kku djuk rFkk laxzg ,oa izlkj djukA
72 | P a g e
 fo”o O;kikj laxBu ¼WTO½ Lora=] Lok;Rr rFkk oS/kkfud vf/kdkj izkIr laLFkk gSA la;qDr jk’Vª la?k dk Hkkx ;k vfHkdj.k
ugha gSA
 xSV ¼GATT½ le>kSrk] tks oLrqvksa ds O;kikj ls lacaf/kr Fkk] ds lkFk WTO esa u, le>kSrs tksM+ fn, x, gSaA
 lsokvksa ls lacaf/kr O;kikj ds laca/k esa lkekU; le>kSrk ¼General Agreement on Trade in Services-GATS½
 tujy ,xzhesVa vkWu VªM s fyfeVsM ,lisDV~l vkWQ baVsysDP;qvy izkWiVhZ ¼TRIPS) (fVªIl) ¼Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights)
ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj fopkjksa] vkfo’dkjksa rFkk l`tukRed vfHkO;fDr;ksa rFkk mudh lEifRr dk ntkZ fn, tkus ds lac/a k esa turk
dh lgefr rFkk mlds LokfeRo/kkjh dks vf/kdkj fn, tkus ls lacaf/kr gSA
 fVªIl ds varxZr iznku fd, tkus okys ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj gSA
 dkWihjkbV ,oa blls lacaf/kr vf/kdkj
 VªM
s ekdZ
 HkkSxksfyd ladsrd
 vkS|ksfxd :ijs[kk
 isVaVs
ve
 baVhxzsVsM lfdZV :ijs[kk
 O;kikj laca/kh xqIr lwpuk
TRIMS (Trade Related Investment Measures) – 1994

& lnL; jk’Vªksa esa fons”kh fuos”k dks jk’Vªh; ntkZ nsuk rFkk QRS (Quantitative Restrictions) ek=kRed izfrca/k gVkus dks
vfuok;Z djrk gSA
& fons”kh fuos”kdksa ij LFkkuh; dPps eky] LFkkuh; xzke vkSj vk;kr&fu;kZr ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu izdkj ds izfrca/kksa dks oftZr
djrk gSA
Li
SSM ¼fo”ks’k lqj{kk mik;½ &
vk;kr esa vizR;kf”kr o`f) ;k dherksa esa fxjkoV dh fLFkfr esa ;g ra= fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa d`f’k mRiknksa ij vk;kr “kqYd dks vLFkk;h
:Ik ls c<+kus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
nksgk lEesyu
 nksgk dh okrkZ dks nksgk fodkl nkSj dgk x;kA

D
 nksgk nkSj dh okrkZ esa d`f’k] xSj d`f’k cktkj igqWaqp ¼NAMA½] lsok,a fu;e] ckSf)d lEink ,oa blls tqM+s HkkSxksfyd ladsrd
,oa tSo fofo/krk] O;kikj ,oa Ik;kZoj.k] ,aVh MfEiaax vkfn eqn~ns “kkfey gSaA
 nksgk nkSj dh okrkZ,a eq[;r;k xfrjks/k esa gh pyrh jghaA blesa fodflr rFkk fodkl”khy ns”kksa tSls& Hkkjr] phu] czkthy
vkfn ds chp eq[;r;k d`f’k laca/kh eqn~ns] O;kikj lq/kkj vkfn dks ysdj la”k; dh fLFkfr cuh jghA
 d`f’k ij nh tkus okyh lfClMh nksgk eqn~ns dk eq[; fo’k; jgk gSA
 d`f’k lfClMh ds leFkZd ;kuh fodkl”khy ns”k d`f’k lfClMh dks fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds fu;eksa esa cka/kus ds i{k esa ugha gSaA
K
 nksgk eqn~ns esa O;kikj ljyhdj.k ,slk eqn~nk gS ftl ij dkQh izxfr gqbZ gSA 2013 dh ckyh cSBd esa WTO ds varxZr
O;kikj ljyhdj.k gsrq le>kSrk gks x;k gSA
xSj d`f’k cktkj igqWap ¼Non-Agricultural Market access - NAMA½
 ukek laca/kh okrkZ dks o’kZ 2001 esa nksgk nkSj dh okrkZ esa “kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
Trade Barriers
Tariff Non-Tariff
dksVk xq.koRrk
dj yxkdj fons”kh eky dks egaxk djukA fons”kh eky dk dksVk xq.koRrk esa deh fudkyuk
73 | P a g e
rkfd fons”kh eky de gksA
lfClMh ls ?kjsyw eky djuk] rkfd fons”kh eky--- ldsA
budks gVkuk mnkjhdj.k dgykrk gSA
ubZ fons”k O;kikj uhfr [2015-20]

→ fu;kZr dks 450 fcfy;u MkWyj ¼2013&14½ ls c<+kdj 2019&20 rd 900 fcfy;u MkWyj djukA
→ fo”o fu;kZr esa Hkkjr ds ;ksxnku dks 2% ls c<+kdj 3-5% djukA
→ igys ls fu;kZr dks izkRs lkfgr djus okyh py jgh ;kstukvksa ds LFkku ij Hkkjr ls oLrq fu;kZr ;kstuk MEIS vkSj Hkkjr ls
lsok fu;kZr SEIS dh “kq#vkr dh gSA
→ Duty Credit Slip dks gLrkarj.kh; ¼fdlh dks Hkh cspuk½ cukuk gSA
ve
Li
D
K
74 | P a g e
LIVE By Anand sir
1. 1948
2. 1949
3. 1950
4. 1954
5. 1953
6. 1954
7. 1958
LIVE By Anand sir
8. 1964
9. 1942
10. 1947
11. 1953
12. 1975
13. 1986
14. 2008 (26 Dec.)
LIVE By Anand sir
15. 2009 (Jan. 2)

16. 2008 (Oct.)
17. 2006
Indian Agriculture
Indian agriculture 2. Blue = Fish

 Income:- 17% [1950-51 = 3. Brown = Leather Production
56.5% 4. Golden = Over all horticulture
 Employment:- 50% ls T;knk5. Green = Food Grains
(Direct, Indirect)  World: Dr. Norman Borlaug
 (1950 - 51 = 70%)  India: M.S. Swaminathan
Type of crops:- 6. Grey = Fertilizer
1. Rabi:- (Winter Mansoon)
Sowing:- October
Harvesting:- March
VE 7.
8.
9.
Pink = Onion, Prawn
Red = Meat, Tomato
Round = Potato
I
Example:- Wheat, Barley, Oats, 10. Silver = Egg [Indira Gandhi]
Gram, Mustard. 11. White = Dairy/Milk
L
2. Kharif:- (Summer Mansoon) [VERGHESE KURIEN]
Sowing - July 12. Yellow = Oil seeds [Mustard]
Harvesting - October 13. Saffron = Solar Energy
D
Example - Rice, Maize, Bajra, 14. Golden fiber = Jute [Max. Pro-
Grounolnut, Cotton, duction  W. Bengal, Bihar]
Soyabaeen, Millet, Ragi, Sugar-
15. Rainbow Revolution (bUnz/uq"kh
K
cane.
Økafr)
3. Zaid crops
Cropping period - March - June
 New Agriculture Policy -
2000
Example - Muskmelon, Cu-
cumber, Pumpkin Type of Farming ([ksrh ds izdkj)
Kharif, Rabi  Arabic language 1. Maxed farming (fefJr [ksrh)
Agriculture year = July to 2. Ranching farming (jS¯px&
June USA, India
Revolutions 3. Specialized farming (fof'k"V
1. Black = Petroleum [ksrh)[xÂk] pk; ---------
]
1
Land Holding (Ñf"k tksr) Commission for agriculture
costs and price (CACP)
Marginal (lhekUr) = less than
one hectare (Ñf"k ykxr ,ao ewY; vk;ksx)
Small farmers = 1 - 2 hectare  Wheat = 1975/-
Semi-medium = 2 - 4 hectare  Rice = 1861/1888/-
Medium = 4 - 10 hectare Production/(mRiknu)
Large farmers = 10 hectare and 1. Wheat (xsgw¡)
above
1. Uttar Pradesh
Average land holding
2. Madhya Pradesh
E
 1970-71 = 2.28 hectare
 2015-16 = 1.08 hectare 3. Punjab
2. Rice (pkoy)
 Min.holding  0.18 hectare
 Max.holding  4.87 hectare
Arable land (Ñf"k ;ksx Hkwfe)%
IV
1. West Bengal
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Corn (eDdk)
1. USA
2. India
Per head land holding:-
L
1. Karnataka
4. Tur (rwj)
D
 Max. = Raj
 Min. = Kerala
K
Silk Production:-
China
Kar
> India
> A.P
1. Karnataka
2. Maharashtra
5. Soyabean (lks;kchu)
Madhya Pradesh [Black-
Soil] Maharashtra
Minimum Support Price
6. Max . Production of
(U;wure leFkZu ewY;)
pulses ( nkyksa dk mRiknu)

 Madhya Pradesh
Total Crops = 24 (23)
 Rajasthan

Recommendation 7. Groundnut (eweiQyh)
  Gujarat
2
 Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh
8. Sugarcane (xUuk) 11. Egg Production
 Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh
 Maharashtra  Garden of Spices (elkyksa dk
9. Cotton (dikl) cxhpk)
 Maharashtra  Kerala
 Gujarat Black Pepper
10. Milk Production  Kerala
VE
LI
KD
3
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
(Indian Economy)
vFkZO;oLFkk% ,d ifjp;
(Economy: lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk (
Socialist
An introduction) Economy)
vFkZO;oLFkk 'kCn dh mRifÙk ^vFkZ* vk£Fkd ,oafodkl dh og iz.kkyh ftlesa lk/uksa
Ô;oLFkk* uked nks 'kCnksa ds la;qDr dkgksus
vkoaVu ls fofu;ksx dh izkFkfedrkvksa] mRiknu
gqbZ gSA vFkZ dk rkRi;Z tgk¡ êkSfnzd* ds <k¡psls gS
dk fu/kZj.k ewY; rFkk ykHk dh izsj.kk
ogha O;oLFkk dk rkRi;Z ,d lqfuf'pr o
ls u gksdj lkekftd izkFkfedrkvksa ds vk/kj
lqfuf'pr o laLFkkfir ç.kkyh ls gSA lrZeku
ij jkT; ds }kjk gks rks mls lektoknh
le; esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk10 fo'o
ohadh
E
vFkZO;oLFkk dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
l cls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk(GDP gS]
ds vk/kj
ij) rFkk Ø;'kfDr lerk (Purchasing fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk (Mixed Economy)
Power Parity) ds vk/kj ij bldk LFkku fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa uhth ,ao lkoZtfud
V
20 ds {ks=k cktkj rU=k rFkk jkT; dh Hkwfedk ?kfu"V
rhljk gS] blds vfrfjDr Hkkjr nqfu;k
I :i ls lEcfU/r
lcls cM+s vk;krdksa o fu;kZrdksa esa 'kkfey
o"kZ
gSA gksrh gS rFkk nksuksa ,d ,dkbZ
ds ?kVd ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa vFkkZr ;g
1991 ds ckn Hkkjr esa vk£Fkd lq/kjksa
L
dh izfØ;k izkjEHk gksus ds ckn vkt viuh
o`gr vFkZO;oLFkk ds ewyHkwr rRoksa

,d ,slh vk£Fkd iz.kkyh gS] ftlesa iw¡thoknh
fo'kky tu'kfDr] fofo/ izkÑfrd lalk/u o vkSj lektoknh nksuksa gh fopkj/kjkvksa dk leUo;
gksrk gSA Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk fefJr
ds dkj.k
D
Hkkjr fo'o dh fo'kkyre o rhoz xfr ls vFkZO;oLFkk ds fl¼kUr ij vk/kfjr gSA
fodkl dj jgh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ls ,d ds
vk/kj nqfu;k esa tkuk tk jgk gSA
K
vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkÂ
Types of Economy)
izdkj
(Different
dY;k.kdkjh vFkZ'kkL=k
Economics)
(Walfare
;g ,d ,slk vFkZ'kkL=k gS] tks ekbØksa vFkZ'kkL=k

(O;fDr;ksa ds NksVs lewg dh vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa
vFkZO;oLFkk ds izeq[k izdkj fuEufyf[kr
dk gSa
vè;;u) rduhd dks vPNh vk£Fkd
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
(Capitalist fLFkfr] izfrLi¼kZ ds lkis{k lkekU; lUrqyu ds
economy) bl vFkZO;oLFkk dks cktkj :i esa ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds Hkhrj vk£Fkd
vFkZO;oLFkk ;k Lora=k O;kikj iz.kkyh dh Hkh
n{krk dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA blds
laKk iznku dh xbZ gSA bl iz.kkyh esa ifj.kkeLo:i
mRiknu vk; ls tqM+s lHkh {ks=k dk
ds lHkh egRoiw.kZ lk/uksa dk LokfeRo]lkekftd
lapkyudY;k.k dk fo'ys"k.k gksrk gSA Hkkjrh;
,oa fu;a=k.k futh m|ksxifr;ksa ds gkFkksa esaveR;Z lsuus yksd dY;k.kdkjh
vFkZ'kkL=kh
dsfUnzr gksrk gSA
1
vFkZ'kkL=k dh vko/kj.k dk fodkl fd;k FkkA ifjogu ,oa lapkj
blds fy, bUgsa o"kZ
1998 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj cSa¯dx
ls lEekftr fd;k x;kA  chek
vFkZO;oLFkk ds (Sectors{ks=k of
 Hk.Mkj.k
Economy)
lkekU;r% lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dh vk£Fkd O;kikj
xfrfof/;ksa dks ys[kkafdr djus ds fy, rhu lkeqnkf;d lsok,a vkfnA
{ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA dksj {ks=k (Core Sector)
izkFkfed {ks=k
(Primary Sector) Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 8 {ks=kksa
esa dks dksj {ks=k
blds vUrxZr vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkÑfrdvFkkZr~ {ks=kksavfr egRoiw.kZ {ks=kdksa dh laKk nh xbZ
E
dk ys[kkadu fd;k tkrk gSA gS] tks vk£Fkd fodkl ds fy, vR;f/d
blds vUrxZr fuEu {ks=kksa dks lfEefyrvko';dfd;k gSaA
tkrk gSA
V
vkB dksj {ks=k bl izdkj gSa&
 Ñf"k
I
 ds;yk  dPPkk {ks=k
 okfudh
 eRL;u (eNyh idM+uk)  izkÑfrd xSl  fjiQk;ujh mRikn
L
 [kuu (ÅèokZ/j [kqnkbZ) ,oa mR[kuu  moZjd  bLikr
({kSfrt)  lhes.V  fo|qr
f}rh;d {ks=k (Secondary Sector) fo'o cSad }kjk vFkZO;OFkk dk oxhZdj.k
D
bl {ks=k ds vUrxZr eq[;r% vFkZO;oLFkk dh
(Classification of Economy By
fofu£er oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk ys[kkadu fd;k Bank)
World
tkrk gSA fo'o cSad us fo'o dh fofHkÂ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
K
 fuekZ.k] tgk¡ fdlh LFkk;h ifjlEifÙkddk
fuekZ.k fd;k tk,_ tSls& HkouA
 fofuekZ.k] tgk¡ fdlh oLrq dk mRiknu
gks_ tSls& diM+k cszM vkfnA
ks izfr O;fDr ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn ds vk/kj
ij oxhZÑr fd;k gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaA
U;wure vk; vFkZO;oLFkk
$ 1036-$ 4085
 fo|qr] xSl ,oa tykiw£r bR;kfn ls lEcfU/r
dk;ZA eè;e vk; vFkZO;oLFkk
izfr O;fDr vk;
izfr O;fDr vk;$

1036- $ 4085
r`rh;d ;k lsok {ks=k
(Tertiary Sector)
;g {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkFkfed vkSj mPp vk; vFkZO;oLFkk
f}rh;d izfr O;fDr vk;$
4086- $ 12615
{ks=k dks viuh mi;ksxh lsok,a iznku djrk gS]
blds vUrxZr fuEu {ks=k gSaA Ïksr o"kZ
2012-13 esa fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj
2
jk"Vªh; vk;(National Income) jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk(Estimation
fdlh ns'k }kjk ,d o"kZ esa vk£Fkd fØ;kvksaof National Income)
ds iQyLo:i mRikfnr vfUre oLrqvksa o lsokvksa
jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk lkekU;r% pkyw rFkk
ds ekSfnzd ewY; ds ;ksx] dks ml ns'kfLFkj dh nksuksa ewY;kas ij dh tkrh gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; dgrs gSaA blds vUrxZr mu lHkh
1. pkyw dherksa ij jk"Vªh; (National
vk;
vfUre oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey
at Current Price)% ;g
djrs gSa] tks ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk v£trIncome
dh
xbZ gSaA blesa ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjkjk"Vªh; vk;esa
fons'kksa dks izpfyr cktkj ewY; ij ekius
dh fof/ gS] bls ekSfnzd vk; Hkh dgrs gSaA
Hkh v£tr dh xbZ gSA blesa ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa
}kjk fons'kksa esa Hkh v£tr vk; dks 'kkfeydherksa esa izk;% ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA blds
E
fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; dks ^jk"Vªh; mRikn*
ifj.kkeLo:i oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh ek=kk esa
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA fcuk dksbZ ifjorZu gq, pkyw dherksas ij jk"Vªh;
Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dsUnzh; lkaf[kdh
vk; dk de ;k vf/d gks ldrh gSA
rd ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA

jk"Vªh; vk; dk ekiu(Measurement
IV
laxBu }kjk foÙkh; o"kZ 1 vçSy ls 31 2. ekpZ
fLFkj dherksa ijk jk"Vªh; vk;
(National
Income at Constant Price)% ;g ,d
ys[kk o"kZ ds nkSjku ,d jk"Vª ds lkekU;
of National Income)
L
jk"Vªh; vk; dk ekiu fuEu vk/kjksa ij fd;k
tkrk gSA
ukxfjdksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk
og ekSfnzd ewy; gS] tks fdlh vk/kj o"kZ ds
ewY;ksa ij ekik tkrk gSA fLFkj dherksa ij jk"Vª;
D
 jk"Vªh; vk; dk ekiu eqnzk ds :i esa gksrk
vk; dks ôkLrfod jk"Vªh; vk;* dgrs gSaA
gSA jk"Vªh; vk; ds vUrxZr iqjkuh oLrqvksa
ds ewY; dks eè;orhZ oLrqvkas ds ewY; jk"Vªh;
esa vk; ls llEcfU/r vo/kj.k,a
K
'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
 ?kjsyw lsok,a rFkk foÙkh; ifjlEifÙk;ksa
(Concepts of National Income)
jk"Vªh;dksvk; dh x.kuk ds lEcU/ esa ewyr% nks
(va'k&i=k] Í.k&i=k] vkfn dk Ø;&foØ;vo/kj.kkvksa& jk"Vªh; mRikn rFkk ?kjsyw mRikn
rFkk gLrkUrj.k Hkqxrku] othiQk]dks
HkÙkk) jk"Vªh; vk; ds vUrxZr 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA
isa'ku
vk/kj Lo:i fy[kk tkrk gSA 'ks"k lHkh
/kj.kk,a bu /kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr buds izfr:i
Lo: i gSaA
 ns'k ds lkekU; fuokfl;ksa }kjk fons'kksa esa
mRikfnr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds jk"Vªh;
vfUre vk; ls lEcfU/r vo/kj.kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa
ewY; dks jk"Vªh; vk; ds vUrxZr 'kkfey ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic
fd;k tkrk gSA Product, GDP)
3
,d ys[kk o"kZ ds nkSjku ns'k dh ?kjsyw ldy
lhekjk"Vªh;
esa mRikn (GNP) = th Mh ih $
lHkh m|fe;ksa }kjk (fuoklh@vfuoklh nksuksa)
ns'kokfl;ksa }kjk fons'kksa esa(X)- v£tr vk;
dh xbZ ldy ewY; o`f¼ dks ldy ?kjsyw fonsf'k;ksa }kjk Hkkjr essa(M) v£tr vk;
mRikn dgrs gSa blesa os vfuoklh m|eh Hkh GNP = GDP + X – M
lfEefyr gksrs gSa] ftUgksaus ns'k ds mRiknu esa
'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn
(Net National
;ksxnku fn;k gksA Product, NNP)
buds vUrxZr ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd lhek tc dsGNP esa ls ewY; ßkl (iw¡th LVkWd dh
vUnj fonsf'k;ksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa [kir)
,oa lsokvksa
dks ?kVkus gSa rks 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn Kkr
dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ldy ?kjsyw gksrk gSA
mRikn dks fuEu lw=k esa O;Dr fd;kNNP tkr = GNP – iw¡th LVkWd dh [kir
E
ldrk gSA oS;fDrd vk; (Personal Income,
GDP = miHkksx (C) + fuos'k(I) +miHkksx PI)
O;; (G)
{ks=k va'k esa

m|ksx 26%
dk;Z cy esa
22% V
fofHkÂ {ks=kksa dk th Mh ih essa ;ksxnku
I
?kjsyw {ks=k }kjk izkIr vk; dks gh oS;fDrd
vk; (Personal Income) dgrs gSaA ;g
ns'kokfl;ksa }kjk okLro esa izkIr vk; gSA oS;fDrd
vk; dks Kkr djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk; esa ls
lsok
i;ZVu 6.23%
Ñf"k
57%
17%
27%
8.78%
51% L fuxe djksa rFkk fuxeksa }kjk vforfjr ykHkka'k
,oa lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk ds fy, Hkqxrku
dks ?kVkus ,oa ljdkjh gLrkUrj.k Hkqxrku]
D
ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
Product, GNP)
K
(Gross National O;kikfjd gLrkUrj.k Hkqxrku ,oa ljdkj ls
izkIr 'kq¼ C;kt dks tksM+us ls izkIr gksrh gSA
ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dh vo/kj.kk ldy oS;fDrd vk;= jk"Vªh; vk;&fuxe dj&fuxeksa
(GDP) dh vo/kj.kk dh rqyuk dk vforfjr ykHkka'k& lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk
?kjsyw mRikn
esa dgha vf/d foLr`r gSA ?kjsyw mRikndk
fons'kh lk/u vk; dks tksM+dj bldk vuqeku
esaHkqxrku
'kq¼ $ ljdkjh gLrkUrj.k Hkqxrku $
ljdkj ls izkIr 'kq¼ C;kt
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA O;; ;ksX; oS;fDrd vk;(Disposable
fdlh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa }kjk ,d fuf'pr Personal Income, DPI)
le;kof/] lkekU;r% ,d o"kZ esa mRiknfr jk"Vªh; vk; dk og Hkkx ftldk ;ksx viuh
vfUre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ekSfnzd bPNk ewY;
ls tc pkgs [kpZ dj ldrs gSa] mls O;;
dks ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn(GNP) dgk tkrk ;ksX; oS;fDrd vk;(Disposable
gSA Personal Income, DPI) dgk tkrk gSA
4
lHkh izdkj ds izR;{k dj pqdkus ds ckn dks
tks ?kVkus ds i'pkr 'kq¼ :i esa izkIr gksrk gS]
vk; cprh gS] mldks yksx viuh bPNkuqlkj jk"Vªh; vk; dgykrk gSA
O;; dj ldrs gSa ;k cpr dj ldrs gSaA jk"Vªh; gfjr vk;= dqy o`f¼– i;kZoj.k
DPI = miHkksx $ cpr ßkl
DPI = O;fDrxr vk; $ izR;{k dj $ lfClMh jk"Vªh; vk; ds ekiu dh fof/;k¡
okLrfod jk"Vªh; vk;(Real National (Methods of Measuring
Income, RNI) National Income)
fdlh ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh o`f¼ ds dkj.k
jk"Vªh; vk; lk/u ij vkdfyr fuoy jk"Vªh;
izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f¼ dks okLrfod jk"Vªh;
mRikn gSA lkbeu dqtusV~l] tks jk"Vªh; vk;
vk; (Real National Income) dgrs
E
ys [kkadu (National Income
gSaA bls vk£Fkd o`f¼ ds lwpd ds :i Accounting)
esa ds tUenkrk gSa] us jk"Vªh;
iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA vk; ds ekiu dh fuEu rhu fof/;k¡ izLrqr
futh vk; (Private Income, PI)
dh xbZ dqy vk; dks futh vk;

IV
(Private
dh gSaA
ljdkjh {ks=k ds vfrfjDr futh {ks=k }kjk1.izkIr
mRikn i¼fr 2. vk; i¼fr
3. O;; i¼fr
L
Income) dgrs gSaA blesa futh fuxe {ks=k
,oa ?kjsyw {ks=k nksuksa 'kkfey fd, tkrs
lk/u ykxr ,oa cktkj ewY; (FC and
mRikn i¼fr(Production Method)
gSaaA
dqtusV~l us bl fof/ dks oLrq lsok fof/ ds
uke ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA bl i¼fr ds
MP)
D
lk/u ykxr (Factor Cost, FC) okLro vUrxZr ns'k esa ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr vfUre
oLrvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk 'kq¼ ewY; Kkr fd;k
esa fdlh oLrq ds mRiknu esa yxh ykxr ewY;
K
(Input Cost, IC) gksrh gSA ljdkj }kjktkrk gSA rFkk mlds ;ksX; vfUre mit ;ksx
bl ykxr ewY; ij ;k rks lfClMh nh tkrh gS(Final Product Total) dgk tkrk gSA
vFkok bl ij dj yxk;k tkrk gSA ;fn dj ;g OkkLro esa ldy ?kjsyw (Gross mRikn
yxk;k tkrk gS] rks oLrq dk cktkj ewY; Domistic Product, GDP) dks n'kkZrk
(Market Price, MP) c<+ tkrh gSA vkSjgSA jk"Vªh; vk; (lk/u ykxr ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh;
;fn lfClMh nh tkrh gS] rks cktkj ewY; mRikn) dh x.kuk ds fy, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
ykxr ewY; ls de gks tkrk gSA ds ewY; esa fons'kksa esa v£tr 'kq¼ vk; dks
jk"Vªh; gfjr vk; tksM+k tkrk gSA rFkk ewY; ßk; dks ?kVk;k tkrk
ldy jk"Vªh; tks fd i;kZoj.k gry ds ewY; gSA
5
vk; i¼fr (Income Method) fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa bl fof/ dk iz;ksx
bl i¼fr ds vUrxZr jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kukfo'o cSad }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa
ds fy, fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa rFkkjk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk
O;kolkf;d miØeksa dh 'kq¼ vk; dk ;ksx (Estimation of National Income
izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA in India)
MkW- ckmys rFkkjkWVZluds vuqlkj] vk; Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; ,oa lEcfU/r i{kksa dh
x.kuk fof/ ds vUrxZr vk;dj nsus okys rFkkx.kuk dk dk;Z dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh laxBu
vk;dj u nsus okys leLr O;fDr;ksa dh vk;(CSO) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa loZizFke jk"Vªh; vk; ds lUnHkZ esa
O;; i¼fr ( Expenditure Method) vuqeku 1868 bZ- esa
nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth
}kjk]
E
bl fof/ dks mi;ksx cpr fof/ Hkh dgrs gSaAmudh iqLrd îkoVhZ ,.M vufczfV'k :y
bl fof/ ds vuqlkj dqy vk; ;k rks miHkksxbu bf.M;k*esa O;Dr fd;k x;kA nknHkkbZ
ukSjksth us izfr ok£"kd`20vk;
crkbZ FkhA o"kZ
V
ij O;; dh tkrh gS vFkok cpr ijA vr%
1931&32 esa MkW- oh ds vkj oh jko us
jk"Vªh; vk; dqy miHkksx rFkk dqy cprksa dk
LI
;ksx gksrh gSA bl fof/ ls vk; dh x.kuk
cpr ls lEcfU/r vkWdM+ksa dk miyC/ gksuk

loZizFke oSKkfud fof/ ls jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj
jk"Vªh; ys[kk iz.kkyh dh x.kuk dhA o"kkZ
djus ds fy, miHkksDrkvksa dh vk; rFkk mudh
1948&49 esa izks- ih lh egkyuksfcldh
vè;{krk esa jk"Vªh; vk; lfefr dh fu;qfDr
vko';d gksrk gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa jk"Vªh;
gqbZ] ftldh vuq'kalk ij jk"Vªh; vk; lEcfU/
vk; dh x.kuk ds fy, mRiknu iz.kkyhr ys[kk iz.kkyh dk <+k¡pk LFkkfir gqvk rFk
KD
( Production Method) rFkk vk; iz.kkyh dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh laxBu dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
(Income Method)dk lfEeJ.k iz;ksx o"kZ 1967 esa igyh ckj fons'kh O;ogkj dks
fd;k tkrk gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; = dqy miHkksx+O;;
Ø; 'kfDr lerk fof/
dqy cpr
jk"Vªh; vkdyu esa tksM+k x;kA jk"Vªh; vk; ds
vuqeku dk lcls igyk ljdkjh vuqeku o"kZ
1948&49 esa okf.kT; eU=kky; }kjk fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ls lEcfU/r
(Purchasing Power Parity
Method, PPP) izeq[k laxBu
jk"Vªh;&vk; dh x.kuk ls lEcfU/r izeq[k
bl fof/ dk iz;ksx loZizFke vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k
}kjk o"kZ laxBu bl izdkj gSa
1998 esa fofHkÂ ns'kksa ds jgu&lgu
jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ loks{k.k laxBu
Lrj ds fu/kZj.k gsrq fd;k x;kA bl fof/ esa
fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k dh ldy jk"Vªh; vk; dks](National Sample Surwey
ns'k ds Hkhrj eqnzk dh Ø; 'kfDr ds vk/kj Organisation,
ij NSSO)
6
tuojh] 1971 esa jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu
lh- jaxjktu lfefr }kjk o"kZ
2000 esa fn,
(NSSO) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA NSS vc x, lq>ko ds vk/kj ij 1 tqu]2005 dks
NSSO dk ,d vax cu x;k rFkk bldk LFkk;h lkaf[;dh vk;ksx xfBr fd;k x;kA
dk;Z losZ{k.k rd lhfer jgkA12 tqykbZ] 12 tqykbZ] 2006 dksizks- lqjs'k rsUnqydj
2006 dks izks- lqjs'k rsUnqydj dh vè;{krkdh vè;{krk esa blus (NSC) dk;Z izkjEHk
esa LFkkfir jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh vk;ksx dsfd;kA
dk;Z jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk ds
'kq: djus ds lkFk
NSSO vFkZghu gks x;kA
lkFk gh jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu
gSA (NSSO) dk dk;Z yxHkx lekIr gks pqdk
dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh laxBu gS] fdUrqNSSO }kjk vk£Fkd loksZ{k.k dk
(Central Statistical Organisation, dk;Z vc Hkh tkjh gSA
CSO)
CSO dh LFkkiuk ebZ]
CSO lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u
VE
1951 esa dh xbZA
vk£Fkdlao`f¼(Economical Growth)
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dk rkRi;Z izfr O;fDr okLrfod
vk; vFkok 'kq¼ HkkSfrd mRikn esa o`f¼ ls gSA
eU=kky; dk ,d Hkkx gSA ;g Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;
I
dk dk;Z djrk gSA bldk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh
L
dksydkrk esa gSA ;g viuk ok£"kd izdk'ku
lkekU;r% ;fn ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn] ldy
vk; rFkk mlls lEcfU/r lHkh i{kksa dh x.kuk
?kjsyw mRikn rFkk izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f¼
gksrh gS rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd vk£Fkd
esa gS rFkk bldh vkS|ksfxd 'kk[kk dk eq[;ky;
lao`f¼ gks jgh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa lk/u ykxr
ij O;Dr okLrfod ?kjsyw mRikn] jk"Vªh; mRikn
^jk"Vªh; ys[kk lkaf[;dh* ds uke ls izfro"kZ
D
tkjh djrk gSA rFkk izfr O;fDr vk; dks ge lkekU;r% vk£Fkd
CSO us jk"Vªh; vk; lEcU/h vk¡dM+ksa lao`f¼
dh lao`f¼ dh vk; ds :i esa Lohdkj
2004-05 dks vk/kj o"kZ djrs gSaA
x.kuk ds fy, o"kZ
K
ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA
CSO ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk gsrq
mRiknu ,oa vk; nksuksa iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx
gSACSO }kjk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
{ks=kksa 14rFkk
3
mi{ks=kksa esa (jk"Vªh; vk;
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ nj(Economic
Growth Rate)
fuoy
dks
jk"Vªh; mRikn esa ifjorZu dh nj ^vk£Fkd
djrk
lao`f¼ nj*(Economic Growth Rate)
ds gS] bldks jk"Vªh; vk; dh o`f¼ nj
dgykrh
vkdyu gsrq) foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh; vk;ksx xro"kZ dh rqyuk esa orZeku o"kZ dh ,u ,u ih
(National Statistical Organisation, NNP esa ifjorZu (o`f¼ Õkk deh)
NSC) = xr o"kZ dk ,u ,uih(NNP) × 100
7
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ nj lao`f¼
dks jk"Vªh; mRikn esa o`f¼ (;g ,d
fodkl gsrq ifjo£rr djuk vFkZO;oLFkk ifjek.kkRed
dh ifjorZu gSA)
vk£Fkd fodkl
lcls cM+h leL;k gSA jk"Vªh; mRikn ds lkFk&lkFk thou dh xq.koÙkk
fVªdyMkmu biQSDV eas Hkh lq/kj (;g ifjek.kkRed ds lkFk ,d
xq.kkRed ifjroZu Hkh gS)A
bl fl¼kUr dk izfriknu
jksukYM jhxu
us o"kZ
vk£Fkd fodkl nj ( Economic
1981 esa fd;k] blds vuqlkj tc fdlh
Development Rate)
vFkZO;oLFkk esa rhoz vk£Fkd lao`f¼ gksrh gS rks
ldy ?kjsyw mRiknu esa ifjorZu dh nj ^vk£Fkd
ml lao`f¼ dk ykHk vFkZO;oLFkk es fjl&fjl
fodkl nj* dgykrh gSA xro"kZ dh rqyuk esa
dj vFkZO;oLFkk ds fupys Lrj rd tkrk gS]orZeku o"kZ dh ,u ,u ih
ftlls vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dk ykHk lHkh dks izkIr
vk£Fkd fodkl nj
gksrk gSA
vk £F kd fodk l (Economic
Development)
VE GDP esa ifjorZu (o`f¼ Õkk deh)

= xr o"kZ dk ,u ,u ih(NNP) ×100
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ cuke vk£Fkd fodkl
I
vk£Fkd fodkl dk rkRi;Z ml izfØ;k ls gS](Economical Growth Vs
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds leLr mRiknu Development)
lk/uksa dk dq'kyrkiwoZd fonksgu gksrk vk£Fkd
gSAlao`f¼ cuke vk£Fkd fodkl ds eè;
L
,oa nh?kZdkfyd o`f¼ gksrh gS rFkk turk
vUrj ds izeq[k fcUnq bl izdkj gS
jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj izfr O;fDr vk; esa fujUrj
vk£Fkd
ds lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl leku izrhr gksus
thou Lrj ,oa lkekU; dkY;k.k dk lwpdkadokyh vo/kj.kk,a gSa] ijUrq rduhdh n`f"V ls
KD
fodkl ,d xq.kkRedA
igys dk lEcU/ ^jk"Vªh; vk;* ,oa îzfr
nksuksa leku ugha gSaA
c<+rk gSA vFkkZr blesa vk£Fkd ,oa xSj&vk£Fkd
 vk£Fkd
nksuksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼lao`f¼ ls vk'k; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
,d ek=kkRed ladYiuk gS] tcfd vk£Fkd(GDP)] ,oa izfrO;fDr vk; esa fujUrj gksus
okyh o`f¼ ls gS vFkkZr vk£Fkd lao`f¼ mRiknu
esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gS] rks bls lao`f¼ dh
laKk nh tk,xhA
O;fDr vk;* dh o`f¼&nj ls tqM+k gS] tcfd
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd
nwljs dk lEcU/ jk"Vªh; vk; esa ek=kkRedvFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu Ïksrksa esa ek=kkRed :i
o`f¼ ds vykok vFkZO;oLFkk ds lajpukRed ls fdruh o`f¼ gks jgh gSA
<k¡ps esa ifjorZu ls gkrk gSA  vk£Fkd fodkl dk lEcU/ yksxksa ds dY;k.k
vk£Fkd fodkl esa Ñf"k dh vis{kk] m|ksxksa]
ls gS] blesa xjhch] csjkstxkjh rFkk vlekurk esa
lsokvksa] cSa¯dx] fofuekZ.k vkfn {ks=kksa dk ldy
deh vkrh gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ vk£Fkd fodkl
jk"Vªh; vk; esa fgLlk vf/d gksrk
vk£Fkd
gSA dh iwoZ 'krZ gSA
8
vk£Fkd fodkl dk eku xSj&vk£Fkd ?kVd
(Non-Financial
(Measurement 0f Economic Componenet)
Development)  lkekftd ?kVd
 /k£ed
fofHkÂ ns'kksa ds vk£Fkd fodkl ds ekiu rFkk?kVd
 jktuhfrd ?kVd
rqyukRed fLFkfr dks izdV djus ds fuEufyf[kr
n`f"Vdks.k feyrs gSa ewyHkwr vko';d izR;kxe (Basic
 Ø;&'kfDr {kerk fof/ Necessity)
 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ;s ekuo fodkl ds ekiu gsrq iz;ksx esa yk,]
 xzhu th ,u ih tkus okys lkekftd lwpdkad gSa] ftldk
 vk/kjHkwr vko';d izR;kxe izfriknufgDl o LVªhVu us fd;k gS] ;s
E
fuEufyf[kr gSa
 fuoy vk£Fkd dY;k.k
 izkFkfed f'k{kk
 fu/Zurk lwpdkad
 thou&izR;'kk



iks"k.k fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn
fyax vk/kfjr fodkl lwpdkad
jk"Vªh; lao`f¼ lwpdkad
IV  izfrO;fDr&ÅtkZ miHkksx
 cky e`R;q&nj
 LoPN vykiw£r
(Factors Determining
economic Growth)
L
vk£Fkd fodkl dks fu/kZfjr djus okys dkjd
 vkokl
egRoiw.kZ fodkl lwpdkad@ladsrd
D
Important Growth Index/Indicators)
vk£Fkd fodkl dks fu/kZfjr djus okys ?kVdksa
dks nks eq[; Hkkxksa esa oxhZÑr dj ldrs gSaA
fodkl lwpdkad }kjk fofHkÂ ns'kksa ds thou
vk£Fkd ?kVd
K
(Economic factor) Lrj] lk{kjrk vkSj thou izR;k'kk dks ekius dk
 izkÑfrd lalk/u rqyukRed iSekuk gSA
 laxBu egRoiw.kZ fodkl lwpdkad fuEufyf[kr gSaA
 rduhdh izxfr 1. ekuo fodkl lwpdkad
 iw¡th fuekZ.k 2. thou dk HkkSfrd xq.koÙkk lwpdkad
 fodklkRed fu;kstu 3. cgq&vk;keh fu/Zurk lwpdkad
 iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr 4. oSf'od Hkw[kejh lwpdkad
 Je&'kfDr ,oa tula[;k 5. ySafxd fodkl lwpdkad
 foÙkh; fLFkjrk 6. ekuo xjhch lwpdkad
 vk/kjHkwr lajpuk 7. jk"Vªh; le`f¼ lwpdkad
9
1. ekuo fodkl lwpdkad thou çR;k'kk(Life Expectancy)
(Human Development Index, izfro"kZ
UNDP }kjk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad
HDI) ds vk/kj ij ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ izdkf'kr
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dh vo/kj.kk dk dh tkrh gS] blesa tUe ds le; thou izR;k'kk
izfriknu o"kZ1990 esa la;qDr jk"Vª fodkldks LokF; dk lwpd ekuk tkrk gSA
dk;ZØe(UNDP) esa lEc¼ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa
'kS{kf.kd miyfC/(Educational
egcwc my&gd] ,- ds- lsu rFkk ¯lxj gal us
Achievement)
fd;k FkkA ekuo fodkl lwpdkad LokLF;]
f'k{kk o vk; ds Lrj dks vk/kj ij rS;kj Kku ;k 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/ ds ekiu gsrq o;Ld
fd;k tkus okyk la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe lk{kjrk rFkk la;qDr ukekadu vuqikr (izkFkfed]
(;w,uMhih) dk lwpdkadHDIgSAdkvf/dre ekè;fed rFkk mPp f'k{kk esa ukekadu) dk
ewY;1 rFkk U;wure ewY;
Mh vkj o"kZ
0 gksr
E
k gSA ,p mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ckfyx lk{kjrk dks
2010 esa] fo"kerk lek;ksftr nks&frgkbZ otu rFkk la;qDr ukekadu vuqikr
V
,p Mh vkbZ cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad dks ,d&frgkbZ otu fn;k tkrk gSA
dk vf/d Li"V fp=k vk ldrk gSA
LI
( MPI) rFkk ts.Mj bubDofyVh b.MsDl
(GII)
ekuo fodk lwpdkad dh jpuk rhu lwpdksa

ds vk/kj ij gksrh gSA
izfr O;fDr vk; (Per Capita
dh /kj.kk fodflr dh xbZ gS] ftls ;fn Income)
HDI esa tksM+ fn;k tk, rks vk£Fkd fodkl
bls ekius gsrq izfr O;fDr ldy ns'kh; mIkkn
dks vk/kj cuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa thou&Lrj
izHkkfor gksrk gSA bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS
D
(i)- thou&izR;k'kk lwpdkad
(ii)- f'k{kk lwpdkad
K
(iii)-thou&fuokZg dk Lrj ftlesa Ø;&'kfDr]
djrs gSaA
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds vk/kj ij
fd ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rhu lwpdkadksa&
thou izR;k'kk lwpdkad] f'k{kk lwpdkad rFkk
ldy jk"Vªh; vk; dk vkSlr lwpdkad gSA
bl lwpdkad ds fy, LokLF; Lrj dk vdyu
lek;kstr izfr O;fDr vk; (MkWyj esa) O;Dr
thou&izR;k'kk
(Expectancy of Life) ds
}kjk] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj dk izkS<+ lk{kjrk vkSj
oxhZdj.k izkFkfed] f}rh;d ,oa r`rh;d ,oa r`rh;d
oxZ ,pMhvkbZ dk eku&foLrkj Lrj iathdj.k ds vk/kj ij rFkk jgu lgu
vfr mPp 1.00-0.900 dk Lrj dk vkdyu vk; ds Lrj ,oa
mPp 0.899-0.800 Ø;&'kfDr {kerk ds vk/kj ij fd;k tkr gSA
eè;e 0.799-0.500 ldy jk"Vªh; [kq'kgky(Gross
fuEu 0.499-0.000 National Happiness, GNH)
10
th,u,p ns'k dh xq.koÙkk dks vf/d lexz bl vo/kj.kk dk fodkl o"kZ 1979 esa eSfj'k
rjhds ls ekiurk gsA vkSj blds rg~r ,slk Mh eSfj'k us fd;k] bUgksaus fodkl ds iz;klksa
fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd ekuo lekt dk ds ifj.kkeksa dks O;kid vFkZ esa izLrqr djus ds
fodkl rc gksrk gS] tc HkkSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed fy, bUgksaus fodkl ds iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeksa dks
fodkl lkFk&lkFk gksrs gSa vkSj os ,d&nwljs O;kiddsvFkZ esa izLrqr djus ds fy, rhu
iwjd gksrs gSaA bldh vo/kj.kk 1972 esa ladsrdksa dk pquko fd;k] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaA
o"kZ
HkwVku dsftEesa us dh (i). thou&izR;k'kk
ujs'k ¯lxs okaxpqd (Life Expectancy)
FkhA esM tkWu ds vuqlkj] th ,u ,p(ii).dks f'k'kq& e`R;q&nj(Infant Mortality
ekius ds fy, lkr [kq'kh ij fopkj fd, tkrs Rate)
gSaA (iii). ekSfyd lk{kjrk
(Basic Literacy)
1. 'kkjhfjd
5. vk£Fkd
2. ekufld
3. vPNk 'kklu 4. lkekftd
6. dk;ZLFky
VE 3. cgq&vk;keh fu/kZurk lwpdkad

(Multi-dimensional Poverty
Index, MPI)
I
7. ikfjfLFkfrd thou 'kfDr cgq&vk;keh fu/Zurk lwpdkad dk fodkl o"kZ
Hkkjr dh ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ (HDR, 2010 esa la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe
(UNDP) ,oa vkWDliQksMZ fu/Zurk ,oa ekuo
L
India)
fodkl dh igy ij gqvkA
loZizFke o"kZ
1995 esa eè; izns'k us viuh
ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ tkjh dh Fkh ckn bl esalwpdkad ds fuEu rhu vk;ke vkSj 10
ladsrd
ekuogSaA bu lHkh ladsrdksa dks leku egÙo
D
dukZVd] xqtjkr rFkk jktLFkku }kjk Hkh
izkIr gSA
fodkl fjiksVZ tkjh dh xbZ gSA
vk;ke ladsrd
Hkkjr(UNDP) d.Vªh izksxzke nLrkost
K
(2013-17)
u;k d.Vªh izksxzke nLrkost
(2013-17) ij
vk/kfjr gSA bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr pkj
eq[; ckrksa dk lekfgr fd;k x;k gS_ lekfo"V
o`f¼] xousZal] /kjk.kh; fodkl ,oa ySafxd
LokLF;
f'k{kk
thou&Lrj
f'k'kq e`R;q_ iks"k.k
fo|ky; vof/_ fo|kFkhZ
ukekadj
Hkkstu idkus ds fy,
ÅtkZ] ikuh fo|qr]
'kkSpky;] vkokl]
lekurk vkfnA
lEifÙk
2. thou dk HkkSfrd xq.koÙkk lwpdkad
4. oSf'od Hkq[kejh lwpdkad (Global
(Physical Quality of Life Index,
Hunder Index, GHI)
PQLI)
11
oSf'od Hkq[kejh lwpdkad esa ,d cgq&vk;keh6. ekuo xjhch (Human Poverty
lkaf[;dh vkWdM+ksa dk iz;ksx dj ns'k dhIndex, Hkq[kejhHPI)
ds lUnHkZ esa fLFkfr dks Li"V fd;k tkr gSA
blesa vxzfyf[kr lwpdkadksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
bl lwpdkad dks b.Vjus'kuy iQwM ikWfylh tkrk gS thou&izR;k'kk] lk{kjrk] vk; rFkk
fjlpZ bULVhV~;wV }kjk fodflr fd;k x;klkekftd Fkk] oapuA blds vk/kj ij lekt dh
bkdj loZizFke izdk'ku2006o"kZesa gqvkA vHkkoxzLrrk dk irk ykx;k tkrk gSA fodkl'kyh
;g lwpdkad izfro"kZ fudkyk tkrk gSA izR;sd vkSj fodflr ns'kksa ds fy, vyx&vyx
o"kZ bl lwpdkad esa fdlh ,d eq[; eqís ijlwpdkdksa dh ladYiuk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa
fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkrk gS] tsfd Hkq[kejhdsdks fy, HPI-I dh ladYiuk ,oa fodflr
izHkkfor djrk gSA oSf'pd Hkw[kejh lwpdkad ns'kksa ds PHI-
fy, 2 dh ladYiuk gSA
rhu ekudksa ds vk/kj ij fudkyk tkrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, HPI- 1 dh
(i). vYi iksf"kr yksxksa dk vuqikrA
ds cPps dk vuqikrA
VE ladYiuk
(ii). ik¡p o"kZ ls de vk;q ds vkSlr ls de otu(i)- bl ladYiuk ds vUrxZr tula[;k ds ml
Hkkx dk irk yxk;k tkrk gS] ftldh
thou&izR;k'kk 40 o"kZ ;k mlls de gksA
I
(iii). ik¡p o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa dh e`R;q&nj
5. ykSafxd fodkl lwpdkad (ii)- izkS<+ f'k{kk
15 o"kZ
nj ls vf/d mez okys
tula[;k ds ml Hkkx dk irk yxk;k tkr
L
(Gender Development Index,
GDI) gS] tsk fuj{kj gSA
bl lwpdkad dks UNDP us o"kZ 1995 esa (iii) LoPN is;ty ls oafpr tula[;k dk izfr'kr
fodflr fd;k FkkA ySafxd fodkl lwpdkad (iv). 5 o"kZ rd dh vk;q okyh tula[;k ds ml
KD
(GDI) ekuo fodkl ds rhu vk;keksa& Hkkx dk izfr'kr ftldk otu vkSlr ls
thou&izR;k'kk] lk{kjrk vkSj izfr O;fDr vk;
ds lUnHkZ esa iq:"k tula[;k ds lkis{k efgyk
tula[;k dh miyfC/ dks n'kkZrk gSA ladYiuk
egRoiw.kZ rF; (Important Facts)
de gSA
fodflr ns'kksa ds fy, HPI- 2 dh
1. blds vUrxZr tula[;k ds ml va'k dk irk

 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dk fopkj loZizFkeyxk;k tkrk gS] ftldh thou izR;k'kk 60 o"kZ
ikfdLrkuh vFkZ'kkL=kh egcwc&my&gd ls de gSA
us fn;k
FkkA 2. Je 'kfDr ds ml va'k dk irk yxk;k tkrk
 jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ loksZ{k.k laxBu dh LFkkiuk gS] rks fiNys 12 eghus ls csjkstxkj gS vkSj
o"kZ 1950 esa dh xbZ FkhA lkekftd :i lsoafpr gS] ftudh vk;
 oSf'od Hkq[kejh lwpdkad esa Hkkjr dh miyfC/ ekè;e&vk; ds50% ls de gSA bl izdkj
21-3 gS] tksfd dkiQh cqjh fLFkfr dh HPI vksjØ; {kerk ij vk/kfjr vk; vkSj izfr
b'kkjk djrh gSA O;fDr vk; dks lekfgr djrk gSA
12
7. jk "Vª h; lw pdk ad(National ewY; iz.kkyh dk thou ds izR;sd {ks=k esa
Prosperity Index, NPI) iz;ksx djukA
lkekftd&vk£Fkd fodkl ds ekiu dks ekud mYys[kuh; gS fd thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj]
lwpdkad] jk"Vªh; le`f¼ lwpdkad dks 'kq¼ ekuk is;ty] iks"k.k] vkoklh; O;oLFkk] mfpr
tkrk gSA blds rhru ?kVd gSaA liQkbZ] mÙke LokLF; lqfo/k] vPNh f'k{kk
(i) GDP dh o`f¼ nj rFkk jkstxkj vkfn lEHkkoO;rkvksa dk iQyu gSA
tcfd lkaLÑfrd fo"kerk dk vHkko] lgHkkfxrk
(ii)- thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj (eq[;r% xjhch
js[kk ls uhps ds yksxksa dk) lejlrk rFkk la;qDr ifjokj iz.kkyh dks izksRlkfgr
(iii)-viuh lkaLÑfrd fojklr ij vk/kfjr ukSfrd djus ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
VE
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KD
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INDIAN INSTITUTION
Name of institution Head office
1. IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Hyderabad
development Authority
2. SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board Mumbai
Board of India
3. R.B.I. (Reserve Bank of India) Mumbai
4. PFRDA (Pension Fund Regulatory and New Delhi
5.
Development Authority of India)
NABARD (National Bank for
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Agriculture and rural development
Mumbai
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6. SIDBI (Small Industries Development Lucknow
Bank of India)
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7. TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of New Delhi
India)
8. C. S. O. (Central Statistics office) New Delhi
IMPORTANT REPORTS
1.
2.
3.
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Report Name
World Development Report
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Asian Development Outlook
Global Financial Report

Given By
World Bank
ADB (Asian Development
Bank)
BIS (Bank for International
Settlements
4. Global Money Laundering Report FATF (Financial Action
Task Force)
5. Indian State of Forest Report Forest Survey of India
6. Technical Co-operation Report IAEA (International
Atomic Energy Agency)
1 Anand Sir
7. Nuclear Technology Review
8. Ease of Doing Business World Bank (IBRD)
9. Global Hunger Index Report I.F.P.R.I
10. World Employment and social outlook I.L.O (International World
of Work Report Labour Organisation
11. World Economic Outlook I.M.F.
12. Global Financial stability Report I.M.F
13. World Energy Outlook International Energy
Agency
14. World Happiness Report S.D.S.N
15. World Investment Report
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16. Travel and Tourism Competitiveness
Report
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UNCTAD
World Economic FORUM
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2 Anand Sir
Introduction of Poverty
Introduction
 Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks
the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of
living. Poverty means that the income level from employment is so
low that basic human needs can't be met.
 In India, 21.9% of the population lives below the national poverty
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line in 2011.
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KD
 In 2018, almost 8% of the world's workers and their families lived
on less than US$1.90 per person per day (international poverty line).
Types of Poverty:
There are two main classifications of poverty:
1 Anand Sir
 Absolute Poverty:
A condition where household income is below a necessary level to
maintain basic living standards (food, shelter, housing). This condi-
tion makes it possible to compare between different countries and
also over time.
 It was first introduced in 1990, the "dollar a day" poverty line mea-
sured absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest coun-
tries. In October 2015, the World Bank reset it to $1.90 a day.
 Relative Poverty:
It is defined from the social perspective that is living standard com-
pared to the economic standards of population living in surround-
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ings. Hence it is a measure of income inequality.
Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the popu-
lation with income less than some fixed proportion of median in-
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come.
According to recent reports, more than a quarter of the population
living in rural areas of India is below the poverty line. Out of the
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total population living in the rural parts of India, 25.7% is living
below the poverty line whereas in the urban areas, the situation is a
bit better with 13.7% of the population living below the poverty line.
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 Poverty Line Calculation:
Poverty estimation in India is now carried out by NITI Aayog's task
force through the calculation of poverty line based on the data cap-

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tured by the National Sample Survey Office under the Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).
NITI Aayog as a policy think tank has replaced Planning Commis-
sion, which was earlier responsible for calculating the poverty line
in India.
Consumption Versus Income Level: Poverty line estimation in In-
dia is based on the consumption expenditure and not on the income
levels because of the following reasons:
 Variation in Income: Income of self-employed people, daily wage
2 Anand Sir
laborers etc. is highly variable both temporally and spatially, while
consumption pattern are comparatively much stable.
 Additional Income: Even in the case of regular wage earners, there
are additional side incomes in many cases, which is difficult to take
into account.
Pre-Independence Poverty Estimation
 Dadabhai Naoroji through his book, "Poverty and Unbritish Rule in
India" made the earliest estimation of poverty line (Rs.16 to Rs.35
per capita per year).
 The poverty line proposed by him was based on the cost of a subsis-
E
tence or minimum basic diet (rice or flour, dal, mutton, vegetables,
ghee, vegetable oil, and salt).
 National Planning Committee's (1938) poverty line (ranging from
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Rs.15 to Rs.20 per capita per month) was also based on a minimum
standard of living perspective in which nutritional requirements were
implicit.
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 In 1938, the National Planning Committee was set up by Subhash
Chandra Bose under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru for the
purpose of drawing up an economic plan with the fundamental aim
to ensure an adequate standard of living for the masses.


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The Bombay Plan (1944) proponents had suggested a poverty line
of Rs 75 per capita per year.
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The Bombay Plan was a set of a proposal of a small group of influen-
tial business leaders in Bombay for the development of the post-
independence economy of India.
Post-Independence Poverty Estimation
 Planning Commission Expert Group (1962), working group con-
stituted by the Planning Commission formulated the separate pov-
erty lines for rural and urban areas (Rs.20 and Rs25 per capita per
year respectively).
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

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VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971), made the first systematic as-
sessment of poverty in India, based on National Sample Survey (NSS)
data.
Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or
basic minimum needs criteria as the measure of poverty line, VM

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Dandekar and N Rath were of the view that poverty line must be
derived from the expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250
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calories per day in both rural and urban areas.
Expenditure based Poverty line estimation, generated a debate
on minimum calorie consumption norms.
Alagh Committee (1979): Task force constituted by the Planning
Commission under the chairmanship of YK Alagh, constructed a
poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of nutritional
requirements and related consumption expenditure.
 Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by

adjusting the price level for inflation.
4 Anand Sir
 Lakdawala Committee (1993): Task Force chaired by DT Lakdawala,
based on the assumption that the basket of goods and services used
to calculate Consumer Price Index-Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) and
Consumer Price Index- Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) reflect the
consumption patterns of the poor, made the following suggestions:
 Consumption expenditure should be calculated based on calorie
consumption as earlier.
 State specific poverty lines should be constructed and these should
be updated using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural
areas.
 Discontinuation of scaling of poverty estimates based on National

Accounts Statistics.
Way Forward
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Redefining Poverty lines: Poverty lines have to be recalibrated de-
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pending on changes in income, consumption patterns and prices,
as India is now a middle-income country, with an estimated per
capita income of around $9,000 in purchasing power parity.

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According to economists poverty line of $3.20 translates into Rs.75
a day, or a 68% higher than the Tendulkar poverty line.
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5 Anand Sir
egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe
(Important programmes)
List of some important programmes are given below:-
S.N. Programme Year of Objective/ Description

Launching
1. Green Revolution 1966-67 To increase the production
of food grains, especially
wheat production.
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2. Training rural 1979 Programme for training of
youth for self rural youth to make them
Empowerment employed
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(TRYSEM)
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3. Jawahar Rojgar 1989 For providing employment to
Yojna rural employed
4. Mahila Samriddhi Oct. 2, 1993 To encourage the rural
5.
Yojna
Mid day Meal

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Aug. 2015
women to deposit money in
post office saving accounts
To give a boost to universali-
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Scheme sation of primary education
by increasing the enrolment,
attendance and nutritional
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status of the children.
6. Katurba Gandhi Aug. 15, 1997 To establish girl school in dis
Education tricts having low female lite-
Scheme racy rate.
7. Swarn Jayanti 1997 To provide gainful employm-
Shahri rojgar ent to urban employment
Yojna and under employed poor
through self employment or
wage employment.
8. Annaporna Yojna 1999 To provide 10 kgs. Food
grains to senior citizens (who
1 Anand Sir
did not get pension)
9. Swarn Jayanti April 1, 1999 For eliminating rural poverty
Swarozgar yojna and unemployment and pro-
moting self employment.
10. Jan shree Bima Aug.2010 Providing insurance security
Yojna to people living below poverty
line
11. Pradhan Mantri Dec. 25, 2000 To fulfill basic requirements
Gramodaya Yojna in rural areas
12. Antyodaya Anna Dec. 2000 To provide food security to
Yojna poor
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13. Pradhan Mantra Dec. 2000 To connect all the roads with
Gram Sadak Pacca road
Yojna
14. Sarva Siksha
Abhiyan
2001
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provide useful and relevant
elementary education for all
children in the age group of
15. Sampoorna
Gramin Rojgar
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Sep. 2001
6-14
Providing employment and
food security
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Yojna
16. Valmiki Ambedkar Dec. 2001 Constructing slum houses
Awas Yojna in urban areas
17.
18.
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Janani Suraksha April 2005
Yojna
Bharat Nirman
Programme
Dec.2005
Providing care to expectant
mother
Development of rural infras-
tructure including six comp-
onents: irrigation, water sup-
ply, housing, road, telephone
, and electricity.
19. Mahatma Gandhi Feb. 2006
National Rural
Employment
2 Anand Sir
guarantee scheme
20. National Food May, 29, 2007 To increase production and
Security Mission productivity of wheat, rice
and pulses on a sustainable
basis so as to ensure food se-
curity of the country.
21. National Rural June, 2011 Restructured from swarna
Livelihood Mission jayanti gram swarojgar yojna
22. National Urban Sept. 23, 2013 Restructured from swarna
Livelihood Mission jayanti shahri swarojgar
yojna
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23. Sansad Adarsh Oct. 11, 2014 To develop model village
Gram Yojna
24. Pradhan Mantri Aug. 28, 2014 To provide bank account to
25.
Jan Dhan Yojna
Deen Dayal
Upadhyay Sramev
Jayate Scheme
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Oct. 16, 2014
poor (Financial Inclusion)
To improve employability ,
skill development and other
convenience for labour
26. Sukanya
Samriddhi
Account Yojna
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22 Jan 2015 A small deposit scheme for
girl child
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27. Pradhan Mantri May 9, 2015 Life insurance of Rs. 2 lakh
Jeevan Jyoti Bima with a premium of Rs. 330
Yojana per year. It is run by minist-
28.
29.
30.
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Pradhan Mantri
Suraksha Bima
Yojana
Atal Pension
Yojana
Digital India
May 9, 2015
May 9, 2015
July 1, 2015
try of finance.
Accidental Insurance with a
premium of Rs. 12 per year.
It is run by ministry of finance
Social Sector Scheme pertai-
ning to Pension Sector
Aims to ensure that govern-
Programme ment services are available
to citizens electronically and
people get benefited from the
3 Anand Sir
latest information and com
munication technology
31. Pradhan Mantri July 15 2015 To provide skill training to
Kaushal Vikas 1.4 million youths (impleme-
Yojna nted by the ministry of skill
development)
32. Pradhan Mantri June 25, 2015 To enable better living and
Awas Yojana drive economic growth
(PMAY) stressing on the need for
people centric urban planning
and development.
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33. Atal Mission for June 25, 2015 To enable better living and
Rejuvenation drive economic growth
and Urban stressing on the need for
34.
Transformation
Smart Cities
Mission
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June 25, 2015
and development.
To enable better living and
drive economic growth
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and development.
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35. Pradhan Mantri May 1, 2016 Launched to provide free
LPG Ujjwala connections to women from
Yojana below poverty line families.
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4
1. What type of unemployment is found in India?
(a) Structural Unemployment
(b) Seasonal unemployment
(c) Disguise unemployment
(d) All of the above
Answer d
2.If a person is ready to work at the prevailing wage rate in the

market, but he is unable to find the work, then what type of
unemployment would it be called?
(a) Voluntary unemployment
(b) Involuntary unemployment
(c) Seasonal unemployment
(d) None of the above
Answer b
3. In which type of unemployment do the marginal productivity of

the workers is zero?
(a) Disguised Unemployment
(d) Structural Unemployment
Answer a
4. What type of unemployment is found in developed countries?

(a) Involuntary unemployment
(b) Voluntary unemployment
(c) Structural unemployment
(d) Disguised Unemployment
Answer b
5. If new computers are being installed in a company and some
employees are fired from the job due to lack of computer
knowledge then what kind of unemployment will it be called?
(b) Structural unemployment
(c) Hidden unemployment
(d) Frictional unemployment
Answer d
6. What type of unemployment is found in the agriculture sector

of India?
(c) Frictional unemployment
Answer a
7. Cyclical and frictional unemployment are found in....... ?

(a) Less developed and developing countries both
(b) Developing countries
(c) Developed countries
(d) Less developed countries
Answer c
8. Who developed the concept of disguised unemployment?

(a) John Keynes
(b) Amartya Sen
(c) John Robinson
(d) Alfred Marshall

Answer c
Explanation: John Robinson
9. What is the right formula to know the unemployment rate?

(a) Total number of unemployed / total labour force X 100
(b) Total labour force / Total number of unemployed x 100
(c) Total number of unemployed / total labour force x 1000
(d) Total labour force / Total number of unemployed x 1000
Ans. a
10. Persons below the poverty line in India are classified as such based on whether :
A). they are entitled to a minimum prescribed food basket
B). they get work for a prescribed minimum number of days in a year
C). they belong to agricultural labourer household and the scheduled caste/tribe
social group
D). their daily wages fall below the prescribed minimum wages
Ans. A
11. Absolute Poverty means :
A). poverty in terms of absolute number of people
B). poverty in terms of the basic minimum calorie requirements
C). poverty in terms of the prevailing price level
D). poverty in terms of the absolute level of unemployment
ANS (b)
India's wage policy is based on :
A). cost of living

B). standard of living
C). productivity
D). none of these

1. What type of unemployment is found in India?
(a) Structural Unemployment
(b) Seasonal unemployment
(c) Disguise unemployment
(d) All of the above
Answer d
2.If a person is ready to work at the prevailing wage rate in the

market, but he is unable to find the work, then what type of
unemployment would it be called?
(a) Voluntary unemployment
Answer b
3. In which type of unemployment do the marginal productivity of

the workers is zero?
(d) Structural Unemployment
Answer a
4. What type of unemployment is found in developed countries?

(a) Involuntary unemployment
(c) Structural unemployment
(d) Disguised Unemployment
Answer b
5. If new computers are being installed in a company and some
employees are fired from the job due to lack of computer
knowledge then what kind of unemployment will it be called?
(b) Structural unemployment
(c) Hidden unemployment
(d) Frictional unemployment
Answer d
6. What type of unemployment is found in the agriculture sector

of India?
(c) Frictional unemployment
Answer a
7. Cyclical and frictional unemployment are found in....... ?

(a) Less developed and developing countries both
(b) Developing countries
(c) Developed countries
(d) Less developed countries
Answer c
8. Who developed the concept of disguised unemployment?

(a) John Keynes
(b) Amartya Sen
(c) John Robinson
(d) Alfred Marshall

Answer c
Explanation: John Robinson
9. What is the right formula to know the unemployment rate?

(a) Total number of unemployed / total labour force X 100
(b) Total labour force / Total number of unemployed x 100
(c) Total number of unemployed / total labour force x 1000
(d) Total labour force / Total number of unemployed x 1000
Ans. a
10. Persons below the poverty line in India are classified as such based on whether :
A). they are entitled to a minimum prescribed food basket
B). they get work for a prescribed minimum number of days in a year
C). they belong to agricultural labourer household and the scheduled caste/tribe
social group
D). their daily wages fall below the prescribed minimum wages
Ans. A
11. Absolute Poverty means :
A). poverty in terms of absolute number of people
B). poverty in terms of the basic minimum calorie requirements
C). poverty in terms of the prevailing price level
D). poverty in terms of the absolute level of unemployment
ANS (b)
India's wage policy is based on :
A). cost of living

B). standard of living
C). productivity
D). none of these

MGNREGA
1. Objective  Enhancing livelihood security in rural area by providing

at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial
year.
2. Who?  To every household (unskilled (adult) (who is above the age
of 18 and reside in rural area)
3. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act- 2005.
4. 2 Feb. - 2006, in Action (A.P.)
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5. NREGA  MGNREGA (2009)
6. Mo Rural Development.
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7. 33% Reservation for women
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8. MGNREGA is an Indian labour law and social security Measure
that aims to guarantee the "Right to Work".
9. Any applicant is entitled to work within 15 days for as many as he/
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she has applied. (within KSMs)
10. Limit of 100 days per year (150 days in drought-affected area)
11. Fund:- C:S gove [90:10]
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12. Working area  Rural infrastructure, road, water conservation,
Irrigation, hospital, clean India........
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13. Payment: DBT
14. Right Based Scheme.
15. MGNREGA has had positive role to minimize poverty.
MGNREGA  1. Natural Resources' Conservative 
2. Income in Rural area 
3. Demand in rural Area  [2008 .....]
4. Life - Style/Standard 
5. Female/women Empowerment 
6. Financial InclusionU.T.MP.
1 Anand Sir
Labour Reforms:-
1. Shram Suvidha Portal
 Unique labour Identification
 Transparent Laobur inspection.
 Single page of Return/Online
2. Under Employees' State Insurance Corporation Project -
"PANCHDEEP"
3. Employees Provident Fund (EPF)
 Universal Account number (UAN)
4. Rashtriya Swasthya Bime Yojana (RSBY)
5.
[Unorganised workers]
[Social security Act- 2008]
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National Council for Vocational Training Management Information
I
system (NCVT - MISS)
6. National Career Service Portal
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7. Apprentice Act- 1961, amended in Dec- 2014
Child - Labour:-
 National Child Labour Project [Children rescued] - 2015
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Article 24
Article  21 (A) (6 years to 14 years)
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Ump. Committees
1. P.J. Nayak Committee: Recommended Banks Board Bureau
2. B.P. Jeevan Reddy Committee: AFSPA in N-E
3. G. Rohini committee: Examine OBC Classes
4. S.N. Dhingra committee: To Examine 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots
5. Lodha Committee: For Reforms with in BCCI
6. B.N. Srikrishna Committee  Date Protection
7. A.K. Mathur  7th pay commission
8. Kelkar committee  Tax structure reform
2 Anand Sir
G-20:- Formation: 26 Sep.- 1999
Purpose  Bring together systemically industrialized and developing
economies to discuss key issued in the global economy.
Member  India, Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Argentina, Australia,
Brazil, Canada, China, France, European Union, Germany, Mexico,
Russia, Saudi, Arabia, South-Africa, South-Korea, Turkey, United
Kingdom, USA.
Chairman  Sinzo Abe (2019)
G-7/9*:- Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan USA United
kingdom. [Russia*]
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 Since 1975, the group meets annually on summit to discuss
economic policies.
 In 1996, G-7 launched on initiative for the 42 heavily indebted
poor countries (HIPC)
Baghdad.
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OPEC:- The Organization of the petroleum exporting countries is an
intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in
Headquarter:- Vienna [Austria]

Member:- Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Founding member
Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Ecuador, Gabon Equatorial
Guinea, Libya, Nigeria, UAE.
Qatar* Not Member now.
3 Anand Sir
BIMSTEC :- Secretariat - Dhaka [1994]
Membership:- Bangladesh, Bhutan, India.
Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Chairmanship:- Sri Lanka [Since - 2018]
Nature:- Technological and economic corporation
Targets - Trade and Investment
Transport
Energy
Tourism
E
Fisheries
Agriculture
Public - Health
Poverty
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People to people contract
Cultural cooperation
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Climate-change .......
SAARC [South Asian Association for regional Cooperation]:-
Founded- 1985, Dhaka
D
Members - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
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Observer- Members:- Australia, China EU, Iran, Japan Mauritius,
Myanmar, South, Korea, USA.
Nature :- Regional Organization
SAARC:- 3% of the world's Area 21% popul.
4 Anand Sir
National Highway
NH-1 Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Amritsar India–
Pakistan border.
Nh -1 A
Jalandhar - Madhopur - Jammu - Udhampur - Banihal -
Srinagar - Baramulla - Uri
NH-2 Delhi-Kolkata
NH-3 Agra-Mumbai
NH-4 Mumbai-chennai
NH-5 kolkata-chennai
NH-6 kolkata-Mumbai
NH-7 Varanasi- kanyakumari
NH-8 Delhi –mumbai (Jaipur)
Longest National highway of India = National Highway
44 or NH44 is the longest national highway of India.
The shortest National Highway the NH 47A (Kochi port

at Willingdon Island ) (5.9 km)
GT ROAD= NH1+NH2
The Grand Trunk Road, a national highway, is one of the
oldest road routes in India.
National Waterways
There are 111 officially notified Inland National Waterways (NWs) in India identified for the
purposes of inland water transport, as per The National Waterways Act,
2016.
xjhch(Poverty)
xjhch  xjhch ekiu :– (N.S.S.O ds }kjk )
xjhch og lkekftd fLFkfr gksrh gS] ftlesauksV%&
lEcf/r O;fDr viuh ewyHkwr@vk/kjHkwr  N.S.S.O. (National Sample Sur-
vko';drkvksa dks Hkh iwjk ugha dj ikrkveygSAOffice)
xjhch ds izdkj:-
Hkkjr esa xjhch dk ekiu miHkksx@[kpZ fof/
1. fujis{k xjhch
(Absolute Poverty)
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2. lkisf{kd xjhch
fujis{k xjhch
(Relative Poverty)
(Absolute Poverty):-
VE ekuoh; xjhch(Human Poverty):-

;fn O;fDr dks f'k{kk LokLF; vkfn dh
fuis{k xjhch dk vkdyu Lora=k :i ls lqfo/k miyC/ ugha gks rks og ekuoh;
I
fd;k tkrk gSA blesa O;fDr dh cqfu;knh
xjhch dgyk,xhA
vko';drkvksa tSls& Hkkstu] 'kq¼ty vkokl]
diM+k vkfn ds vHkko esa jgrk gSA ykWjsUt (Lorenz
 bldks oØ Curve) - 1905
lsu dk xq.kkad ekiu ds fy,

lkis{k xjhch(Relative Poverty):–L
gsM dkamV fof/ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA  By: eSDl vks ykjsUt
lerk js[kk
D
A D
lekt ds vkSlr O;fDr dh rqyuk esa fdlh
O;fDRk ds miHkksx] vk; vkSj laifÙk dk
K
oqQy vk; dk
vHkko ftl dkj.k thou Lrj Hkh fuEu gkslap;h izfr'kr P ykWjsUt oØ
tkrk gSA
ekiu ds fy, ykWjsat oØ vkSj fxuh C
B
xq.kkad dk iz;ksx tula[;k dk
lap;h izfr'kr
uksV%&
 fujis{k xjhch fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ikbZykWjsUt
tkrh js[kk lerk js[kk ls ftruh nwj
gSA gksxh fo"kerk (Inequality) mruh gksrh
 xjhch voljksa vkSj fodYiksa ls oafpr jguk
gS\
gSA
1
Gini Coefficient 2. okbZ- ds- vy?k desVh
(Alagh Com-
lerk j[s kk vkjS ykjW sUt j[s kk ds=kiQy
eè; {ks mittee)
 fxuh= i.w kZ j[s kk ds eè; dk dqy {ks=kiQy
le;% 1979
 fxuh xq.kkad jk"Vªh; vk; dk x.khrh; izLrqr
 5oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
djrk gSA
 1912 esa dksjsMks fxuh Gini)  xjhch gVkvksa bafnjk xk¡/h th dk ukjk
(Carrado
us ;g xq.kkad fn;kA 5th iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
;fn G. C. = 0 iw.kZ lekurk
G. C. = 1 iw.kZ vlekurk
{ks=k forj.k
1. fxfu xq.kkad dk 0 eku
ls 1 rd gksrk gSA
xzkeh.k 'kgjh
2. fxuh xq.kkad esals xq.kk dj ns rks fxuh Rural
100
lqpdkad izkIr gks tkrk gSA
G. C. = nqfu;k dk vkSlr
Hkkjr dk vkSlr eku
= 0.66
= 0.37-0.42
2400
V
Day
E Urban

dSyksjh@ 2100 dSyksjh@
Day
Hkkjr dks xjhch js[kk

%&
vkj- xfMfxy desVh ds) fd;k x;k FkkA

1962 esa] ftlesa] izR;sd O;fDr
20 #i;s
3. ydMokyk desVh (1993)
izFke ç;kl ;kstuk vk;ksx ds }kjk (Mh-C.P.I. dks xzkeh.k {ks=k

vk/kj
cuk;k
mi;ksx O;; dks xjhch js[kk ekuus dk4.lq>ko

LI
'kgjh {ks=k

 vkS|ksfxd etnwj
lqjs'k rsanqydj desVh (2008 xBu] 2009

%&
Ñf"k etnwjh
 C.P.I
 C.P.I
A.L.
I.W.
fn;k x;k FkkA
D
1. uyhdkar MkMsdj ,oa oh-,l- jFk iQkewZyk&
 le;& 1971 (Dandekar and Rath
Committee)
K
vk/kj:- miHkksx O;;
Expend)
(Consumption- 
esa fjiksVZ nh)
O;;
Expenditure
xzkeh.k (Rural) = 27`/Day [816/ ekg]
'kgjh (Urban) = 33`/Day [1000/ ekg]
Below poverty line (BPL)

 bl desVh ds vuqlkj
2011-12 esa Hkkjr esa
{ks=k forj.k 21.9% xjhch jghA 2004-05 ds vk/kj
o"kZ ij37.7% xjhch FkhA
xzkeh.k 'kgjh
Rural Urban  bl desVh usBasket of Minimum
List dks 'kkfey fd;k vkSj f'k{kk] LOkkLF;]
vkSlr = 2250 dSyksjh@
Day euksjatu dks tksM+kA
2
 rsanqydj desVh ds vuqlkj xjhch w =  (1 - G)
 vf/dre xjhch izfr'kr = NÙkhlx<+ w = dY;k.k
(39.9%)  = izfr O;fDr vk;
 vf/dre xjhch (dqy la[;k) = mÙkj G = vk; dh fo"kerk
izns'k Case - I G = 1
(U.T.) U;wure xjhch izfr'kr
= vaMeku w =  × 0 (dY;k.k 'kwU;
)
fudksckj(1%) Case - II G = 0
jkT; U;wure xjhch%() = xksok w =  (1 – 0)
 lh- jaxjktu desVh%& w=m×1
xBu% 2012 w =  dY;k.k vf/d gSA
Report: 2014- 30 twu Hkkjr esa fuis{k xjhch dks ysdj uhfr fuekZ.k
O;; (Expenditure)
'kgjh {ks=k
Urban
VE
xzkeh.k {ks=k
Rural
fd;k tkr gSA
xjhch ds dkj.k%&
1. Ñf"k ij fuHkZjrk
I
 2. jkstxkj ds voljksa dk de gksuk
(46.90) 47`@fnu 32` @fnu(32.40)
3. cqfu;knh <+kapk dk de gksuk
1407/ekg ekg
972/
4. Hkwfe lq/kj dh vliQyrk
 bl desVh us xjhch dks cgqvk;keh ekuk
(Multidimensional Poverty)
 Word Bank = izfr O;fDr
L 1.5$/Day
5. c<+rh tula[;k
6. vk; ds de Ïksr
^^xjhcksa dh la[;k vf/d gksus ls mudks
O;fDr2.5$/Day
KD
 Asian Development Bank = izfr
jaxjktu desVh ds vuqlkj%&

 xjhch izfr'kr vf/dre = NÙkhlx<+
 xjhch dh la[;k vf/dre = mÙkj izns'k xjhch de djus ds lq>ko@mik;%&
 U;wure xjhch izfr'kr
etnwjh Hkh de feyrh gSA de etnwjh ls
vk; Hkh de gks tkrh gSA ftlds dkj.k
ifjokj ds cPps Je dk;Z esaa yx ykrs gSaA
vkSj mudh vk; de gh jgrh gSA**
(U.T.) = vaMeku1. tula[;k fu;a=k.k

fudksckj 2. Ñf"k mRikndrk dks c<+kuk
 U;wure xjhch izfr'kr jkT; = xksok
3. rduhfd dks c<+kok nsuk
uksV%& Hkkjr esa xjhch ;kiu ifjokj dk
4. jkstxkj ds volj nsuk
mi;ksx O;;@dSyksjh izkfIr
5. vk/kjHkwr lajpuk dks c<+kuk
fujis{k xjhch ekiu%
lsu dk xjhch xq.kkad (Poverty Coeffi- 6. ewyHkwr lsok,a] f'k{kk LokLF;] is; ty vkfn
cient) dks iznku djukA
3
By
Aanand Sir
National Income
According to Central Statistical Organization, “National income is the sum
total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country in the form of
wages, rent, interest and profit in an accounting year.”
e
National Income Concepts
Liv
A. Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to total market money value of all
final goods and services produced in an economy over a period of one year. In
India, this fiscal or financial year is from 1st April to 31st March.
In calculation of GDP only final output of such goods and services is

considered. Counting of final goods is necessary to avoid multiple (double or
triple) counting of raw materials, intermediate products, and final products.
Example - In an automobile industry, value of automobiles already includes

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the value of the steel, glass, tyres, engine and other components that have
been used to make them.
Relevant definitions of these are as following:

a) Final Goods and Services: Goods and Services purchased for final use.
b) Intermediate Goods/Raw Materials: Products used as input in the
production of some other product.
Types of GDP
GDP can be divided into:
1
1. Real GDP - Real GDP refers .to the current year production of goods and
services valued at base year prices. Such base year prices are constant prices.
Nominal GDP - Nominal GDP refers to current year production of final
goods and services valued at current year prices.
B. Gross National Product (GNP)

GNP is a measure of the value of output produced by the nationals of a
country irrespective of the geographical boundaries of a nation. It refers to the
output of Indian citizens both within India and in all the countries of world.
GNP = GDP ‘+ Net income inflow from abroad - Net income outflow to foreign
countries.
GDP and GNP are measured on the basis of Market Price and Factor Cost.
e
 Market Price:
It refers to the actual transacted price and it includes indirect taxes such
as custom duty, excise duty, sales tax, service tax, etc. (impending Goods and
Services Tax):
Liv
These taxes tend to raise the prices of the goods in an economy.
 Factor Cost:
It refers to cost of factors of production.
 Net National Product (NNP)
NNP is the value of the total output of the economy calculated without
double counting, this is GNP, less
Allowance for depreciation (D) of the capital assets used in the production
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process.
Hence NNP= GNP- Depreciation
In the process of production a country uses several capital assets such as

machinery, equipment, automobiles, etc.
The assets like machines face wear and tear over a period of time. Its value
reduces. This is known as depreciation.
2
. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
Net Domestic Product (NDP) is the GDP calculated after adjusting the value
of ‘depreciation’. This basically, net form of the GDP, i.e. GDP minus the total
value of the ‘wear and tear’ (depreciation) that happened in the assets while
the goods and services were being produced.
NDP = GDP – Depreciation
Net= Gross – Depreciation
Market Cost= Factor Cost + Indirect Taxes – Subsidies
National Income= Net National Product (at Factor Price) (National
Income)/ (Population) = Per Capita Income
e
Liv
National Income at Factor Cost = NNP at Market Cost - Indirect Taxes +
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Subsidies
In India, and many developing countries across the world, National Income
is measured at factor cost instead of market prices. Some of the reasons for
the same is lack of uniformity in taxes, goods not being printed with their
prices, etc.
. Factors of Production
3
Normally, the more efficient and richer the resources, higher will be the
level of National Income or GNP
(a) Land
Resources like coal, iron and timber are essential for heavy industries so
that they must be available and accessible. In other words, the geographical
location of these natural resources affects the level of GNP.
(b) Capital
Capital is generally determined by investment. Investment in turn depends
on other factors like profitability. Political stability, etc.
(c) Labour
e
The quality or productivity of human resources is more important than
quantity. Manpower planning and education affect the productivity and
production capacity of an economy
(d) Entrepreneur
(e) Technology
Liv
This factor is more important for Nations with fewer natural resources. The
development in technology is affected by the level of invention and innovation
in production.
(f) Government
Government can help to provide a favourable business environment for
investment. It provides law and order, regulations.
(g) Political Stability

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A stable economy and political system helps in appropriate allocation of

resources Wars, strikes and social unrests will discourage investment and
business activities
4
Measurement of National Income
National Income calculated by three ways:
1.income method
2.production method
3.expenditure method
GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/Real GDP) * 100
The main difference between nominal GDP and real GDP is the
adjustment for inflation. Since nominal GDP is calculated using
current prices, it does not require any adjustments for inflation.
GDP is calculated using base year prices, it known as real GDP
e
Note- In 1876, DadaBhai Naoroji was the first person to prepare estimates
of national income and per capita income for the year 1867-68. DadaBhai Naoroji
estimated national income at Rs 340 crore and per capita income of Rs 20.
Liv
Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
“Statistics must have a clearly defined purpose, one aspect of which
is scientific advancement and the other human welfare and national
development.” Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis is also known as the
father of Indian Statistics.
Note- 2018-2019. India’s per capita income was ¹ 1,25,408. This

represented a growth rate of 10.0% over the previous year.
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The term was coined by Indian economist Raj Krishna. It suggests that the
low growth rate of India, a country with mostly Hindu population was in a
sharp contrast to high growth rates in other Asian countries, especially the
East Asian Tigers, which were also newly independent.
5
Which one of the following is not a method of estimating
National Income ? (SSC CGL 1st Sit. 2010)
(a) Expenditure method
(b) Product method
(c) Matrix method
(d) Income method
The monetary policy is India is formulated by (SSC CGL

1st Sit. 2010)
(a) Central Government
(b) Industrial Financial Corporation of India
(c) Reserve Bank of India
(d) Industrial Development Bank of India
WTO basically promotes (SSC CGL 1st Sit. 2010)

(A)Financial support
(b) Global peace
(c) Unilateral trade
(d) Multilateral trade
Price theory is also known as (SSC CGL 1st Sit. 2010)

(a) Macro Economics
(b) Development Economics
(c) Public Economics
(d) Micro Economics
National Income is the (SSC CGL 1st Sit. 2010)

(A)Net National Product at market price
(b) Net National Product at factor cost
(c) Net Domestic Product at market price
(d) Net Domestic Product at factor cost
The terms 'Micro Economics' and "Macro Economics"
were coined by (SSC CGL 2nd Sit. 2010)
(a) Alfred Marshall
(b) Ragner Nurkse
(c) Ragner Frisch
(d) J.M. Keynes
During periods of inflation, tax rates should (SSC CGL 2nd

Sit. 2010)
(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain constant
(d) fluctuate
The fringe benefit tax was introduced in the budget of (SSC

CGL 1st Sit. 2011)
(a) 2003-04
(b) 2004-05
(c) 2005-06
(d) 2006-07
The purchase of shares and bonds of Indian companies by

Foreign Institutional Investors is called (SSC CGL 2nd Sit.
2011)
(a) Foreign Direct Investment
(b) Portfolio Investment
(c) NRI Investment
(d) Foreign Indirect Investment
Economic planning is an essential feature of (SSC CGL 1st

Sit. 2012)
(a) Socialist economy
(b) Capitalist economy
(c) Mixed economy
(d) Dual economy
The Rashtriya Barh Ayog (RBA) is related with (SSC CGL
1st Sit. 2012)
(a) Droughts and Floods
(b) Poverty Alleviation
(c) Floods
(d) Disaster Managemen
Brain drain has been caused by: (SSC CGL 2nd Sit. 2012)
(a) failure to recognise talent in the originating country.
(b) the lure of high living standards
(c) lack of employment opportunities
(d) socio-economic instability
The study of population is known as.(SSC CGL 2nd Sit.

2012)
(a) Demography
(b) Climatology
(c) Petrology
(d) Hydrology
The BSE Sensex is based on how many stocks ? (SSC

CGL 1st Sit. 2012)
(a)80
(b) 100
(c) 30
(d) 50
. Which one of the following is an example for a non-

economic good? (SSC CGL 2nd Sit. 2012)
(a) Doctor’s service
(b) Teacher’s service
(c) Mother’s service
(d) Banker’s service
lrr~ fodkl y{; vkSj Hkkjr
(Sustainable Develompment Goals and India)
VE

lr~r fodkl y{; vkSj Hkkjr
LI
Sustainable Development Goals and India
Note :- Sustainable Development Goals India Index
D
 By NITI Aayog
 It checks growth & Development
level in India [Govt-Policies]
K
Rank-1: Kerala, H.P. [UT-Rank-1-Chand]
Goal–1 : No Poverty (fu/Zurk ds lHkh :iksa ls NqVdkjk)
Policy


House for All :: Lakshadweep
Goa: Poverty Rate = 5.09%
Andmand:: Poverty Rate = 1%
chek lcls T;knk vkU/zk =izns'k
74.6%
1. eujsxk
2. nhu n;ky mikè;k; xzkeh.k dkS'ky[Rural
;kstukSkill]
3. iz/kuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek[PM
;kstuk
JJ BY]
1 Anand Sir
 To reduce poverty by 10.95% [Targeted Rate]
till-2020, Already achieved.
 2030 rd lHkh ifjokjksa dks chek dojA
Goat-2:6 :- Zero Hunger ('kwU; Hkq[kejh)
 Food Subsidy ([kk| lfClMh) [P.D.S]  [T.P.D.S]
Who ?  ekfld vki vf/dre = 5000 ls de
 Stunting (ckSuk] fBxukiu)= 5 o"kZ rd ds
38.4% cPps ckSus gS\
 Ekfgykvksa esa jDr dh deh
uhfr;k¡
 vaR;ksn; vÂ ;kstuk
(AAX)
 eè;kg Hkkstu ;kstuk
E
/Mid Day Meal Scheme
 Sustainable Agriculture
 P.M.K.S.Y (Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk)

stunting Rate?
Goal-03 :- (Good Health and Well-being)
(csgrj LokLF; ,oa dY;k.k)
IV
Kerala and Goa done Job to removes/minimize
ekr` e`R;q nj
1.
(Mortality Rate) :-
At Present = 130/100,000/-
 Target
L
D
Till-2030:- 70/100,000/-
2. cPpksa esa Vhdkdj.k
(Common/Accination for Children)
 Target = 100%

K
ljdkjh ;kstuk, (Govt-Schemes) :-
jk"Vªh; LokLF; fe'ku
fe'ku banz/uq"k
vk;q"eku Hkkjr
(N.H.M)
(P.M. Jan Arogya Yojna)

Kerala, M.H., Temilnadu done good work to control mortality
rate. [
46
,
61
,
66
]
K MN TN
2 Anand Sir
Goal-04 :- xq.koÙkkiw.kZ(Quality
f'k{kk Education)
ukekadu
/iathdj.k nj [Registration for Primary Education
 and Intermediate Education]
75.83%

Target

100%
Max. Ragistration = Tripura 94.72%
Delhi = 92.95%
 loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku
(SSA)
jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku
E
 (RMSA)
 vè;kid f'k{kk(T.E.)
'kkykdks'k] 'kxqu] lkjFkh
 Digital-Scheme/Portal
11.
leqnk;)
 PMAY (vkokl)
IV
Sustainable Cities and Communities (lalk/j.kh; 'kgj vkSj
L
 Slum Households (efyu cfLr;ksa ds fuoklh)
 Door to Door waste Collection
 Waste Processed (vif'k"V mipkj)
D
Relevant govt. schemes
1. Smart Cities Mission
2. PM- Awas Yojana
K
3. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
vVy uohdj.k vkSj 'kgjh ifjorZu fe'ku
(AMRUT)
 Goa has met 35.71% of its housing demond.
 Slum elimination Kerala
12. Sustainble Consumption and production
(la/kj.kh; miHkksx ,oa mRiknu)
2nd most Populous country 2027
 Rank = 01.
 (17.5%) of the world population
 2.4% of the world's Area
3 Anand Sir
Relevant govt. schames

 Nationala Policy on Biofuels
 National Clean Energy Fund
1. Geographic diversity
2. Dimate Rigions
3. Local weather
 Earth oven short day = 2019?
13. Climate Action (tyok;q dk;ZokbZ)\
 Naitonal Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
 National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
14. Life Below Water/(ryh; tho)

 E
Maritime sector in India has been the backbone of the
V
country's trade and G.D.P.
SAGARMALA



LI
Conervation of aquatic Eco-system
Mangrove Forest Managerment
Marine Protected Areas.
KD
4 Anand Sir
csjkstxkjh
(UNEMPLOYMENT)
Unemployment
VE
LI
KD
The unemployment in India stood at 6.1% in the financial year 2018
mentions the NSSO - National Sample Survey Organisation Report
2019.
Unemployment is a situation when a person actively searches for a
job and is unable to find work. Unemployment indicates the health
of the economy.
Unemployment rate = (Unemployed Workers / Total labour force) × 100
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation measures
1 Anand Sir
India's unemployment on three approaches:
1. Daily Status Approach: unemployment status of a person under
this approach is measured for each day in a reference week. A person
having no gainful work even for one hour in a day is described as
unemployed for that day.
2. Weekly Status Approach: This approach highlights the record of
those persons who did not have gainful work or were unemployed
even for an hour on any day of the week preceding the date of the
survey.
3. Usual Status Approach: This gives the estimates of those persons
who were unemployed or had no gainful work for a major time during
E
the 365 days.
IV
L
KD
2 Anand Sir
Types of Unemployment in India
In India, there are seven types of unemployment. The types of
unemployment are discussed below:
1. Disguised Unemployment: This is a type of unemployment where
people employed are more than actually needed. Disguised
unemployment is generally traced in unorganised sectors or the
agricultural sectors.
2. Structural Unemployment: This unemployment arises when there
is a mismatch between the worker's skills and availability of jobs in
the market. Many people in India do not get job matching to their
skills or due to lack of required skills they do not get jobs and because
of poor education level, it becomes important to provide them related
3.
training.
VE
Seasonal Unemployment: That situation of unemployment when
people do not have work during certain seasons of the year such as
labourers in India rarely have occupation throughout the year.
4.
5.
I
Technological Unemployment: the situation when people lose their
jobs due to advancement in technologies. In 2016, the data of the
L
World Bank predicted that the proportion of jobs threatened by
automation in India is 69% year-on-year.
Cyclical Unemployment: unemployment caused due to the
business cycle, where the number of unemployed heads rises during
6.
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recessions and declines with the growth of the economy. Cyclical
unemployment figures in India are negligible.
Frictional Unemployment: this is a situation when people are
unemployed for a short span of time while searching for a new job
or switching between jobs. Frictional Unemployment also called
Search Unemployment, is the time lag between the jobs. Frictional
unemployment is considered as voluntary unemployment because
the reason for unemployment is not a shortage of jobs, but in fact,
the workers themselves quit their jobs in search of better
opportunities.
Causes of Unemployment
The major causes of unemployment in India are as mentioned below:
3 Anand Sir
 Large population.
 Lack of vocational skills or low educational levels of the working
population.
 Labour-intensive sectors suffering from the slowdown in private
investment particularly after demonetisation
 The low productivity in the agriculture sector plus the lack of
alternative opportunities for agricultural workers that makes
transition among the three sectors difficult.
 Legal complexities, Inadequate state support, low infrastructural,
financial and market linkages to small businesses making such
enterprises unviable with cost and compliance overruns.


of the secondary sector.
VE
Inadequate growth of infrastructure and low investments in the
manufacturing sector, hence restricting the employment potential
The huge workforce of the country is associated with the informal

I
sector because of a lack of required education or skills, and this
data is not captured in employment statistics.
L
The main cause of structural unemployment is the education
provided in schools and colleges are not as per the current
requirements of the industries.
Regressive social norms that deter women from taking/continuing


D
employment.
Impact Of Unemployment
K
The unemployment in any nation have the following effects on the
economy:
The problem of unemployment gives rise to the problem of poverty.
The government suffers extra borrowing burden because
unemployment causes a decrease in the production and less
consumption of goods and services by the people.
 Unemployed persons can easily be enticed by antisocial elements.
This makes them lose faith in the democratic values of the country.
 People unemployed for a long time may indulge in illegal and wrong
activities for earning money which increases crime in the country.
4 Anand Sir
 Unemployment affects the economy of the country as the workforce
that could have been gainfully employed to generate resources
actually gets dependent on the remaining working population, thus
escalating socio-economic costs for the state. For instance, a 1 %
increase in unemployment reduces the GDP by 2 %.
Government Initiative To Control Unemployment
1. In 1979 the government launched TRYSEM - Training of Rural Youth
for Self-Employment The objective of this scheme was to help
unemployed youth of rural areas aged between 18 and 35 years
2. The Government launched the IRDP - Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP) in the year 1980 to create full employment
opportunities in rural areas.
3.
E
The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was started in April 1989 by
merging the two existing wage employment programme i.e. RLEGP
- Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme and NREP -
V
National Rural Employment Programme on an 80:20 cost-sharing
I
basis between the state and centre.
4. MNREGA - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act launched in 2005 providing the right to work to people. An
L
employment scheme of MGNREGA aimed to provide social security
by guaranteeing a minimum of 100 days paid work per year to all
the families whose adult members opt for unskilled labour-intensive
D
work.
K
5 Anand Sir
5. PMKVY - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana was launched in
2015. The objective of PMKVY was to enable the youth of the country
to take up industry-relevant skill training in order to acquire a
secured better livelihood.
6. The government launched the Start-Up India Scheme in 2016. The
aim of Startup India programmes was to develop an ecosystem that
nurtures and promotes entrepreneurship across the nation
7. Stand Up India Scheme also launched in 2016 aimed to facilitate
bank loans to women and SC/ST borrowers between Rs 10 lakh
and Rs. 1 crore for setting up a greenfield enterprise.
E
8. National Skill Development Mission was set up in November 2014
to drive the 'Skill India' agenda in a 'Mission Mode' in order to
converge the existing skill training initiatives and combine scale
IV
and quality of skilling efforts, with speed.
PURA Initiative (Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
(PURA)
L
 PURA was mooted by the former President Dr. Abdul Kalam in
January 2003 as a way of empowering and accelerating rural
development.
 The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) implemented the PURA

D
scheme on a pilot basis in seven clusters for a period of three years
(2004- 05 to 2006-07).
K
PURA 2.0 as a central sector scheme was launched in 2012 focussing
on the development of potential growth centres such as census towns.
Objective: Provision of livelihood opportunities and urban amenities
in rural areas to bridge the rural - urban divide.
6 Anand Sir

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Financial Year = 1 April - 31 March

9% Subsidy [Food-subsidy: Maximum]

Objective of Budget 1. Reallocation of Resources. Deficit/ :

Net Tax Receipts Capital Receipts Non-Tax Receipts

Sector Change Some key points of Union Budget 2021-22 :-

Deficits {` Lakh CR, % of G.D.P.} TAXES

Pillars of the budget - 2021-22

For stand up India scheme Margin money

Central University in leh propossed

Higher Education commission of India will be setup as promised in 2019.

2020-21 (6,484 Cr)

2020-21 (10,000 Cr)

2021-22 (50,011 Cr)

According to Union Budget 2021-22, how many

What is the rank of India In Global Innovation

According to budget 2021-22, FDI limit has been increased

1. Planned Economy for India

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Economics by Anand Sir

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ty] ou] [kfut LFkk;h dk;Z”khy /kku ¼Js’B½

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Economics by Anand Sir

Eg:- 1 Kg xsgwWa → 1 Kg. vk;

2- ldy jk’Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½ &

GDP $ fons”kksa esa jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa dh vk; & ¼Minus½

GNP – e”khuksa dh f?klkoV@ewY; ãl] dj O;; ¼Depriciation½

4- ”kq) jk’Vªh; vk; ¼NNI½ &

cktkj dher ij NNPMP & vizR;{k dj $ lfClMh

tSls dEiuh yxkus ls GDP c<+x

5- izfr O;fDr vk; ¼PCI½ &

^^Largest economies are not the richest^^ – [World Bank]

Economics by Anand Sir

Pkkyw ewY; ij thMhih rFkk fLFkj ewY; ij O;Dr thMhih

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O;; fof/k ¼Expenditure Method½

 fofu;ksx O;; ¼i½

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 vk; x.kuk o’kZ esa mRikfnr vafre oLrq,a rFkk lsok,aA

 x.kuk o’kZ esa mRikfnr ijarq ml o’kZ dk u fcdk gqvk LVkWdA

jk’Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk esa “kkfey ugha fd;s tkus okys en

jk’Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu ls lacaf/kr dqN rF;

ldy ?kjsyw cpr

vk/kkj o’kZ esa cnyko

Economics by Anand Sir

i. gj lky is”k fd;k tkrk gSA i. flQZ pqukoh lky esa

i. lafpr fuf/k ¼Consolidated Fund½ & vuq- 266 ¼1½

fodkl og gS tks Lora=rk fnykrk gSA & izks- veR;Z lsu