Mrunal QEP

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of Last 10 Years
Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of

Last 10 Years (2012-22)
BY MRUNAL PATEL
PS: This is still Draft. This is not final I still have to add some topics.
Contents
1 Pillar1: Banking, Finance, Insurance................................................................................................... 1

2 Pillar2: Budget, Taxation & Subsidies .................................................................................................. 5
3 Pillar3: BoP & International Trade ....................................................................................................... 8
4 Pillar4: Sectors of Economy → ............................................................................................................. 9
4.1 Pillar4A: Agriculture..................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Pillar4b: Mfg & Services sector .................................................................................................. 10
4.3 Pillar4C- Macro Indicators: GDP & Inflation & Unemployment ......................................... 11
5 Pillar5: Infrastructure & Environment............................................................................................... 13
6 Pillar6: HRD .......................................................................................................................................... 14
1 PILLAR1: BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE
Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 1

⇒ 2012: RBI resents fiscal deficit & government resents tight monetary policy → 2018 result in
resignation of Urjit Patel
⇒ 2012: Inflation⏫ → Financial inclusion became necessary to ⏬. Gold rush (apart from
Custom & import restrictions), RG Equity savings scheme, Inflation indexed Bonds (IIBs)
⇒ 2013: Justice BN Srikrishna’s FSLRC: suggested new bodies such as PDMA (RBI opposed),
FDRI/Resolution Corp (Bill withdrawn).
⇒ 2014: SLR+PSL= seen as a cause of fiscal repression. NPA gains more attention. To fix NPA: 4D
Reforms: deregulate, differentiate (all PSBs not viable), diversify (PB, SFB), and disinter (DRT
and SARFAESI strengthen).
⇒ 2015: PM-JDY (“JAM”). PMJDY/DBT: PVT market will develop where it doesn’t exist @present.
(Pizza delivery in rurban areas.)


⇒ 2015: NPA→ TBS. 4R: Recognition, Recapitalization, Resolution, and Reform. [Last years’ ideas
repeated but have to keep the pressure on, till they’re implemented.] New types of Banks:
Payment Bank, SFB.
⇒ 2016-17: MPC-Rate cuts not reflected in retail loans (Meaning Base-Rate/MCLR ineffective, later
Urjit will replace it with “External Benchmark”). NPA-RBI initiatives fail. I&B code passed. ES
suggested PARA (Bad Bank). RBI should give higher dividend to govt for BASEL-
Recapitalization.
⇒ 2016: Chakravyuh Challenge → ocialism with restricted entry to “marketism” without exit →
ES 2021 talks about voluntary liquidation problems → Budget-2021 promises C-PACE org.
⇒ 2019: Financial fragility in the NBFC, ILFS scam & shadow banks. American Sebi has 15 times
more staff than Indian SEBI. Need to issue Health Report Score Card of NBFCs.
⇒ 2019: Golden jubilee of bank nationalisation: To ⏬ NPAs: artificial intelligence and machine
learning, GPS-tagging, social media monitoring of willful defaulters, set up a public sector bank
network (PSBN). To boost the quality of manpower in PSBs: i) lateral entry, Direct campus
recruitment ii) employee stock option (ESOP)
⇒ 2020: Regulatory Forbearance- an emergency medicine, should not become staple diet. After the
TBS when RBI had relaxed the AQR/provisioning, bankers engaged in zombie landing end
windowdressing ultimately NPA increased. Avoid same mistakes after Corona
⇒ 2020: JAY Ho! PM‘JAY’ Adoption and Health outcomes: Health indicators of West Bengal
presidents are lower than that of Assam and Bihar because West Bengal has not adopted the PM-
JAY 5 lakh health insurance scheme. So, Bengali poor patients do not frequently visit the
government hospitals so they are not aware about health, nutrition, HIV, contraceptives, family
planning et cetera.
⇒ 2021-22: appreciated RBI monetary policies for post Corona revival. Apprehensions about the
US Fed tapering. 2) Bank NPA is decreasing, profitability increasing, Bad Bank (NARCL-
IDRCL) setup, need for adopting the UNICITRAL model law for cross-border insolvency. 3)
large number of IPOs.
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: CBDC, 30% Tax on Bitcoins, CBS for Post Office, C-PACE for faster
voluntarily liquidation.
⇒ Insurance: usual concerns over low Penetration and density.

2 PILLAR2: BUDGET, TAXATION & SUBSIDIES
Vodafone-CGT Case @SC 2012

Undisclosed Foreign Income & Assets Act 2015
Benami Transactions Prohibition Act 2016
Google Tax 2016
Demonetisation Nov 2016
Demonetization 8 Nov 2016
Direct Tax Code (DTC) Task Force 2017
GAAR 1 Apr 2017
GST starts 1 Jul 2017

Corporation Tax ⏬ (25-30% → 15-22%) 2019

PM CARES Fund 2020
Vivad se Vishwas Scheme for Direct Taxes 2020
DIVIDEND DISTRIBUTION TAX abolished 2020
Income tax: Optional Slab 2020
15th FC 1 Apr 2020
Tax Payers' Charter Aug 2020
Global Minimum Tax 2021
⇒ 2012: Suggested GST, DTC as game changer. Diesel deregulation starts, Suggested LPG subsidy
capping @9 cylinders but opposition so 12 cylinders continued. Broaden the tax ‘base’ rather
than raising the rates. (Laffer curve)-> 2017: Trump & Modi both.
⇒ 2013: Vodafone, Nokia, Tax litigations, “economic policy uncertainty”.
⇒ 2014: 14th FC more ₹ to states, so plan expenditure decline justified → FY18: plan+non merger.
⇒ 2014: Economic Survey starts Two volumes structure Inspired from IMF world economic
outlook
⇒ 2015: Fiscal capacity challenges. “Bounties of the well-off”=⏬ income tax deduction given to
upper middle class, ⏫taxes on gold, State Govt shd levy agriculture income tax on rich farmer.
Suggested cross-subsidization in household electricity. Suggested JAM not always beneficial,
sometimes BAPU.
⇒ 2016-17: Demonetization justified using soil rate. However, Tax assesses↑ vs. Reported income is
low. Need to add Agriculture income tax. Short term benefit long term benefits. RBI should give
more dividend to Govt.
⇒ 2016-17: GST: compliance issues. Fiscal stimulus → results in inflation and depreciation of ₹ so
avoid. Sometimes JAM/BAPU not helpful. Suggested UBI
⇒ 2017: Fiscal federalism challenges: State government and local bodies under-collect direct taxes
relative to their constitutional powers of taxation → inadequate service delivery provision →
“exit” of middle class and rich persons (keeping children in private schools, reliance on private
water tanker, private diesel generator etc): → 😰😰1) citizens do not feel the need for paying the
taxes as they are not getting commensurate services → black money. 😰😰2) State governments
and local bodies increasingly depend on union government for tax devolution and grants.

⇒ 2018: Behavioural Economics to improve tax collection and to decrease the subsidy bill.
⇒ 2019: British prime minister Margaret Thatcher in Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee privatized
the government companies → those companies profitability ⏫ so privatization necessary for
wealth creation. (AtmaNirbhar: Government implements this via exit from ‘non-strategic
sectors’) 2) suggested Singapore model for disinvestment through a holding company.
⇒ 2020: justified the need for countercyclical fiscal policy: 1) Ricardo not valid for Indian context
2) Foreign rating agencies are biased. India’s Sovereign Credit Rating doesn’t reflect its
Fundamentals? 3) Interest Rate Growth differential (IRGD): Does Growth lead to Debt
Sustainability? Yes, But Not Vice- Versa!
⇒ 2021: Tax ombudsman suggested.
⇒ 2021-22: tax collection bouncing back, good income from RBI dividend and LIC disinvestment
so enough fiscal space for running the schemes
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: update tax return form to fix errors within two years. ⏬tax on cooperatives.
Extended the schemes for start-ups tax holiday, but nothing for middle-class. Fiscal Deficit etc
matter covered in Youtube.

3 PILLAR3: BOP & INTERNATIONAL TRADE
WTO Formed Sun 1 Jan 1995

WTO Peace clause on Food Subsidies 2013
Sovereign Gold Bond, Gold Monetization 2015
India's foreign trade policy 2015
HELP Policy (hydrocarbon) 2016
ECB Liberalized 2016
FIPB Abolished 2017
IFSC Authority 2019
BREXIT Fri 31 Jan 2020
RCEP 15 Nations signed, India didnot Nov 2020
⇒ 2012: Precautionary tone on ECB. Next global crisis will be because of corporate borrowing. But
later years a “necessary evil?” because Rate cutes not reflected. TBS: banks reluctant to lend.
Corporate Bond market not deepened.
⇒ 2013: Twin deficit. RBI should have $750 billion Forex for soft & Hard diplomacy. → Dr.Rajan
$300_ → Dr.Patel →$400 : Shaktikanta → 600+ billion (2021)
⇒ 2014: gold restrictions lifted. FDI in insurance, Defense. Apprehensive of TPP, TATIP, RCEP,
International trade environment: world slowly moving towards “ Protectionism ”.
⇒ 2015: FTAs benefitted partners >> India: Need to shed our “Big but poor dilemma.“ -
Reciprocity in opening market for agriculture & ICT
⇒ 2016: OPEC oil cut deal.Protectionism. Impact of Trump election on Indian economy-Will hurt
China mfg >> Indian services.
⇒ 2017-22: nothing remarkable in ES observations- just the usual import/export data.

⇒ 2020-21: India to have current account surplus for the first time!
⇒ 2021-22: 😥😥 commodity prices, Global liquidity (US Fed Tapering) are challenges. But, we have
accumulated enough forex reserve to handle any crisis after USA Fed Tapering.
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: special economic zones to be replaced with a new act, 68% Atma Nirbhar in
Defense, higher excise duty on unblended fuel. ⬆tax on imported Chinese goods.
4 PILLAR4: SECTORS OF ECONOMY →
4.1 PILLAR4A: AGRICULTURE

PM Krishi Sinchai 2015
Soil Health Card 2015
PM Kisan 6k 2016
Agriculture export policy 2018
Op TOP 2018
PM AASHA (MSP) Sep 2018
Ministry of Jal Shakti formed 2019
3 Farm Laws Enact & Repeal 2020
Matsya Sampada Yojana 2020
WTO Blocks Sugar subsidies 2021
Ministry of Corporation formed Jul 2021
Intl Yr of Millets 2023
Recurring themes: yield << world std, $ for research & extension, land consolidation, farm
mechanization, APMC.
⇒ 2012: Cereal MSP hike = inflation. MSP Procurement should be “calibrated” → 2016 CEA
pulses committee - “social cost“, environmental cost need to be added in MSP.
⇒ 2013:
o MSP+Open ended procurement: Fiscal deficit + inflation ↑
o 4% growth → (Modi) 2x income by 2022.
o Warehousing regulatory authority need to be strengthened.
o 3 ways economies grow Geology, Geography, Jeans (low skill mfg) : Reaping Dem
Dividend requires ⏫non-agro jobs → (2014) “jeans/low skilled mfg”
o NBS regime without urea😰😰→ DBT+soil health cards. Sick fertilizer cos should not be
sustained on tax payers’ money (Chakravyuh Challange).
⇒ 2014:
o Shantakumar FCI reforms → 2016 CEA Pulses “PPP” in procurement & sale.
o FMC should prevent over-speculation (WRT NSEL’13) → Merged with SEBI.

⇒ 2015: “Big bang reforms” can't be done because 'dispersed nature of power' (APMC & land
reforms) hence "Persistent incrementalism" while avoiding "policy reversals".
⇒ 2015: Cultivate more from less (inputs): micro irrigation, soil health card.
⇒ 2016: Price deficiency system to fix MSP problems.
⇒ 2017: Climate change can cause 25% income loss for farmers with un-irrigated land.
⇒ 2019: When Government intervention hurts more than it helps- case study of FCI, suggestion
for reducing the NFSA-subsidy burden 1) cheap price only for extreme poor 2) conditional cash
transfer to families for purchasing grains from open market
⇒ 2020: Agriculture growth +ve in Corona, despite fall in other sectors.
⇒ 2021: Use nano-urea, drones and artificial intelligence. Trying to justify that government's
minimum support price policy is helping in crop diversification. NSO Data: the average income
of farmers (about 10k/per month). Need to focus on sweet Revolution / honey products, natural
/organic farming, food processing etc.
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: Chemical free natural farming in 5 km river banks, river interlinking, 2023-
year of millets, Kisan Drones, agriculture University syllabus update, funding for agroforestry.
4.2 PILLAR4B: MFG & SERVICES SECTOR, IPR & EASE OF DOING BIZ
Make in India 2014
IPR Policy 2016
RERA Act 2016
4th industrial revolution 2018
Circular economy-NITI Paper 2019
New consumer protection act 2019
Assembled in India /PLI 2020
Labour Codes 2020
MSME Definitions Changed 2020
World Bank EoD report stopped Aug 2020
Pvt Cos Not spending enough on R&D 2021
⇒ 2012: labour law reforms required. Enforcement of contract require personal integrity and social
values
⇒ 2013: factor market reform (Capital Market, Labour Market, Land Market)
⇒ 2014: countries growth in 3 ways- “Geology/Jeans/Jets mfg” & Need for Skilling.
⇒ 2014: Pyramid of reforms: Ease of doing >> Schemes/Policies that give cheap credit and
subsidies >> Protectionism.
⇒ 2015: ‘regulatory cholesterol’ in EPFO. Startup vs valuation bubble and inclusivity. Textile
industry should shift to small towns.
⇒ 2016: Jeans in the literal sense (Focus on clothes & Shoes). India’s internal trade > external (due
to VAT-CST distortion/rate arbitrage.) so GST is required/justified (Will start from 1/Jul/2017).

⇒ 2017: Justice delay reduction- fill the vacancies of judges, SC shd ⏬ the vacation days, new all
India service for court administrators with common syllabus and standardized training, artificial
intelligence for traffic and cheque-fraud cases.
⇒ 2018: 1) MSME Dwarfism problem. 2) suggestion for minimum wages- zonal floors, gender
aspect, awareness & enforcement.
⇒ 2019-20: Assemble in India “network products”. → Govt trying thru product linked incentive
scheme (PLI) (2) Medical tourism to counter seasonality of the recreational tourism
⇒ 2019: Crony capitalism problem in India, China, Brazil. “Rent Seeking behavior”
⇒ 2020: Innovation/IPR: compared to other top 10 economies- 1) India’s R&D expenditure is low
2) Indian private sector’s jugaad-mentality: not spending on R&D, despite tax breaks and
subsidies given by Indian govt. Whereas in Germany case reverse.
⇒ 2020: TORA Act. Reduce the discretionary powers of bureaucrats. MSME Definition change.
⇒ 2021: PLI Scheme, V-Shaped recovery in manufacturing sector & IT-BPO sector, but the hotel
tourism are still suffering.
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: MSME loan schemes like ECGLS, CGTMSE to be updated. Ease of Doing Biz
2.0, Circular economy, intl arbitration@GIFT city,
4.3 PILLAR4C- MACRO INDICATORS: GDP & INFLATION & UNEMPLOYMENT
GDP Calc Formula#1: Expenditure

• C + I + G + (X – M)
• Consumption, investment, Govt. purchase, Net export
GDP Calc Formula#2: Production: Gross Value

Added (GVA)
• Total Value of Sale – Cost of intermediate goods
GDP Calc Formula#3: Income Method (WIPR0)

• W+I+P+R
• Wages, interest, profit, rent
Planning commission dissolved 2014

NITI Aayog Born 1 Jan 2015

GDP Baseyear Change 2015
PLFS Started 2019
GDP 4.2% 2019
Economic policy uncertainty 2019
GDP -7.3% 2020
Wealth Thinkers 2020
Thalinomics 2020
Atma Nirbhar Phase1 May 2020
GDP 9.2% 2021
E-Shram Portal Aug 2021
GDP Target $5Tn 31 Mar 2025
Bangladesh Exit LDC 2026
⇒ 2012: Fiscal stimulus → inflation. negative real interest rates → gold rush.
⇒ 2013: "Productivity commission" generate report cards on outcomes→ NITI ayog.
⇒ 2013: [El Nino → Food] & [Geopolitical reasons → Oil]
⇒ 2014-15:
o CSO shifted GDP base year from 2004 to 2011. Both CEA & RBI governor not convinced
with mfg. growth (IIP was telling different story).
o Declined oil prices → . WPI is negative zone. So, government could benefit from hiking
Excise to comply with FRBM targets.
⇒ 2015: Fear of ”7th PC → inflation”: unfounded, except may be a little in House Rents.
⇒ 2016: Demonetization & GST: short term challenges to GDP growth but, long term gains.
⇒ 2016: USA did not give voting rights to women and minority; East Asian giants don't have real
democracy- hence they're developed.
⇒ 2018: Economic Policy Uncertainty affects Investment. Need to monitor the EPU, training of
the bureaucrats for proper implementation, is due care in drafting the laws to prevent litigations
in future (e.g. Vodafone, Cairn CGT)
⇒ 2019: Startup/New firms improve the jobs and GDP of a District. Startups less in Eastern India
due to illiteracy, infrastructure and rigid labour laws. Suggested privatization of college
education in eastern India.
⇒ 2019: LFPR women declining because they are pursuing higher education and rurbanization
reducing agri-jobs.
⇒ 2019: 1) Is India’s GDP growth rate overstated? No! 2) Thalinomics.
⇒ 2019: Wealth Creation using the ideas of ancient thinkers – Kautilya, Thiruvalluvar, Confucius
and modern thinkers such as Adam Smith, Abraham Maslow.
⇒ 2020-21: V-Shaped recovery after vaccination.

⇒ 2021-22: problem of imported inflation. WPI-CPI Wedge. Reforms undertaken by govt for
combating inflation e.g. Oilseed promotion scheme, Stock limits under essential commodities act
5 PILLAR5: INFRASTRUCTURE
Digital India 2014
Swachh Bharat Mission 2 Oct 2014
Smart cities, Amrut, PM-Aawas 2015
NIIF Fund 2015
MMDR Act 2015
UDAY Bonds 2015
DD Gram Jyoti 2015
PAHAL LPG 2015
Sagarmala 2015
PPP-Hybrid Annuit, GOCO 2016
PM Ujjwala LPG 1.0 2016
PM-Saubhagya 2017
Bharatmala Highway 2017
UDAN Airline 2017
Gram Swaraj Abhiyan 2018
Kusum Solar Pump 2019
National Mineral Policy 2019
MOTOR VEHICLE AMENDMENT ACT 2019
Nat Infra Pipeline Thu 15 Aug 2019
Pvt Rail Oct 2019
Swamitva Land Survey 2020
Mineral Laws (Amendment) 2020
MPLADS Suspend Apr 2020
BS-6 Emission Norms Wed 1 Apr 2020
PMAY-Rental Housing May 2020
Space Tech (IN-SPACe) Jun 2020
Panchayat Citizen charter 2021
PM Ujjwala LPG 2021
Vehicle Scrappage Policy 2021
National MONETISATION Pipeline Mon 1 Feb 2021
Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme Jun 2021
PM Gati Shakti Wed 15 Sep 2021
AGR Reform Oct 2021
Ordnance Factory Corporatized Oct 2021
AMRUT 2.0 Oct 2021
Urban areas to hv 40% pop & 75% GDP of India 2030

Glasgow target 500GW Renewable 2030

⇒ 2012: many paragraphs devoted to policy paralysis & project delays.
⇒ 2013: Carbon space and development space → 2016v2: “carbon imperialism"
⇒ 2013: 1) PPP renegotiations. Separate firms shd give used for construction vs maintaining/
running of the project. 2) Natural resources: % revenue sharing programs is better than profit
sharing.
⇒ 2014: Mines minerals auctioning process.
⇒ 2015: UNFCCC and Indian initiatives. Smart cities, Amrut, Hriday.
⇒ 2016: Appreciated oil excise as= “carbon tax”, but shied away from suggesting excise cut to boost
economy.
⇒ 2016: 1) “Proprietary cities” such as GIFT city and Jamshedpur (Tatanagar) have better services
than ULBs.2) Satellite imagery: Bangaluru and Jaipur ULBs are receiving less property tax than
the buildup area. (ES-2022- Similar GIS/GPS mapping focused again) 3) Directly elected mayor
less effective.
⇒ 2018: Inclusive Growth requires Affordable, Reliable and Sustainable Energy. (although in 2021-
changes the tone: Solar powered irrigation pumps it cause groundwater exploitation)
⇒ 2018: Data "Of the People, By the People, For the People". Integration of scattered public data
can help in crime detection, bogus beneficiaries elimination, timely prediction of rural distress.
Even suggested selling board exam result data to private coaching classes for targeted
advertisement.
⇒ 2018: From Swachh Bharat to Sunder Bharat via Swasth Bharat- behavioural change required for
continued use of toilets in rural area. Idea of cleanliness need to grow beyond “garbage & toilets”
to water, air and soil pollution. Crowdfunding and public private partnership necessary for
financing such initiatives.
⇒ 2019 & 2020: just the usual data about Highway railway etc & need to promote electric vehicle.
⇒ 2021-22: appreciation of initiatives like, 5G-AGR reform, national infrastructure pipeline (NIP),
national monetisation pipeline, PM Gati Shakti. NABFID
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: 1 railway station one product. Unified logistic platform ULIP. Carbon neutral
economy 5-7% biomass pellets, 280GW Solar, battery swapping for EV, Parvatmala Ropeway.
PMDevINE, vibrant village on northern borders, BharatNET PPP, blended finance similar to
NIIF
6 PILLAR6: HRD
MGNREGA Act 2005
RTI Act (information) 2005
RTE Act (education) 2009
SECC 2011
NFSA Act (Food Security) 2013

Indra Dhanush vaccination 2014

Skill India/PM Kaushal Vikas 2015
PM MatruVandana 2015
Samagra Sikhsha Scheme 2018
Poshan (National nutrition Mission) 2018
Economics Nobel to Abhijit Banerjee 2019
National education policy 2020 2020
Ayushman Bharat National Digital Health Mission Sat 15 Aug 2020
PM Poshan 2.0 2021
BNI Index 2021
NITI MPI Index 2021
E-Rupi 2021
SDG Deadline 2030
⇒ 2012: DBT.Statistical narration of IMR, MMR, Pratham’s ASER & descriptions of schemes.
⇒ 2013: need to change the attitude towards success measurement of schemes: instead of Counting
number of beds & doctors, we shd see whether % disease cases reduced or not? For preventing
disease prevalence in India, Water and sanitation most crucial → continued in subsequent
surveys thru linking with SBM.
⇒ 2014: Sterilization on women is more unsafe. Beti bachao.
⇒ 2015-16: SBM: open defecation → environmental enteropathy → malnutrition. Rural women
reduce food intake to avoid nature’s call->malnutrition.
⇒ 2016: TFR of coastal states⏬ → labour mobility from UP-Bihar to Kerala will be required.
Need to increase the rental housing for migrants.
⇒ 2016: Sometimes JAM/BAPU not helpful. Suggested UBI
⇒ 2017: Son Meta-Preference- Development Itself not an Antidote.
⇒ 2018: India's Demography at 2040: need to reduce/merge the primary schools. ⏫ age of
retirement like Japan to prevent burden on government sponsored pension schemes. Focus on
geriatric care.
⇒ 2018: Effective Use of Technology for Welfare Schemes – Case of MGNREGS
⇒ 2020: Saving Lives and Livelihoods amidst a Once-in-a-Century Crisis of Corona.
⇒ 2020: GDP growth increases inequality, but in absolute terms it improves the income of even the
poor persons via trickle-down effect. So we need to ⏫ the size of the plate (GDP) to reduce
poverty. Nothing wrong in a moderate level of inequality between CEO & worker.
⇒ 2020: The Bare Necessities Index.
⇒ 2021-22: NITI SDG index. Water availability, air pollution, and climate change COP 26 summit
major initiatives.
⇒ 👜👜�Budget-2022: Ayushmann Bharat digital Mission, Saksham AnganWadi, foreign
universities@GIFT city. PM E-Vidhya TV Classrooms, Digital University, DESH-Stack-Skill
portal. Etc.

Mrunal Mains Airpod1-GSM3-Economy:
Money Banking Finance Insurance
Contents
10 Pre-requisite / Prologue ........................................................................................................................ 2
10.11 IMPORTANT LINKS ................................................................................................................... 2
10.12 Economy Mains PYQ Analysis ................................................................................................... 3
11 MONEY: Barter to Bitcoin.................................................................................................................... 4
11.11 Cryptocurrencies ........................................................................................................................... 5
12 �� Monetary Policy (मौिद्रक नी�त) ................................................................................................... 6
12.11.1 Monetary Policy→ SDF Window (2022) ......................................................................... 7
12.11.2 �� REPO → TLTRO, SLTRO, On-Tap Windows ................................................. 7
12.12 � 👁👁👁🗨🗨 Monetary Policy Tools: A Ready Reckoner Table .................................................. 8
12.13 � Monetary Policy in Present-Day India ............................................................................... 8
12.13.1 ��Monetary Policy: May-2022 Repo⏫ ........................................................... 9
12.13.2 ��Monetary Policy: June-2022 Repo⏫ ......................................................... 10
12.13.3 ��US Fed Tapering & Impact on India................................................................... 10
12.13.4 �� Monetary Policy: Conclusion / �न�षर् ................................................................. 10
13 🏛🏛 Financial Intermediaries → Banks .............................................................................................. 11
13.11.1 PSB Problems and Solutions ............................................................................................. 11
14 Bad Loans / NPA .................................................................................................................................. 12
14.11 ��Non-Performing Assets (अनजर्क प�रसं प��यां)................................................................... 13
14.12 �� RBI “3R” Framework for Revitalizing Stressed Assets (2015-19) ................... 13
14.13 IBC good and bad ........................................................................................................................ 14
14.13.1 ��:� IBC Pre-Packs (पद� के पीछे ज�ी से के स सुलटा लेते है!) .................................. 15
14.13.2 (��)�� Cross-border Insolvency (सीमा-पार का िदवा�लयापन) ........................ 15
14.14 (��) Voluntary Liquidation of Companies ............................................................... 15
14.15 Bad loan prevention / cure – pointers ...................................................................................... 16
14.16 Shadow banks/ILFS/NBFC crisis: Pointers ............................................................................. 17
14.16.1 �Conclusion TEMPLATE ............................................................................................. 18
Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 1

15 🗃🗃 �Sharemarket- Good and Bad pointers .................................................................................. 19
15.11 �� Corporate Governance (कॉप�रेट शासन)........................................................................... 20
16 �Insurance Pension .......................................................................................................................... 22
17 (��:�)→�Financial Inclusion (�व�ीय समोवेशन) ................................................................... 23
18 Last 10 Yrs Eco-Survey: on Money-Banking-Finance-Insurance (2012-22).............................. 24
19 Mocks and Selected PYQs................................................................................................................... 25
19.11.1 HOMEWORK From Public Administration PYQ ........................................................ 25
19.11.2 Mock Qs Already Solved ................................................................................................... 25
10 🎓🎓PRE-REQUISITE / PROLOGUE
- Mains GSM3-Economy Summary Handout (Airpod) will not work if you have not completed
the full length course (iphone). Full length course means
o EITHER PCB6 (Feb to May-2022) https://unacademy.com/course/mrunals-economy-
course-for-upsc-prelims-mains-2022-52/I1OWWV6Y
o OR (PCB1/2/3/4/5) + WIN (20/21/22) Free updates.
- I have not given Hindi translation for every thing here because it is already given in the full-
length handout of full-length courses.
- Unlike my other courses / youtube videos- this course’s PowerPoint may not have as many
colourful multimedia photos to spoonfeed you the basics,
- Because it is presumed that you know everything about Economy- from the full length course,
and have you’ve come here only for quality enrichment for Mains.
- In the movie Dark Knight#3, when Ra's Al Ghul (Liam Neeson) tells Batman 'there are many
forms of immortality, Bruce.’- Public need to be aware about what happened in Dark Knight#1.
10.11IMPORTANT LINKS
1. Mrunal’s Full length recorded course for Prelims and Mains (PCB6: Feb-May-2022)
2. Mrunal’s Mains PYQ Model Answer Lectures:
3. 📊📊- Mrunal Success Master (MSM)-Excel containing previous paper, analysis, syllabus, planner,
cutoff etc basic. How to use it? Is Explained in this Youtube Video
4. Give Mains Test Series with Evaluation- (It’s part of your subscription. NO EXTRA FEES
REQUIRED)

10.12ECONOMY MAINS PYQ ANALYSIS
Mrunal’s Economy: 6 Mains General Studies Paper-1-2-3 Remarks
Pillars (How many Marks)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
�1_Money Banking, 25 0 0 0 15 15 Most useful in
Finance & Insurance Prelims but less in
Mains
�2_Budget, FC, GST, 12.5 30 25 25 15 20 Second lowest
FRBM utility after 5_Infra
�3_Intl_Trade, BoP 25 0 30 0 15 15 Third lowest utility
after 2_Budget.
�4_Sectors, GDP, 25 60 50 65 55 60 Useful for both
Inflation, Microeconomics prelims and Mains.
🏗🏗5_Infrastucture 37.5 10 15 15 15 30 Lowest utility
among 6 pillars.
�6_HRD 50 40 60 75 85 45 Useful for both
prelims and Mains.
Total 175m 140m 180m 180m 200m 185m
USE �- Mrunal Success Master (MSM)-Excel containing previous paper, analysis, syllabus,
planner, cutoff etc basic. How to use it? Is Explained in this Youtube Video

11 MONEY: BARTER TO BITCOIN

11.11CRYPTOCURRENCIES

12 🐯🐯📢📢 MONETARY POLICY (मौिद्रक नी�त)

12.11.1 Monetary Policy→ SDF Window (2022)
⇒ 2013: Urjit Patel Committee on Monetary policy proposed standing deposit facility (SDF)
⇒ SDF = Clients park/deposit their extra money in RBI. RBI pays them interest. RBI doesn’t give
any collateral (unlike in REVERSE REPO). (�ायी जमा/िडपॉ�ज़ट सु�वधा = �रज़वर् ब�क के ग्राहक अपना अ�त�र�
पैसा �रज़वर् ब�क म� जमा करेगा. �रज़वर् ब�क ग्राहकों को उस िडपॉ�ज़ट के �लए �ाज देगा. �रज़वर् ब�क ग्राहक के पास �गरवी कु छ नहीं
रखेगा.)
⇒ 🤩🤩Benefit of SDF: To combat inflation → RBI can suck extra money supply via SDF window.
RBI will not have to pledge G-Sec as collateral to clients. (महँ गाई से लड़ने वा�े बाज़ार म� से पैसों क� अ�त�र�
आपू�त को चूसने/हटाने/कम करने के �लए �रज़वर् ब�क एसडीएफ़ का इ�ेमाल कर सकता है- �बना कु छ �गरवी रखे।)
⇒ 2018: RBI act amended to add SDF facility. (�रज़वर् ब�क क़ानून म� सुधार िकया गया).
12.11.2 👻👻🐯🐯🐯🐯📈📈 REPO → TLTRO, SLTRO, On-Tap Windows

12.12📢📢 👁👁👁🗨🗨 MONETARY POLICY TOOLS: A READY RECKONER TABLE
Table 1: समज म� आ गया हो तो बिढ़या है, नहीं तो रट्टा मारो �जदं ाबाद (If understood then well & good, else memorize by Rot-Learning)
Tools & Strategy? <2%CPI= Fight deflation (अप��त) >6%CPI= Fight Inflation (मुद्रा��त)
⇒ Deflation: ↑ money Easy, Cheap, Dovish, Expansionary Tight, Dear, Hawkish,
policy. Contractionary
supply, inject
आसान-स�ा �ाजदरे, �व�ारवादी तं ग- मँ हगी �ाजदरे, सं कु चनवादी
liquidity=> make loans
cheaper, ↑ consumption
⇒ Inflation: Do reverse
Reserves: CRR, SLR ↓ (Decrease) ↑ (increase)
Key Rates ↓ (Decrease) ↑ (increase) महंगाई से लड़ना है तो
(Repo, MSF, Bank रेपो दर बढ़ा दो
Rate)
↓ (Decrease) – so banks feel less ↑ (increase) : so banks feel
Quantitative
motivation to park ₹ in RBI & more motivation to park ₹ in

Reverse Repo, they become more proactive to RBI → ⏬loanable funds to
SDF give loans to people → people → ⏫loan interest rate
⏫demand → deflation fought → ⏬demand → inflation
fought
Market Ops OMO: RBI Buys G-Sec from OMO: RBI Sells G-Sec
(OMO) market.
Moral Suasion / Nudge / Force the banks to Enforce the Hawkish policy
Direct Action enforce Dovish Policy
Margin Requirement / Increase e.g. Do reverse of left cell.
Loan to Value (LTV) Gold-LTV: 60% → 90%
Qualitative Tools
↑ loan-flow to sectors that can - ↓the loan-flow to sectors

generate employment e.g. textile where speculative
→workers buying more investment is leading to
Selective Credit
→demand /consumption demand-side inflation e.g.
Control / Priority
increased →deflation fought. लोन real estate & housing.
Sector Lending (PSL)
का बहाव कु छ ऐसे �ेत्रो म� करो िक रोजगार - ↑loan-flow to sectors
�नमार्ण हो और वह सब मजदू र खरीदारी कर� where loans can ↑supply
तािक अथर्तंत्र म� मांग बढे e.g. onion farmers.
** MCQs usually confined to how can CRR,SLR,Repo & OMO be used for inflation /
deflation control. For rest of the tools you need not waste time thinking 500-jaat-ke-
combinations and Birbal-Khichdi.✋
12.13📢📢 MONETARY POLICY IN PRESENT-DAY INDIA

12.13.1 🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯Monetary Policy: May-2022 Repo⏫
⇒ RBI required to control inflation in 2-6% CPI and RBI MPC usually meets every 2-2- months.
⇒ but inflation crossed 7% (Because Russia Ukraine crisis → imported fertiliser & crude oil prices
increased etc.)
⇒ so emergency MPC meeting held → outcome → (वैसे तो हर दो महीने �मलना था लेिकन महँ गाई हद से �ादा बढ़
गयी तो आपातकालीन मीिटंग बुलायी)
⇒ Repo increased from 4% to 4.40% to combat inflation.
⇒ Automatically, as per the formula: MSF = 4.40% + 0.25% = 4.65%
⇒ Automatically, as per the formula: SDF = 4.40% - 0.25% = 4.15%
⇒ Reverse Repo Unchanged at 3.35%
⇒ Separately, RBI Governor announced to increase CRR from 4% to 4.50%. This will reduce the
loanable funds to by more than ₹85,000 crore. ⏬loanable funds→ ⏫ loan interest rate →
⏬demand/shopping → ⏬inflation. (NOTE: MPC can’t decide CRR. Only RBI Governor
alone can decide CRR.)
⇒ Stance: Accommodative but in future we will ‘withdraw’ it

🚩🚩🚩FAQ: Isn't this repo-increase a violation of the Accommodative stance announced earlier?
Ans. MPC has no legal obligation for accommodative stance. MPC has only 1 legal obligation-
control inflation in 2-6% range. अकोमोडेिटव-रवैये के िहसाब से ही काम करना होगा ऐसा क़ानूनन �प से अ�नवायर् नहीं है।)
12.13.2 🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯Monetary Policy: June-2022 Repo⏫

⇒ Repo ⏫ from 4.40% → 4.90% to fight inflation. So, MSF: 5.15%, SDF: 4.65%.
⇒ Reverse Repo Unchanged at 3.35%
⇒ Stance: Accommodative but in future we will ‘withdraw’ it. = meaning, in future, we’ll take
measures to ⏬money supply / ⏫ loan rates to combat inflation. (धीरे धीरे अकोमोडेिटव-रवैये को कम
कर�ग,े यानी िक भ�व� म� महंगाई से लड़ने के �लए हम ऐसे क़दम उठाते रह�गे जहाँ मुद्रा आपू�त कम हो/ लोन �ाज दर महंगे हो)
12.13.3 🐯🐯📢📢📈📈US Fed Tapering & Impact on India
12.13.4 🐯🐯✍ Monetary Policy: Conclusion / �न�षर्

⇒ Monetary policy plays an important role in price stability, economic growth, job creation and
social justice in any economy. But, its efficacy is low for Indian economy, because of the
aforementioned issues. (उ� कारणो के वतर्मानमे मौिद्रक नी�त मं हगाई �नयं त्रण, आ�थक वृ�द्ध, रोजगार सृजन, सामा�जक
�ाय म� मह�पूणर् भू�मका नही अदा कर पाती)
⇒ However, both RBI and Government of India have been making attempts to address it through
various reforms for fixing the bad loan/NPA problem in banking sector, developing the
infrastructure & promoting the ease of doing business, financial inclusion and less-cash
economy. (अनजर्क प�रसं प�तया, बु�नयादी अवसं रचना, �ापार म� सुगमता, �व�ीय समोवेशन, कम-नगदी वाली अथर्�व�ा के
�लए �रजवर् ब�क व सरकार ने कदम उठाए है। )

⇒ In the upcoming time, these reforms will help improving the impact of Monetary policy in
India's economic growth and human development. (इन सुधार/कदमो के चलते भ�व� मे आ�थक- वृ�द्ध, मानव
�वकास मे मौिद्रक नी�त का प्रभावी और सकारा�क असर अव� बढ़ेगा)
13 🏛🏛 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES → BANKS
13.11.1 PSB Problems and Solutions

⇒ Farmers becoming irregular in loan repayment due to expecting loan waiver before election.
⇒ Staff’s salary does not depend on the profitability → ESOP
⇒ Manpower with new skill→ Campus recruitment/lateral entry. BBB (FSIB)
⇒ Apathetic attitude towards ICT→AI,ML,PSBN Network
⇒ Not passing big loans quickly due to fear of RTI,CVC,CAG,CBI→ Staff accountability
framework
⇒ Too many small-small PSBs - economics of scale not Possible. difficult to comply with
BASEL-III recapitalization. → merger, privatization

⇒ Need to increase competition: Payment Bank, SFB, On tap license for Pvt Banks, Digital
bank, NEOBank.
⇒ Unable to cater to large infra loans→ NaBFID: National Bank for Financing Infrastructure
and Development (2011)
⇒ Shadowbanks (ILFS, DHFL) scams → RBI oversight ⬆
⇒ Cooperative banks: Politicization, casteism, poor recovery of loans, scams, money
laundering→ Ended Dual Supervision.
14 BAD LOANS / NPA

14.11🔪🔪🔪🔪NON-PERFORMING ASSETS (अनजर्क प�रसं प��यां)
- If loan principal or interest is not paid for more than 90 days from its due date, then such loan
account is classified as Non-Performing Asset (NPA). िक� जमा करने क� �नयत �त�थ/तारीख के ऊपर भी 90
िदनों से अ�धक हो चुके हो िक�ु िक� जमा नहीं क� गयी तो….
- Indian Commercial Banks’ NPA approx. ₹8 lakh crores: within that PSB (₹6 lakh cr) > private
Sector banks (₹2lakh cr)
14.12🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯 RBI “3R” FRAMEWORK FOR REVITALIZING STRESSED ASSETS (2015-19)

14.13IBC GOOD AND BAD
⇒ 🤩🤩SARFAESI- 4.3 years. IBC-330 days

⇒ 🤩🤩'behavioural changes' in corporate borrowers.
⇒ 🤩🤩More recovery of Money than SARFAESI
⇒ 😥😥Frequently amended→ like an App in "Beta-stage"
⇒ 😥😥 Legal hurdles in cross-border insolvency, group insolvency
⇒ 😥😥Suspended in Corona and now minimum default limit increased to prevent small cases.
⇒ 😥😥Cannot prevent loan scams (ICICI-Videocon) or fugitive offenders (Vijay M.)
⇒ 😥😥need to increase the number of NCLT benches, number of IP Professionals, use ICT
technology for faster case proceedings

14.13.1 ⚖🔪🔪🔪🔪:🤫🤫 IBC Pre-Packs (पद� के पीछे ज�ी से के स सुलटा लेते है!)
Figure 1: इज्ज़त क� इतनी परवाह थी, तो आप टाइम पे ही लोन चुका देते, भाई!
14.13.2 (⚖🔪🔪🔪🔪)🈶🈶🈶🈶 Cross-border Insolvency (सीमा-पार का �दवा�लयापन)
14.14(⚖🔪🔪🔪🔪)👋👋👋👋 VOLUNTARY LIQUIDATION OF COMPANIES
Liquidation is the process of shutting down a company. Two type of liquidations (प�रसमापन दो िक़�) →

14.15BAD LOAN PREVENTION / CURE – POINTERS
⇒ Geotagging of assets
⇒ AI-ML to moniter siphoning
⇒ Social media monitering of wilful defaulters
⇒ PSBN Network
⇒ Public credit registry, legal entity identifier,
⇒ DICGC 5 lakh insurance on bank deposits. But does not cover NBFC
⇒ BAD Bank (NARCL-IDRCL) setup to deal with large sized NPA
⇒ RBI is prompt corrective action framework for Banks and NBFC-Deposit Taking

⇒ BASEL-iii norms. Most of them deferred in Corona
⇒ Bank Board Bureu (BBB) / to hire a talented persons in top management public sector Financial
intermediaries→later replaced with Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB, 2022).
⇒ EASE Framework on PSBs
Eco.Survey-2015: “4R” framework Eco.Survey-2014: “4D” framework
Recognition (पहचान): of bad loans via asset Disinter(खोदकर �नकालना): "Digup graves, recover
quality review (AQR) money": using SARFAESI Act, I&B code, Sashakt
Resolution (समाधान): via Differentiate among PSB (�भ� �वहार करना):
schemes/mechanisms I&B, Project Government should recapitalize Profit Making PSB:
Sashakt while merge or privatize Loss Making PSB.
Recapitalization(पुनपू�जीकरण): for BASEL- Diversify (वै�व� लाना): Allow more number and
III norms ⇒ Indradhanush, Bank Recap variety of Banks.⇒ SFB & PyB allowed. Wholesale
Bonds & other measures: Total ₹ >3.5 lakh Bank proposed.
cr lakh crore mobilized.
Reforms(सुधार): Governance & Deregulate (�नयं त्रण मु�): Lower SLR, Promote
Administration of PSB⇒ BBB, EASE Corporate Bond market so they borrow less from
Banks e.g. Tri-Party Repo mechanism.
14.16 SHADOW BANKS/ILFS/NBFC CRISIS: POINTERS
⇒ RBI has launched 1) TLTRO and 2) special liquidity window. 3) Utkarsh-2022 framework for
stricter oversight 4) Four-tier supervision
⇒ Govt has announced 1) Partial credit guarantee upto20% loss cover for PSBs on loans given to
NBFC 2) Sp. Liquidity scheme 3) Credit Guarantee Enhancement Corporation

⇒ SFIO investigating the scam
⇒ SEBI tightened the rules on how mutual funds invest money.
⇒ ES suggested Health scorecard for NBFCs
14.16.1 ✍Conclusion TEMPLATE

 A vibrant banking/NBFC/Financial system system can support India’s growth story OR
 PSBs/NBFCs are growth levers for India.
 Inefficient PSBs/NBFCs can severely handicap the country's economic development.
 35% of Indians are in the 15-29 years age group. Majority of them live in rural areas and many of
them require education loans and business loans to progress in life.
 Therefore, aforementioned initiatives are imp in that regard/ need to be addressed on priority
basis to
o 1) Reap India’s demographic dividend and
o 2) To achieve $5 trillion economy status by 2025.
o 3) to achieve V-Shaped recovery Post-Corona

15 🗃🗃 🛒🛒SHAREMARKET- GOOD AND BAD POINTERS
⇒ 🤩🤩TREDs - helps MSME gather funds

⇒ 🤩🤩Inflation control current account deficit control ke liye sovereign gold bond, inflation
indexed bonds,
⇒ 🤩🤩Sustainable growth environment conservation ke liye- green bonds, blue bonds, social
impact bonds
⇒ 🤩🤩Transparency in election ke liye electoral bonds
⇒ 🤩🤩Infra Dev: surety bonds, elephant bonds, REITS, InVITes
⇒ 🤩🤩Disinvestment ke liye CPSE-ETF
⇒ 🤩🤩sharemarket can give better return on investment then bank fixed deposits
⇒ 🤩🤩Secondary market provides liquidity to the investors to exit from the maal bought in
primary market. This helps shifting capital from weak companies to strong companies.
⇒ 🤩🤩Entrepreneur can mobilise funds- Nyakaa Fashion E-commerce (Founer Falguni Nayar
became richest self-made woman billionaire of India).
⇒ 🤩🤩Deepening of the capital market→ Financial inclusion for poor people and capital
mobilisation for the industries/Govt. So RBI launched RDG account for retail participation
in G-Sec
⇒ 😥😥IPO-Startup Bubble collapse.Pump-and-dump of Zomato/Paytm stocks
⇒ 😥😥US Fed Tapering→ FPI exit Indian market →Bearish market. Ordinary Indians losing
money
⇒ 😥😥Social media influencers telegram channels misguiding the gullible investors in pump
and dump strategy→soln. SEBI investor Charter.
⇒ 😥😥SEBI/authorities failed to prevent NSE-Yogi scam, Algo-Trading, Insider Trading, P-
Notes tax evasion, NSEL-commodity market scam.

15.11�👬👬 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (कॉप�रेट शासन)
Figure 2: तुम मेरे पापा के दो� हो? - Cyrus Mistry.
Corporate governance is a way of directing the company to protect the interest of all stakeholders,
and ensure three types of compliance: (कं पनी �नद��शत करने का एक तरीका �जससे िहतधारकों क� र�ा हो)
Compliance Example(s)
⇒ Company obtaining Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) number as mandated
by RBI.
Legal-Regulatory
⇒ Company setting up ‘Internal Complaints Committee’ as mandated by
कानूनी-�नयामक
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition
and Redressal) Act, 2013 / “POSH Act”
⇒ Companies keeping balance sheets as per the Ind-AS accounting
Technical standards.
तकनीक� ⇒ Automobile company producing car engines as per BHARAT-Stage
emission norms.
Moral-Ethical Gillette scrapping the ad-contract with cricketer Hardik Pandya for his
नै�तक-सदाचार-पूणर् sexist comments against women on Koffee with Karan Show.
⇒ Absence of Corporate Governance leads to fraud, embezzlement (ग़बन), erosion of investors’
confidence. E.g. Satyam Computer Scandal (Chairman Ramalinga Raju manipulated account

books), Boardroom battles at Tata Group (Cyrus Mistry vs Ratan Tata) and Infosys Group
(Narayana Murthy vs Vishal Sikka fighting, 2019: whistle-blower complaint about financial
irregularities), ICICI (Boss Chanda Kochhar gave ₹3000 crore loan to Videocon company
without due-diligence, which turned NPA.)
⇒ Absence of corporate governance international examples- 1) FB selling data to Cambridge
analytical who miss used to help Donald Trump win election. 2) Volkswagen company used
cheating devices to SK pollution control on its cars. 3) Uber stonewalling rapist taxi driver police
enquiry, not installing functional panic buttons in taxi, paying politicians to prevent Pro- taxi
driver social security Insurance pension laws.
⇒ Therefore, Companies Act 2013 mandates companies to impose term limits on directors,
appoint independent directors, one person can’t become director in more than “X” number of
companies, one CA can’t audit more than “Y” number of companies, Company has to setup
whistle-blower protection (��सल�ोअर सुर�ा) mechanism, Company can’t give loan to its directors
and so forth.

16 ⚰INSURANCE PENSION
⇒ 🤩🤩LIC Disinvestment- money for government, improved corporate governance in the
company.
⇒ 🤩🤩FDI limits increased in insurance sector. Fresh capital will help improving insurance density
and penetration.
⇒ 🤩🤩Ayushman Bharat ₹5 lakh insurance for 10cr poor families.

⇒ 😥😥Ayushman Bharat - operational challenges: Doctor to patient ratio, availability of hospital
and transport, West Bengal not implementing it, funding insufficient
⇒ 😥😥Non-BJP States existing NPS for Govt employees. Government employees demanding old
pension scheme. Minimum investment return assurance required
⇒ 😰😰PM-Fasal Bima operational issues discouraging the farmers and states to adopt it
⇒ 😥😥Gig workers denied ESIC/EPFO coverage
⇒ 😰😰EPFO not giving good return on investment

⇒ 😥😥 Corona losses of insurance companies→Affordability of insurance products for middle class
17 (��:💰💰)→💳💳FINANCIAL INCLUSION (�व�ीय समोवेशन)
⇒ Financial Inclusion: providing access to banking, investment, pension, insurance and credit
(loan) facilities to each citizen. This ensures social, economic and transaction security (लेनदेन म�
सुर�ा) (S-E-T), improves social harmony, women empowerment, helps reaping the benefit of
“LESS CASH Economy” (📑📑Ref: Handout#1A1) सभी नाग�रकों को ब�िकंग, �नवेश, प�शन, बीमा और ऋण क� सेवा
प्रदान करना= उसे �व�ीय समोवेशन कहेते है
⇒ Social Security (सामा�जक सुर�ा): a system of payments / assistance by the government to citizens
who are ill, handicapped, poor, aged or unemployed. (बीमार, �वकलांग, गरीब, वृद्ध या बेरोजगार को आ�थक
मदद करना)
o The foundation of SS in our constitution @DPSP Article 41- State to provide public
assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement; and
o DPSP Article 42- The State shall make provision for securing just and humane
conditions of work and for maternity relief. (राजनी�तक पथदशर्क �सद्धांतों म� �जक्र)
⇒ Social Justice (सामा�जक �ाय): distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a
society- through reservation in jobs, admissions and election and through legal safeguards for
protection of civil rights, prevention of atrocity and personnel laws. (समाज के �व�भ� जाती/वग� म�
आर�ण चुनाव तथा कानूनन अ�धकारों द्वारा सं प��, अवसरों और �वशेषा�धकारों का �वतरण= उसे समा�जक �ाय कहेते है)
⇒ Collectively, these three (FI,SS,SJ) help in human development, inclusive economic growth and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). (More in 📑📑Pillar#6) [कु ल �मलाकर �व�ीय समावेशन, सामा�जक
सुर�ा और सामा�जक �ाय इन तीनों क� मदद से मानव-�वकास,समावेशी आ�थक वृ�द्ध, और सतत् �वकास ल�ों को हां�सल करने मे
हम� मदद होगी]
⇒ 🤩🤩2015: PM-JDY (“JAM”). PMJDY/DBT: PVT market will develop where it doesn’t exist
@present. (Pizza delivery in rurban areas.)

⇒ 😥😥EPFO & Small saving schemes' interest rate decreased by government due to resource
constrain.
⇒ 😥😥Mudra Loan, PM-Svanidhi-Street vendor loan : NPA ⬆
⇒ 😥😥Chit fund Ponzi scam / PMC-Bank scam victims are still awaiting justice
⇒ 😥😥Farm loan waivers making the farmers careless and indiscipline in loan repayment
18 LAST 10 YRS ECO-SURVEY: ON MONEY-BANKING-FINANCE-

INSURANCE (2012-22)
⇒ 2012: Inflation⏫ → Financial inclusion became necessary to ⏬. Gold rush (apart from
Custom & import restrictions), RG Equity savings scheme, Inflation indexed Bonds (IIBs)
⇒ 2013: Justice BN Srikrishna’s FSLRC: suggested new bodies such as PDMA (RBI opposed),
FDRI/Resolution Corp (Bill withdrawn).
⇒ 2014: SLR+PSL= seen as a cause of fiscal repression. NPA gains more attention. To fix NPA: 4D
Reforms: deregulate, differentiate (all PSBs not viable), diversify (PB, SFB), and disinter (DRT
and SARFAESI strengthen).
⇒ 2015: PM-JDY (“JAM”). PMJDY/DBT: PVT market will develop where it doesn’t exist @present.
(Pizza delivery in rurban areas.)
⇒ 2015: NPA→ TBS. 4R: Recognition, Recapitalization, Resolution, and Reform. [Last years’ ideas
repeated but have to keep the pressure on, till they’re implemented.] New types of Banks:
Payment Bank, SFB.
⇒ 2016-17: MPC-Rate cuts not reflected in retail loans (Meaning Base-Rate/MCLR ineffective, later
Urjit will replace it with “External Benchmark”). NPA-RBI initiatives fail. I&B code passed. ES
suggested PARA (Bad Bank). RBI should give higher dividend to govt for BASEL-
Recapitalization.
⇒ 2016: Chakravyuh Challenge → socialism with restricted entry to “marketism” without exit →
ES 2021 talks about voluntary liquidation problems → Budget-2021 promises C-PACE org.
⇒ 2019: Financial fragility in the NBFC, ILFS scam & shadow banks. American Sebi has 15 times
more staff than Indian SEBI. Need to issue Health Report Score Card of NBFCs.
⇒ 2019: Golden jubilee of bank nationalisation: To ⏬ NPAs: artificial intelligence and machine
learning, GPS-tagging, social media monitoring of willful defaulters, set up a public sector bank
network (PSBN). To boost the quality of manpower in PSBs: i) lateral entry, Direct campus
recruitment ii) employee stock option (ESOP)
⇒ 2020: Regulatory Forbearance- an emergency medicine, should not become staple diet. After the
TBS when RBI had relaxed the AQR/provisioning, bankers engaged in zombie landing end
windowdressing ultimately NPA increased. Avoid same mistakes after Corona
⇒ 2020: JAY Ho! PM‘JAY’ Adoption and Health outcomes: Health indicators of West Bengal
presidents are lower than that of Assam and Bihar because West Bengal has not adopted the PM-
JAY 5 lakh health insurance scheme. So, Bengali poor patients do not frequently visit the

government hospitals so they are not aware about health, nutrition, HIV, contraceptives, family
planning et cetera.
⇒ 2021-22: appreciated RBI monetary policies for post Corona revival. Apprehensions about the
US Fed tapering. 2) Bank NPA is decreasing, profitability increasing, Bad Bank (NARCL-
IDRCL) setup, need for adopting the UNICITRAL model law for cross-border insolvency. 3)
large number of IPOs.
⇒ ��Budget-2022: CBDC, 30% Tax on Bitcoins, CBS for Post Office, C-PACE for faster
voluntarily liquidation.
⇒ Insurance: usual concerns over low Penetration and density.
19 �MOCKS AND SELECTED PYQS

19.11.1 �HOMEWORK From Public Administration PYQ
1) “Monetary policy of a country can help or hinder its development process."
Discuss.(PubAd_P2_2018)
2) Justify the budgetary support to nationalized banks to overcome the challanges faced by
them.(PubAD_P2_2016)
3) The strategy to deal with the non-performing assets of banks may lead to overburdened
taxpayers. Examine the role of government to protect the interests of both.(PubAD_P2_2019)
4) Accountability of financial sector regulatory bodies would address the problem of over-
regulators and help make them truly facilitators. Analyze the present status of regulators and
suggest measures to induce accountability in the mechanism.(PubAD_P2_2019)
5) “Financial inclusion needs legal backing but it also requires increasing awareness for it to
become a reality.” Discuss.(PubAD_P2_2018)
19.11.2 �Mock Qs Already Solved

These are already solved/covered in my full length course so kindly go through that.
1) (GSM1-2021) What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been
affecting Indian society also? (Answer in 250 words) िक्र�ोकर�सी �ा है ? वै��क समाज को यह कै से प्रभा�वत
1A1 करती है ? �ा यह भारतीय समाज को भी प्रभा�वत कर रही है ?
2) (GSM3) Examine critically, the charms and challenges of Central Bank Digital Currency
(CBDC) initiatives for Indian monetary system. भारतीय मौिद्रक प्रणाली के �लए, ‘क� द्रीय ब�क िड�जटल मुद्रा’ क�
1A1 पहल के आकषर्ण और चुनौ�तयों क� समी�ा क��जए (250 words)
3) (GSM3) “While regulatory clearance to cryptocurrencies can open Pandora’s box, the
underlying blockchain technology holds panacea for various areas of governance and
economy”. Explain in context of India. िक्र�ो मुद्रा को अनुम�त देने से �वनाश क� प�र��त का �नमार्ण, िक�ु
1A1 अंतर्�निहत �ॉकचेन टे�ोलॉजी प्रशासन और अथर्तंत्र के �लए रामबाण इलाज बन सकती है. (250 words)
4) (GSM3) Explain these two terms with respect to ‘less cash economy’ (‘कम नगदी वाले अथर्तंत्र’ के
1A1 प�रपे� मे): (1) MDR (2) Interoperability. (150 words)

5) (GSM3) “E-rupi increases the efficacy of Direct-Benefit Transfer by making the entitlement
more targeted and leak-proof.” Substantiate/Elucidate. (ई-�पी पात्रता को अ�धक ल��त और �रसाव-मु�
1A1 बनाकर प्र��-लाभ अंतरण क� प्रभावका�रता को बढ़ाता है. उदाहरण द्वारा सा�बत क��जए)
1A1 6) (GSM3: Science-Tech) Write Short Notes on 1) Non-Fungible Tokens 2) Fastag (150 words)
1) "Monetary policy is both a catalyst and an impediment to India's growth story." Examine
critically. “भारत क� �वकास-गाथा म� मौिद्रक नी�त एक उद्दीपक भी है और एक अवरोधक भी है।" इस कथन क� समी�ा
1A2 क��जए।
2) “Monetary policy is a useful medicine, but NOT panacea for economic growth”. Comment
1A2 in context of India. “आ�थक �वकास के �लए, मौिद्रक नी�त एक उपयोगी दवा है, लेिकन रामबाण नहीं”.
3) Discuss the significance of Monetary policy in India's economic growth and human
1A2 development. भारत क� आ�थक वृ�द्ध और मानव �वकास म� मौिद्रक नी�त के मह� पर चचार् कर�.
4) Give an account of the steps undertaken by RBI to revive the Indian economy from Corona
pandemic. कोरोना महामारी से भारतीय अथर्�व�ा को पुनज��वत करने के �लए आरबीआई द्वारा उठाए गए कदमो का �ववरण
1A2 दी�जए।
5) Enumerate the steps taken by the RBI under the Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiative. आ��नभर्र
1A2 भारत अ�भयान के अंतगर्त आरबीआई द्वारा उठाए गए कदमो क� सूची दी�जए।
1A2 6) Write short notes on 1) Operation Twist 2) G-SAP
1. “Discuss the evolution / structure / function / objective of Payment bank/RRB etc”= This is
a too simplistic Mains Question for UPSC. These institutions have to be seen in the context of
GDP/Economic Growth, Investment/NPA-Bad loans, Inclusive growth/Financial Inclusion.
So, indirectly you may use’em as fodder points in such questions. (इस प्रकार के सामा� प्र� नहीं पूछे
1B1 जाते यूपीएससी मु� परी�ा म�)
2. “Suggest reforms for public sector bank, discussion their success after nationalization” etc. =
Those topics are still half-finished until we study Pillar#1B2: Bad loans, BASEL and other
burning issues in the banking sector. (सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�को म� सुधार िक चचार् क��जए ये मुद्दा अभी हमने पूरा नहीं
1B1 पढ़ा �ोंिक िदवा�लयापन क� सम�ा के बारे म� अगले Pillar#1b2 म� और पढ़ाई होगी)
1. After 50 years of nationalization, the Public Sector Banks are lagging behind private sector
banks in majority of the performance indicators. Suggest remedies in this regard. रा��ीयकरण के 50
1B2 वष� के बाद, सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�क प्रदशर्न सं केतकों के �नजी �ेत्र के ब�कों से पीछे ह�। इस सं बंध म� उपाय सुझाएं
2. Explain the significance of governance reforms in Public Sector Banks (PSBs) for India’s
1B2 economic growth. भारत के आ�थक �वकास के सं बंध म� सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र के ब�कों म� शासन सुधारों के मह� को समझाइए.
3. Suggest the ways in which information-technology can be utilized for combating the NPA in
1B2 Indian economy. अनजर्क प�रस��तयों से �नपटने के �लए सुचना प्रौद्यो�गक� कै से मदद कर सकती है?
4. What is “Twin Balancesheet Syndrome”? Enumerate steps taken by RBI to resolve it. "दोहरे
1B2 तुलनपत्र क� सम�ा" �ा है? इसके हल के �लए भारतीय �रज़वर् ब�क द्वारा उठाए कदमों क� सू�च दी�जए.
5. “While Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code doesn’t fully cure the Twin Balance sheet Syndrome,
it certainly helps alleviating the pain.” Elaborate. "हालांिक शोधन-अ�मता एवं िदवा�लयापन सं िहता भारत के
दोहरे तुलनपत्र क� सम�ा को पूरी तरह से ठीक नहीं करता है, लेिकन यह �न��त �प से ददर् को कम करने म� मदद करता है."
1B2 �व�ृत क��जए.

6. With respect to India’s financial stability, explain significance of (i) PCA framework (ii)
BASEL-III Norms (iii) Public Credit Registry. भारत क� �व�ीय ��रता के सं बंध म� इ�े समझाइए: (i) पीसीए
1B2 ढांचा (ii) बेसल-III मानदंड (iii) ऋण क� सावर्ज�नक र�ज��ी
7. Why are shadow banks considered to be a threat to the Indian economy? Discuss the
reforms undertaken by the authorities to address this challenge. प्र�तछाया ब�कों को भारतीय अथर्�व�ा
1B2 के �लए खतरा �ों माना जाता है? इस अनुसंधान मे �लए गए सुधारों पर चचार् कर�।
8. Justify the rationale behind Govt’s decision to setup a Bad Bank, despite the existence of IBC
Code and SARFAESI Act. How will this proposed bad bank alleviate the pain of NPA? (आईबीसी
कोड और सरफे सी अ�ध�नयम के अ�� के बावजूद, एक बैड ब�क �ा�पत करने के सरकार के �नणर्य के पीछे के तकर् का औ�च�
1B2 सा�बत कर�। यह प्र�ा�वत बैड ब�क कै से एनपीए का ददर् कम करेगा ?)
1) (GSM2-2015) In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in
corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability. स�म �� डल (2009) पश्�ात पारद�शता,
1C जवाबदेही सु�न��त करने के �लए कॉप�रेट प्रशासन म� लाए गए बदलावों पर चचार् कर�।
2) (GSM3-2015) Craze for gold in Indians have led to a surge in import of gold in recent years
and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine
the merits of Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme and Inflation Indexed Bonds (IIB). भारतीयों म� सोने के
�लए सनक के चलते हाल के वष� म� सोने के आयात म� वृ�द्ध और भुगतान के सं तुलन और �पये के बाहरी मू� पर दबाव बढ़ा है। इसे
देखते �ए, सं प्रभु �णर् बॉ� ��म और मुद्रा��त सूचकांिकत बांड क� खू�बयों क� जांच कर�।सं तुलन और �पये के बाहरी मू� पर
1C दबाव डाला है। इसे देखते �ए, सं प्रभु �णर् बॉ� ��म और मुद्रा��त सूचकांिकत बांड क� खू�बयों क� जांच कर� ।
3) "Just as good governance is necessary for vibrant Indian democracy, corporate governance
is necessary for vibrant Indian economy." elaborate. "�जस प्रकार जीवं त भारतीय लोकतं त्र के �लए सुशासन
1C आव�क है, उसी प्रकार जीवं त भारतीय अथर्�व�ा के �लए कॉप�रेट शासन आव�क है।"
4) Discuss the significance of deepening the capital market to resolve the Twin Balance sheet
Syndrome (TBS) in Indian Economy. दोहरे तुलन पत्र क� चुनौती को हल करने के �लए पूंजी बाजार को गहरा करने के
1C मह� पर चचार् कर�।
5) Discuss the significance of the Securities Market Code and Investors Charter in deepening
the capital market of India. भारत के पूंजी बाजार को गहरा करने म� प्र�तभू�त बाजार सं िहता और �नवेशक अ�धकारपत्र के
1C मह� पर चचार् कर�।
6) Why are Indian financial regulators apprehensive about (1) P-Notes (2) Cryptocurrencies?
1C भारतीय �व�ीय �नयामक (1) पी-नोट्स (2) िक्र�ोकर�सी से आशं िकत �ों ह�?
1. Explain the significance of financial inclusion & social security for achievement of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) for India. भारत के �लए सतत �वकास ल�ों क� प्रा�� के �लए �व�ीय
1D समावेशन और सामा�जक सुर�ा के मह� को समझाएं । Note: SDG-topic is unfinished until we learn Pillar6.
2. Discuss the significance of crop insurance and health insurance in eradication of rural
poverty. Enumerate the notable initiatives of the Government in this regard. ग्रामीण गरीबी उ�ूलन म�
1D फसल बीमा और �ा� बीमा के मह� पर चचार् कर�। इस सं बंध म� सरकार क� उ�ेखनीय कदमो क� सू�च दी�जए.
3. How is Ayushman Bharat-PM-JAY is different from the previous centrally sponsored
schemes on health insurance? Identify the fiscal and administrative challenges in its
implementation. रा��ीय �ा� सं र�ण �मशन इससे पूवर् क� क� द्र सरकार द्वारा प्रायो�जत योजानाओसे अलग कै से है? �व�ीय
1D व् प्रशास�नक चुनौ�तयो को �च��त क��जए.

4. Discuss in the need for enhancing participation of domestic and foreign players in insurance
sector of India. Enumerate steps taken by Government in this regard. (भारतीय बीमा �ेत्र म� घरेलू और
1D �वदेशी �खलािड़ओ क� भागीदारी बढ़ाने क� आव�कता पर चचार् कर�। इस सं बंध म� सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों क� सू�च दी�जए)
5. (Asked in Mains-2016) Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for
bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial
inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion.
प्रधान मं त्री जन-धन योजना (पीएमजेडीवाई) ब�िकंग से वं �चत लोगो को सं �ागत �व� /ऋण के दायरे म� लाने के �लए आव�क है।
1D �ा आप भारतीय समाज के गरीब वगर् के �व�ीय समावेशन के �लए इससे सहमत ह�? अपनी राय को सही ठहराने के �लए तकर् द�।
6. Discuss in the brief, the reforms ushered by �ATMANIRBHAR package in providing
1D ‘ease of credit’. (आ� �नभर्र पैकेज द्वारा 'ऋण म� आसानी' के हेतु से िकए गए सुधारो के मह� क� चचार् करे ।)
7. Critically examine the need and feasibility of providing agriculture-debt waiver to small and
1D marginal farmers of India. कजार् माफ� देने क� ज�रत और �वहा�रकता पर गं भीर समी�ा क��जए
8. (Asked in Mains-2020) “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset
creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups
in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. ("सू�-�व� एक
गरीबी-रोधी िटका है जो भारत म� ग्रामीण द�रद्र क� प�रसं प�� नमार्ण और आयसुर�ा के �लए ल��त है". �यं सहायता समूहों क�
भू�मका का मू�ांकन ग्रामीण भारत म� मिहलाओं के सश��करण के साथ साथ उपरो� दोहरे उद्दे�ों के �लए क��जए )
1D Answered in FREE sp.classes
9. (Asked in Mains-2021) Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition
be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150
words) [ �ा ल��गक असमानता, गरीबी और कु पोषण के दुष्चक्र को मिहलाओं को �यं सहायता समूहों को सू� �व�
1D (माइक्रोफाइने�) प्रदान करके तोड़ा जा सकता है ? सोदाहरण �� क��जए। ] Answered in FREE sp.classes
NEXT Handout: Pillar2: Budget Taxation GST FC Disinvestment FRBM Deficit etc.

Budget Taxation FRBM
Contents
20 Pre-requisite / Prologue (इसको पढ़ने से पहले पूवर् शरत क्या है) .................................................................... 29
21 � Fiscal Policy (राजकोषीय नीित): INTRO ............................................................................................ 30
21.11 Fiscal Federalism Challenge ....................................................................................................... 31
21.12 �� Budget .............................................................................................................................. 32
21.13 �� Direct Taxes .................................................................................................................... 32
21.14 Direct Tax: Challenges / Why Collection is Low? .................................................................. 33
22 GST ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
23 Finance Commission ........................................................................................................................... 36
23.11 �15th FC Grants: PRI / ULB ........................................................................................................ 38
24 Subsidies & Revdi Culture .................................................................................................................. 40
25 Disinvestment ....................................................................................................................................... 42
26 Resource Mobilization......................................................................................................................... 43
27 Deficit ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
27.11 Gender Budgeting........................................................................................................................ 47
28 Last 10 Years Economic Survey Observations (2012-22) .............................................................. 48
29 Mains Questions ................................................................................................................................... 50
29.11 Mains- PubAD ke Handpicked for GS ..................................................................................... 50
29.12 Mains-Mock Questions and PYQs from GS ........................................................................... 50
20 🎓🎓PRE-REQUISITE / PROLOGUE (इसको पढ़ने से पहले पूवर् शरत �ा है)

- Pre-requisite Already told in Mains Airpods-Handout#1. (पूवर् शरत म� पहले ही बता चुका �ँ )
forms of immortality, Bruce.’- then, Public need to be aware about what happened in Dark
Knight#1. It’s not director Christopher Nolan’s responsibility to give flashback every time.
Mrunal Mains Airpod2: GSM3- Budget Taxation FRBM → Page 29

21 💼💼 FISCAL POLICY (राजकोषीय नी�त): INTRO

21.11FISCAL FEDERALISM CHALLENGE

21.12💼💼💼💼 BUDGET
21.13🍋🍋🍋🍋 DIRECT TAXES

21.14DIRECT TAX: CHALLENGES / WHY COLLECTION IS LOW?
(DATA) Our present Tax: GDP is 10%. Other nations in similar development level, hv >20%. WHY?

22 GST

Further GK/factoids about GST Council, which taxes got subsumed GST ke pros-cons etc is
adequately explained in the full length handout.

23 FINANCE COMMISSION

23.11🕵🕵15TH FC GRANTS: PRI / ULB

FC has given many other recommendations. Refer to Full Handout.
24 SUBSIDIES & REVDI CULTURE

25 DISINVESTMENT

26 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

27 DEFICIT

27.11GENDER BUDGETING
PART A: 100% Women Specific Program PART B: 30% Women Specific Program
- Edu: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Prime Minister's - Edu: Mid Day Meals in Schools / PM
Girls' Hostel, DISHA Programme for women in POSHAN, Samagra Shiksha,
science, Nai Roshni : Leadership Development of - Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Sakshrta
Minority Women Abhiyan
- Maternity: Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana - Insurance, Pension: Ayushman, NSOAP
Yojana, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) etc. - INFRA: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
- SAFETY: Nirbhaya Fund, Anti Human Swachh Bharat Mission
Trafficking Units, Mahila Shakti Kendra, Swadhar - Jobs: Deendayal Antodya Yojana -
Greh, Ujjawala National Rural / Urban Livelihoods Mission
- Soft Diplomacy: 1) low cost Sanitary Pads in (DAY-NULM), MGNREGA, Textiles Sector
Ethiopia 2) Sewing machines to Zimbabwe 3) Schemes
Afghan Women Army cadets Training AND MORE…
- National Commission for Women
AND MORE…
Total: ₹26 Kcr (��Budget-2022) Total: 1.44 Lcr (��Budget-2022)
• Then depending on the requirement of the question, you have to logically articulate:

• How above schemes are awesome and help in Women development.
• How despite above initiatives data is pathetic e.g. gender Gap report, labour force participation
rate et cetera and therefore more needs to be done for SDG Goals.
28 LAST 10 YEARS ECONOMIC SURVEY OBSERVATIONS (2012-22)
Vodafone-CGT Case @SC 2012

Undisclosed Foreign Income & Assets Act 2015
Benami Transactions Prohibition Act 2016
Google Tax 2016
Demonetisation Nov 2016
Demonetization 8 Nov 2016
Direct Tax Code (DTC) Task Force 2017
GAAR 1 Apr 2017
GST starts 1 Jul 2017
Corporation Tax ⏬ (25-30% → 15-22%) 2019
PM CARES Fund 2020
Vivad se Vishwas Scheme for Direct Taxes 2020
DIVIDEND DISTRIBUTION TAX abolished 2020
Income tax: Optional Slab 2020
15th FC 1 Apr 2020
Tax Payers' Charter Aug 2020
Global Minimum Tax 2021
⇒ 2012: Suggested GST, DTC as game changer. Diesel deregulation starts, Suggested LPG subsidy
capping @9 cylinders but opposition so 12 cylinders continued. Broaden the tax ‘base’ rather
than raising the rates. (Laffer curve)-> 2017: Trump & Modi both.
⇒ 2013: Vodafone, Nokia, Tax litigations, “economic policy uncertainty”.
⇒ 2014: 14th FC more ₹ to states, so plan expenditure decline justified → FY18: plan+non merger.
⇒ 2014: Economic Survey starts Two volumes structure Inspired from IMF world economic
outlook
⇒ 2015: Fiscal capacity challenges. “Bounties of the well-off”=⏬ income tax deduction given to
upper middle class, ⏫taxes on gold, State Govt shd levy agriculture income tax on rich farmer.
Suggested cross-subsidization in household electricity. Suggested JAM not always beneficial,
sometimes BAPU.

⇒ 2016-17: Demonetization justified using soil rate. However, Tax assesses↑ vs. Reported income is
low. Need to add Agriculture income tax. Short term benefit long term benefits. RBI should give
more dividend to Govt.
⇒ 2016-17: GST: compliance issues. Fiscal stimulus → results in inflation and depreciation of ₹ so
avoid. Sometimes JAM/BAPU not helpful. Suggested UBI
⇒ 2017: Fiscal federalism challenges: State government and local bodies under-collect direct taxes
relative to their constitutional powers of taxation → inadequate service delivery provision →
“exit” of middle class and rich persons (keeping children in private schools, reliance on private
water tanker, private diesel generator etc): → 😰😰1) citizens do not feel the need for paying the
taxes as they are not getting commensurate services → black money. 😰😰2) State governments
and local bodies increasingly depend on union government for tax devolution and grants.
⇒ 2018: Behavioural Economics to improve tax collection and to decrease the subsidy bill.
⇒ 2019: British prime minister Margaret Thatcher in Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee privatized
the government companies → those companies profitability ⏫ so privatization necessary for

wealth creation. (AtmaNirbhar: Government implements this via exit from ‘non-strategic
sectors’) 2) suggested Singapore model for disinvestment through a holding company.
⇒ 2020: justified the need for countercyclical fiscal policy: 1) Ricardo not valid for Indian context
2) Foreign rating agencies are biased. India’s Sovereign Credit Rating doesn’t reflect its
Fundamentals? 3) Interest Rate Growth differential (IRGD): Does Growth lead to Debt
Sustainability? Yes, But Not Vice- Versa!
⇒ 2021: Tax ombudsman suggested.
⇒ 2021-22: tax collection bouncing back, good income from RBI dividend and LIC disinvestment
so enough fiscal space for running the schemes
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: update tax return form to fix errors within two years. ⏬tax on
cooperatives. Extended the schemes for start-ups tax holiday, but nothing for middle-class. Fiscal
Deficit etc matter covered in Youtube.
⇒ 2022-Mid: PM Criticises Revdi/Freebie culture. India’s Union Plus State Total Tax: GDP- less
than 20% whereas in USA-UK: >30%, Netherlands Sweden:>40% yet state governments running
many freebie schemes e.g. Punjab government’s to give 300 units of free power to every
household. Sri Lanka like economic crisis possible, if this is not stopped.
⇒ 2022-Mid: Fiscal prudence/austerity measures- FinMin’s Expenditure Department said it is not
advisable to continue Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY- free ration to
poor people) beyond its present extension (till September) on “food security (FCI godowns will
get empty) and fiscal grounds (Govt funds will get empty)”.

29 MAINS QUESTIONS
29.11MAINS- PUBAD KE HANDPICKED FOR GS

1) Examine the role of the Finance Ministry of the Union Government in designing and
implementing monetary and fiscal policies.(PubAd 2009)
2) The Budget is more than the economic horoscope of the nation '. Comment. (PubAd 2008)
3) Budget is an indicator of financial health of a country which is reflected in the statement of
income and expenditure. Discuss. (PubAd 2020)
4) The main problem of Centre-State relations in India is bottlenecks in fiscal federalism.
Comment.(PubAd 2006)
5) Discuss the need for Tax-Reforms of the post liberalization era- with special attention on the
Direct Tax reforms. (PubAd 2019)
6) The initiative of the Income Tax Department on disclosure of black money has had a mixed
response.” Give suggestions for tackling this complex problem. (PubAd 2016)
7) The Finance Commission in India performs the job of staticstical aggregation.
Comment.(PubAd 2013)
8) Comment on the recent changes in the approach and methodology of devolution of transfer of
funds from the Union to the States. (PubAd 2015)
9) Performance grants devolved by the Finance Commission of India have increased the Financial
accountability of the local bodies. Elaborate. (PubAd 2019)
10) “Public Borrowing produces variety of effects on the economy.” Examine. (PubAd 2016)
29.12MAINS-MOCK QUESTIONS AND PYQS FROM GS

1. (Asked in GSM3-2018) Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the
Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union
Budget for 2018. कें द्रीय बजट 2018 के दीघर्कािलक पूंजीगत कर (एलसीजीटी) और लाभांश िवतरण कर (डीडीटी) के संबंध में
पेश िकए गए महत्वपूणर् प�रवतर्नों पर िटप्पणी करें । → �Note we NEED not prepare answer since >D-2
2A2 YEARS SPAN. Q given is only for observation.
2. (Asked in GSM2-2017) Explain the salient features of the constitution (One Hundred and
First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect
of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and services’? १०१ वे संिवधािनक
संशोधन अिधिनयम, 2016 क� मख्ु य िवशेषताओ ं को स्प� करें । क्या िक करों के सोपानी प्रभाव को हटाने और आम राष्ट्रीय बाजार
2A2 बनाने के िलए यह पयार्��प से प्रभावकारी है?
3. (Asked in GSM3-2019) Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the
Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the
GST introduced in India since July 2017. (उन अप्रत्य� करों को िगनाइए जो भारत में वस्तु एवं सेवा कर में सिम्मिलत
2A2 िकये गए हैं | भारत में जुलाई २०१७ से िक्रयािन्वत (जी. एस. टी) के राजस्व िनिहताथ� पर भी िटपण्णी क�िजए |)
4. (Asked in GSM3-2020)Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax
(Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impacted the GST compensation
2A2 fund and created new federal tensions? (वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (राज्यों को �ितपूितर्) अिधिनयम, 2017 के तकार्धार क�

व्याख्या क�िजए, कोिवद-19 ने कै से वस्तु एवं सेवा कर �ितपूितर् िनिध (जी.एस.टी.कॉम्पेन्सेशन फन्ड) को प्रभािवत और नये संघीय
तनावों को उत्पन्न िकया है?)
5. Examine critically the apprehensions surrounding the GST compensation to the States.
What measures have been taken by the Union Government in this regard. (राज्यों को जीएसटी मुआवजे
2A2 देने संबंिधत आशंकाओ ं क� जांच करें । इस में कें द्र सरकार द्वारा क्या उपाय िकए गए हैं?)
6. “Is GST a boon or a bane?” examine critically from State governments’ perspective. "क्या
2A2 जीएसटी एक वरदान या अिभशाप है?" राज्य सरकारों के �ि�कोण से गंभीर �प से जांच करें ।
2A2 7. “Is GST a boon or a bane?” examine critically from the small traders’ perspective. छोटे व्यापारी
8. With respect to ease of doing business in India, discuss the importance of following (1) E-
Way Bill System (2) Authority for Advance Ruling. भारत में व्यापार करने में आसानी के संबंध में, िनम्निलिखत के
2A2 महत्व पर चचार् करें (1) ई-वे िबल प्रणाली (2) अिग्रम फै सलों के िलए प्रािधकरण
1. (GSM2-2021) How have the recommendations of the 14th FC enabled the States to improve
their fiscal position? [भारत के 14वें िव� आयोग क� संस्तुितयों ने राज्यों को अपनी राजकोषीय िस्थित सुधारने में कै से स�म
2B िकया है ?]
2. What are the terms of reference of the 15th Finance Commission? Why were some state
governments apprehensive about them? १५वें िव� आयोग के िवचाराथर् िवषय क्या है? कुछ राज्य इस िवषयमें
2B आशंकावान क्यों?
3. Compare and contrast the horizontal tax devolution approaches of 14th FC vs 15th FC �ेितज
2B कर अंतरण के िसध्द्धांतों मे 14वा और 15वे िव�आयोग क� समानता व िभन्नता क� तुलना क�िजए
2B 4. Enumerate the grants suggested by 15th FC for 2020-21. अनुदानों क� सूची दीिजए।
5. “The constitution of GST Council has reduced the role of Finance Commission as the
balancing wheel of fiscal federalism in India.” Do you agree? Justify your stand. "जीएसटी प�रषद के
गठन ने िव� आयोग क� भारत में राजकोषीय संघवाद के संतुलन में भिू मका को कम कर िदया है।" क्या आप सहमत हैं? अपने तकर् को
2B उिचत ठहराएं।
6. Examine critically the merits of giving a permanent status to the finance commission. िव�
2B आयोग को स्थायी दजार् देने (के सुझाव) क� योग्यता क� गंभीर समी�ा क�िजए.
1. (GSM3-2021) Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money
laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national
and international levels. चचार् क�िजए िक िकस प्रकार उभरती प्रोध्योिगिकयाँ और वै�ीकरण मनी लॉिन्ड्रंग क� समस्या में
2B योगदान देते है। इनसे िनपटने के िलए राष्ट्रीय व वैि�क स्तर पे उपायों को िवस्तृत क�िजए।
2. (Asked in GSM3-2013) Money laundering poses a serious threat to country’s economic
sovereignty. What steps are required to be taken to control this menace? मनी लॉिन्ड्रंग देश क� आिथर्क
2B संप्रभतु ा के िलए एक गंभीर खतरा है। इस खतरे को िनयंित्रत करने के िलए क्या कदम उठाए जाने क� आवश्यकता है?
3. What is retrospective taxation? Discuss provisions in Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act,
2021 in this regard. (पूवर्प्रभावी/भतू ल�ी कराधान क्या है? इस संबंध में कराधान संशोधन क़ानून 2021 में क्या प्रावधान िकए
2B गए हैं?)
4. Despite being a trillion dollar economy, India's tax to GDP is quite low. Suggest ways to
remedy this contrast. (िट्रिलयन डॉलर क� अथर्व्यवस्था होने के बावजूद, भारत का कर:जीडीपी अनुपात काफ� कम। इस
2B िवषमता को हल करने के उपाय सुझाए).

5. Discuss the significance of taxpayers charter & tax ombudsman in the tax administration of
2B India. (भारत के कर-प्रबंधन में करदाताओ ं के अिधकार पत्र और कर-लोकप्रहरी/िशकायत िनवारण अिधकारी के महत्व क� चचार्)
6. Discuss the rationale behind introduction of a global minimum tax. How will it help
2B countries like India? (वैि�क न्यूनतम कर क� श�
ु आत के पीछे तकर् पर चचार् करें । यह भारत जैसे देशों क� कै से मदद करे गा?)
1) (GSM3-2021) Distinguish between capital budget and revenue budget. Explain the
components of both these Budgets. (पूँजी बजट तथा राजस्व बजट के मध्य अन्तर स्प� क�िजए। इनके संघटकों को
2D समझाइए।) Ans. Solved in Free Sp. Class
2) (Asked in GSM3-2013) What are the reasons for introduction of Fiscal responsibility and
Budget Management (FRBM) act, 2003? Discuss critically its salient features and their
effectiveness. राजकोषीय उ�रदाियत्व और बजट प्रबंधन (FRBM) अिधिनयम, 2003 को लागु करने का क्या कारण है? इसक�
ु िवशेषताओ ं और उनक� प्रभावशीलता पर गंभीर �प से चचार् करें .
2D प्रमख
3) (Asked in GSM3-2016) Discuss the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the
2D Indian context? भारतीय संदभर् में िलंग बजट क� आवश्यकताएं और िस्थित चचार् क�िजए.
4) (Asked in GSM3-2019) public expenditure management is a challenge to the govt of India
in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (उ�र-उदारीकरण
2D अविध के दौरान, बजट िनमार्ण के सदं भर् में, लोक व्यय प्रबधं न भारत सरकार के सम� एक चनु ौती है | इसको स्प� क�िजए)
5) Examine critically the apprehensions surrounding the issue of Union Government’s
external borrowing in external currency. कें द्र सरकार के िवदेशी ऋण को िवदेशी मद्रु ा में जुटाने के मसले के साथ जुडी
2D आशंकाओ ं क� समी�ा क�िजए.
6) Discuss the need of setting up an independent fiscal council in India. (एक स्वतंत्र राजकोषीय प�रषद
2D स्थािपत करने क� आवश्यकता पर चचार् करें )
7) Discuss the need and significance of Countercyclical Fiscal Policy for reviving India's
growth in the aftermath of coronavirus, And examine critically the potential apprehensions
about the same. (कोरोनावायरस के प�ात भारतीय अथर्तंत्र को पुनज�िवत करने के िलए प्रित चक्र�य राजकोषीय नीित क� ज�रत
2D और महत्व क� चचार् क�िजए और उसी के बारे में संभािवत आशंकाओ/ं िचंता/ भयस्थानो क� गंभीरता से समी�ा क�िजए)
Next Handout: Pillar3- BoP, International Trade

Intl Trade / BoP / WTO etc
Contents
30 Pre-requisite / Prologue (इसको पढ़ने से पहले पूवर् शरत �ा है) ................................................................... 54
30.11 How much asked in Mains......................................................................................................... 54
31 BoP: INTRO ......................................................................................................................................... 55
31.11 Current Account Deficit how to reduce? ................................................................................ 55
31.12 Export diversification.................................................................................................................. 57
31.12.1 challenges to export diversification ................................................................................. 57
31.13 Export competitiveness of India................................................................................................ 57
31.13.1 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 Announcements to ⏬CAD .......................................................... 58
31.14 CAD ⬇→⬆Export→agri⬆ .............................................................................................. 58
31.14.1 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽Agri-Selling→Outside India →Agri Export Policy, 2018 ........................ 58
31.15 🍋🍋🍋🍋BoP → Current → Exports → SEZ ............................................................................. 59
31.15.1 SEZ: suggestion / Way forward ........................................................................................ 59
31.16 BoP→ Capital Account: FDI and FPI ...................................................................................... 60
31.16.1 FDI & FPI – Trend.............................................................................................................. 60
31.16.2 FPI Pros and Cons .............................................................................................................. 60
31.16.3 FDI Pros and Cons ............................................................................................................. 61
31.17 BoP→ Full Capital Account Convertibility (CAC) ............................................................... 62
31.11 💱💱⚔ Reverse Currency War (मुद्रा युद्ध) ................................................................................... 62
31.12 Fall of Rupee: Reasons and Remedies....................................................................................... 63
31.12.1 Fall of Rupee: Reasons........................................................................................................ 63
31.12.2 Fall of Rupee: Remedies / How to Fix .............................................................................. 63
31.12.3 💱💱💱 Dollar- the Global Currency & ”DE-Dollarization”? (वै��क-आर��त-मुद्रा) ..... 64
31.13 Globalisation leads to Economic Development- Does it?.................................................... 65
31.13.1 areas where globalisation helped economic development ........................................... 65
31.13.2 Areas where globalisation NOT helped economic development ................................ 66
32 3B: International Org & Agreements ................................................................................................ 67
32.11.1 IMF & World Bank – usual problems (उनके �ा वांधे चल रहे हे?) ...................................... 67
33 🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐 World Trade Organization: �व� �ापार सं गठन ................................................................. 67
33.11.1 🌐🌐🌐🌐⚔📯📯📯📯 WTO Disputes involving India ....................................................... 67
33.11.2 WTO epic fail (economics optional PYQ for GS-Practice).......................................... 68
33.11.3 🤝🤝🤝 � WTO’s Notable Agreements ....................................................................... 69
33.12 WTO Summit 2022 @Geneva outcomes ................................................................................. 70
33.13 WTO Fish Subsidies .................................................................................................................... 70
33.14 🤝🤝Trade Agreements Types: �ापार समझौते के प्रकार ................................................................... 71
33.15 India and free trade agreements – good/bad?......................................................................... 71
Mrunal Mains Airpod3: GSM3- BoP, International Trade → Page 53

33.16 🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐Protectionism, Trade war: सं र�णवाद, �ापार युद्ध ....................................................... 72
33.17 International groupings .............................................................................................................. 73
33.17.1 Indo-Pacific Economic Framework ................................................................................. 73
33.17.2 I2U2: Middle Eastern / West Asian QUAD (2021-22) ................................................. 74
33.17.3 G7 2022 Summit at Germany ........................................................................................... 74
33.17.4 Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) .............................................................................. 74
34 Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) ............................................................................... 75
34.11 Mock Questions ........................................................................................................................... 76
34.11.1 Economics Optional Subject ke Handpicked PYQ for GS Mains Practice ................ 76
34.11.2 Mock Questions .................................................................................................................. 76

30.11HOW MUCH ASKED IN MAINS
Mrunal’s Economy: 6 Mains General Studies Paper-1-2-3 Remarks

Pillars (How many Marks)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
💱💱3_Intl_Trade, BoP 25 0 30 0 15 15 Third lowest utility after
2_Budget, out of 6 pillars

31 BOP: INTRO
- BoP is a systematic record of all economic transactions made between the residents and non-
residents of a country for a specific time period, usually a year. िकसी देश के �नवा�सयों और गैर-�नवा�सयों के
बीच िकए गए सभी आ�थक लेनदेन का एक �रकॉडर् है।
31.11CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT HOW TO REDUCE?

⇒ A nation’s current account balance consists of visible and invisible components- given in above
chart.
⇒ Current Account Deficit occurs when the outflow of money under the current account
transactions gets bigger than the inflow of money. This can result in weakening of local currency
and balance of payment crisis.
⇒ While it is not possible to greatly change the income and transfer in short term.
⇒ So primary focus should be to ⬇reduce our imports and ⬆increase our exports.

31.12EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION
Definition: Export diversification refers to the move from “traditional” to “non-traditional” exports.
/ increasing the variety of products that we are exporting
⇒ Agri- raw commodities → + + processed food.
⇒ Textile: Yarn/textile → + + ready-made garments.
⇒ Shoes: Leather → + + synthetic
⇒ Metal ore →+ + Railway engine and vehicles
⇒ Chemicals→+ + pharma drugs
⇒ Services: IT/BPO → + + e-learning.
31.12.1 challenges to export diversification

⇒ 😥😥Agri: SPS agreement. Food hygiene Ban by USA/EU. + Many things from Pillar4A food
processing industry.
⇒ Textile/shoes: market research consumer preferences of the foreign country is required
⇒ Mfg/Pharma: jugaad mentality of Indian entrepreneurs. Not investing enough money in research
development.
⇒ IT/BPO/Services: command over languages other than English e.g. Japanese French German
Spanish etc.
⇒ Governance, Infrastructure, Education and skill mein problems.
31.13EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIA

Definition: It is the ability of a country to export more than its rival/ competitor countries in the
same product category. This is possible when our exported products are cheaper and or of better
quality compare to our rival competitor export countries. But, we face following problems:
⇒ 😥😥Not cheap: Bangladesh LDC bolke duty free quota free access in Europe→ Indian Textile
can’t compete in EU
⇒ China/S.Korea deliberately keeping the local currency undervalued / currency war. India not
doing this so our products do not appear cheap to foreigners.
⇒ China using prison forced labour → product will be cheaper than India.
⇒ 😥😥Not better quality: Tea bushes’ quality usually drop after 50 years. Tea gardens in Darjeeling
are about 80-100 years old. Vs Kenya/ SriLanka etc.
⇒ Prawn/ Fishes etc. Heavy-metal contamination.
⇒ Dairy: mastery over liquid products but not solid products unlike New Zealand.
⇒ Mfg/Pharma: jugaad mentality of Indian entrepreneurs. Not investing enough money in research
development.
⇒ Philippines Indonesia call-centre workers better fluency over English accent than Indians→
IT/BPO call centre service export competitiveness affected.
�Conclusion: Export diversification & competitiveness → increase jobs, GDP, economic growth,
protect local economy from external shocks. Need of the hour is to pursue it on war footing.

31.13.1 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 Announcements to ⏬CAD
⇒ ⏫ Customs duties on imported daily use items such as umbrellas, headphones, earphones,
loudspeakers, and imitation jewellery
⇒ ⬆Customs duty on Import Gold
⇒ ⏬Tax benefits given to Bizmen for buying imported capital goods machineries e.g. textile
machine, bulldozer, mining equipment etc. (So they'll be forced to buy India-made machines)
⇒ Banned the import of Drone except for defense and research development.
⇒ 68% Defense purchase will be made from India made products (earlier 58% last year).
⇒ Unblended fuel shall attract an additional differential excise duty of Rs. 2/ litre (To encourage
blending of bio-ethanol.) → 🤩🤩this will help ⏬ import of crude oil.
31.14CAD ⬇→⬆EXPORT→AGRI⬆
31.14.1 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽Agri-Selling→Outside India →Agri Export Policy, 2018
− Within Agriculture & Allied sector: largest exports of India (Value-wise)= Marine Products >
Basmati Rice > Spices > Buffalo Meat > Non-Basmati Rice > Sugar > Raw Cotton > Castor Oil >
Tea
− Indian Agri Export major export destinations = USA, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Nepal and Bangladesh
− 😰😰Challenge? India accounts for less than 5% of world Agriculture exports. We shd do
following:
⇒ Diversify our export basket e.g. Wild Herbs, Medicinal Plants, Aromatic Oils, Frozen vegetables;
Biscuits, Confectionery & Processed Food etc.
⇒ Diversify destinations e.g. Biscuits to Uganda, Nigeria, Kenya
⇒ Boost value added agricultural exports e.g cashew apple jams , flavoured / roasted cashew, etc.
instead of exporting raw cashew. (कृ �ष �नयार्त म� प्रस�रण द्वारा मू�वधर्न करना)
⇒ Help exporters with sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) issues via APEDA, FSSAI and other
bodies. So their products are not banned by US/EU on the allegations of pesticide residue /
pathogen / fruit fly contamination. (अमे�रक� और यूरोपीय �ा� मानकों के चलते भारतीय खा�-उ�ाद के �नयार्त पर
प्र�तबं ध न लग जाए उसके �लए भारतीय सरकारी सं �ानों द्वारा भारतीय उद्य�मयों मदद द�गे।)
⇒ Focus on branding, packaging & marketing of Indian ethnic products e.g. canned Indian cuisine
like Sarson Da Saag, Agra petha, Hyderabadi biryani in overseas markets.
⇒ Focus on R&D for gluten free, fibre rich products to cater health conscious consumer overseas.
(�ा� के प्र�त जाग�क �वदेशी उपभो�ा को आक�षत करना)
⇒ Encourage private investments through Ease of doing biz. in export oriented activities: cold
storage, packaging, air cargo; Creation of Agri-start-up fund. (�नजी �नवेश को प्रो�ाहन, �ापार म� सुगमता)

✍Conclusion? Thus, this policy will help integrating Indian agricultural products with the global
value chains and help doubling farmers’ income. (िकसान क� आय दोगुनी करने म� मदद)
31.15🍋🍋🍋🍋BOP → CURRENT → EXPORTS → SEZ
(Definition) Special Economic Zones (SEZ: �वशेष आ�थक �ेत्र) is a specifically demarcated area of India
which is deemed as foreign territory for the purpose of Tax laws and Trade laws. (भारत के कर कानून वहां
भारत के अ� प्रदेशों क� समान नहीं लागू होते। उ�� करो म� छू ट/�रयायत दी जाती है)
- 😥😥Bizman shifting factory elsewhere after tax holidays over.
- 😥😥Worker exploitation denial of EPFO, ESCI, social security and maternity benefitsetc.
- 😥😥Agriculture and forest land diverted= pollution control and food security.
- 😥😥 land acquisition problems→big size SEZ not developed, unlike China. Small-small sized SEZ
= economies of scale not possible.
- 😥😥Not generated enough export or jobs to their full potential.
- 😥😥 economic / tax policy uncertainty when different parties are ruling at union and state.
31.15.1 SEZ: suggestion / Way forward

⇒ Implement Baba Kalyani report
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: Development Enterprise and Services Hub (DESH) Bill, 2022 to replace the
existing SEZ law of 2005 with following features:
⇒ DESH hubs will focus to ⏫mfg & services for both domestic market and export market.
⇒ Single window clearance
⇒ Easy norms for voluntary liquidation / exit
⇒ Promote research & development
⇒ common infrastructure facilities
⇒ Input tax credit for indirect taxes – GST, Customs.
⇒ No exemptions for direct taxes in the draft bill: reasons 1) WTO rules 2) To ⬆ Tax:GDP

�Conclusion: appreciable step by the government to create jobs, GDP and export.
31.16BOP→ CAPITAL ACCOUNT: FDI AND FPI
31.16.1 FDI & FPI – Trend

⇒ 2020: Corona- America quantitative easing, boom in IT-Pharma, Startup bubble→⬆ FPI and
FDI.
⇒ 2022: USA Fed Tapering, Russia Ukraine war global uncertainty, Startup bubble burst→ FPI
outflow. Slowdown in FDI growth.
31.16.2 FPI Pros and Cons

(Definition) FPI is a foreign entity registered @SEBI, and who buys upto 10% in equity / shares of an
Indian Company.
⇒ 🤩🤩 primary market : IPO, Bonds, G-Sec investment

⇒ 🤩🤩 secondary market: provides liquidity to existing investors.
⇒ 🤩🤩increased availability of capital → factory expansion, jobs, GDP.
⇒ 😥😥 frequent entry and exit by USA quantitative easing and Fed Taper. → volatility in the Indian
financial market→ erosion of domestic investors savings.
⇒ 😥😥 Hot Money → weakening of local currency during FPI exit
⇒ 😥😥 FPI issuing participatory notes (P-Notes)→⬆ money laundering and terror finance.
⇒ 😰😰 Not paying enough taxes. Finance Minister try to increase surcharge → FPI exit
→sharemarket ⬇→ finance Minister forced to undo decision.
⇒ 😰😰a black swan event means an unprecedented unexpected extreme risk event e.g. 2007’s USA
sub-prime crisis. RBI report says that in the next black swan event, possibility of capital outflows
to the tune of $100 billion -around Rs 7,80,000 crore from India by FPIs.
31.16.3 FDI Pros and Cons

(Definition) FDI is the (more than 10% equity / share) investment made by a foreign entity into an
Indian company, with the objective to get involved in the management / production of that Indian
company. भारतीय कं पनी के सं चालन/ उ�ादन म� शा�मल होने के उद्दे� से 10% या उससे �ादा शेयर खरीदना (e.g. 2018:
Walmart-USA bought 77% stakes in Flipkart @$16 billion.)
⇒ 🤩🤩 ⬆Capital. More stable then FPI. Exchange rate stability.

⇒ 🤩🤩Technological and managerial insights→ e-commerce (Walmart), re-insurance (Warren
Buffet), military defence etc. → Jobs, GDP, ⬆ export competitiveness.
⇒ 🤩🤩UAE, Singapore’s prosperity is by FDI.
⇒ 🤩🤩⬆ competition→ better customer services e.g. Vodafone vs BSNL.
⇒ 😥😥 Tax Avoidance e.g Vodafone-Hutch deal.
⇒ 😰😰Outflow in Current Account→dividend/profit.
⇒ 😥😥 significant chunk of FDI to India comes from Singapore & Mauritius. Hints to some Indians
may be doing round-tripping / money laundering / tax-evasion by misusing DTAA.
⇒ 😥😥 loss of Indian ownership. Possible re-entry of modern day economic colonisation / MNC
who exploit resources- environment, human. e.g. Gig workers.
⇒ 😥😥 Amazon accused of even restricting bathroom breaks of workers.
⇒ 😥😥 Facebook / Twitter: Data privacy, influencing election outcomes.
⇒ Add: Full Handout Pillar1D1- FDI in insurance sector Walle Pros + Cons.
�Conclusion: for GDP expansion we require more investment from both domestic and foreign
sources. While both FDI and FPI provide the capital, there are concerns regarding tax avoidance and
volatility. Need of the hour is to address those concerns while encouraging/liberalising the entry of
foreign investors.
31.17BOP→ FULL CAPITAL ACCOUNT CONVERTIBILITY (CAC)

(Definition) Full convertibility of rupee means India should permit unrestricted conversion of
Indian ₹ to foreign currency for both current account and capital account transactions. → more
FDI investment in India → NPA problem solved, new factories, jobs, GDP growth, rivers of honey
and milk will flow.
- 🤩🤩 Relaxed ECB = we can get cheap loans from foreign countries more easily.
- 😰😰 1) Full CAC resulted into 1997 crisis in East Asian “Tiger” economies. (HOW? Ref Full
Course)
- 😰😰2) Full CAC will catalyse/magnify the effect of -ve points of FDI and FPI, Fed Tapering etc.
given in previous section of this handout.
- Foundations of Indian economy (e.g. NPA, GDP, Fiscal Deficit, forex reserve) not yet strong
enough to permit Full CAC- as per SS Tarapore committee.
�Conclusion: challenges outweigh the benefits. Calibrated / graded / phased liberalization will be
better, compared to instant Full CAC.
31.11💱💱⚔ REVERSE CURRENCY WAR (मुद्रा युद्ध)

- Protectionism and currency war = outdated topics, already asked.
- Reverse currency war= new term/topic but in my opinion, this term not famous enough to get
asked UPSC yet. You can satisfy curiosity from my video lecture https://youtu.be/OFj-oz-DeQI

31.12FALL OF RUPEE: REASONS AND REMEDIES
(DATA) In the last five years, Indian rupee has weakened / depreciated against dollar from $1= ₹65
(2017) to nearly ₹80 (2022).
31.12.1 Fall of Rupee: Reasons

Rupee weakens against dollar whenever the demand for Dollar outgrows the supply of dollars in
Indian forex market. Reasons:
- FPI tapering, Startup Bubble Burst, Ukraine War→ outflow of FPI
- Global inflation / geopolitical problems : raw material, oil, fertilizer became expensive to import.
- Protectionism, weak growth of exports.
31.12.2 Fall of Rupee: Remedies / How to Fix

- From the previous section- Copy paste all the points about
- how to reduce current account deficit,
- How to reduce imports,
- How to increase exports.
- RBI: ECB limit ⬆, sell dollars from its reserve,
- RBI Attract NRI deposits/FCNR by exempting it from CRR/SLR. Ref this Video for more:
https://youtu.be/KoiXkAreWoA
- RBI shd sign Currency Swap agreement with other nations’ Central banks

- Govt shd sign free trade agreement with like-minded countries / groupings at earliest.
- Agreements to settle the trade balance in rupee or some currency other than Dollar e.g. Rupee-
Riyal agreement, Rupee-Rouble agreement. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8Cif3kCsr0 )
However critics argue that it is unlikely to make a significant difference since India has a trade
deficit with most such countries.
- RBI Rules / Govt’s Taxation Rules should be modified in such a manner that FPI can’t exit
quickly after investing in India. E.g. FEMA Amendment, Tobin Tax etc.
31.12.3 💱💱💱 Dollar- the Global Currency & ”DE-Dollarization”? (वै��क-आर��त-मुद्रा)

⇒ Foreign exchange reserves of 150 nations- internal composition is: 55% US dollars, 30% euros,
2% Yuan (Renminbi, Chinese currency) and 13% Misc. other currencies. That shows majority of
the nations keep large % of their forex reserve in US dollar. �व� के �ादातर देशों के �वदेशी आर��त �न�ध
कोष म� ब�तायत �प से डॉलर मुद्रा म� इन पैसों को रखा जाता है।
⇒ Thus US dollar is presently the “Global Reserve Currency”. (डॉलर को वै��क-आर��त-मुद्रा माना जाता है।)
⇒ “de-dollarisation” = Attempts to ⏬ the domination of $ in forex reserve and in international
transactions. e.g. 2021: Russian Central Bank reduced dollar-denominated assets to 16% in its
forex reserve. (�वदेशी मुद्रा भं डार म� तथा अंतरार्��ीय लेनदेन म� अमरीक� डॉलर का प्रभु� कम करना)
⇒ Can Indian rupee become global reserve currency?
⇒ Ans. In a very long future yes if, India adopts full capital account convertibility, keeps inflation,
fiscal deficit, currency exchange rates under control and becomes a sizeable exporter and global
economic superpower. (�पया-मुद्रा ऐसा दजार् हा�सल कर�गी जब यिद पूँजी-खाते म� सं पूणर् �प से प�रवतर्नीयता दी जाए,
महँ गाई क़ाबू म� रहे, राजकोषीय घाटा क़ाबू म� रहे, मुद्रा �व�नमय दर क़ाबू म� रहे, और भारत एक बड़ा �नयार्तक और आ�थक महास�ा
बनकर िदखाए- तो िफर एसा हो सकता हे।)
31.13GLOBALISATION LEADS TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- DOES IT?

Globalisation Globalization is a process in which nations allow free flow of goods, services,
वै�ीकरण labour, capital investment, technology, ideas and innovations. व�ु, सेवाओं, श्रम,
पूंजी �नवेश, प्रौद्यो�गक�, और �वचारों नवाचारों के मु� प्रवाह क� प्रिक्रया को वै�ीकरण कहते ह�
Economic It measures the ⏫ in the production of goods and services in a country.
Growth (�सफर् उ�ादन म� बढ़ोतरी)
📐📐आ�थक वृ�द्ध
Economic It measures whether economic growth has resulted in improving the quality
Development- of life & the socioeconomic structure of the country? (जीवन �र म� सुधार)
📐📐+ 💊💊💊💊💊 Qualitative measurements such as UNDP’s HDI (Human Development
आ�थक �वकास Index), life expectancy, 🤰🤰gender- related indices, infant mortality,
�literacy etc.
31.13.1 🤩🤩areas where globalisation helped economic development

⇒ FDI (Capital + Technology) → insurance density, penetration
⇒ FDI/google/FB → internet, e-learning, software→ economic empowerment of weaker section
thru education, skill development, inspiration from foreign success stories / TED Talks etc.
⇒ Flipkart+ Walmart → MSME/ small traders able to sell their goods throughout India using
marketplace model.
⇒ MNC setup factories→jobs, GDP→ tax collection⬆→reinvestment in the health and
education.
⇒ Access to lifesaving medicines⬆ → life expectancy⬆

⇒ MNC outsourcing of jobs to India-China-Asia→ Women LFPR⬆→eco development⬆
⇒ Western value system→ conservative attitude towards women/LGBT ⬇→ they are able to
participate in the economic activities more freely.
31.13.2 😰😰Areas where globalisation NOT helped economic development

⇒ poverty decreased in absolute figures but the inequality has increased. MSME / kiranawala /
brick mortar shops closing down.
⇒ Gig Economy →worker social security ⬇
⇒ MNC resource exploitation, mining activities, displacement of schedule Tribes
⇒ MNC : Tax avoidance, BEPS
⇒ MNC: while the availability of medicines increased but affordability of medicine is not
increasing, because first one pharma company is not willing to share the patent rights with 3rd
world. Health ⬇→Economic development⬇
⇒ FB/Google/Social Media: influencing the elections in 3rd world countries, spreading hatred/
communal disharmony / riots→affecting economic development.
⇒ globalisation → Western value system / nuclear family isolation depression suicide→ economic
development ⬇
🎓🎓PS: You can add more points from GSM1- globalization impact on Indian society by logically
connecting it with economic development. I am not writing a long essay here due to paucity of time
in space.
�Conclusion: in some areas, Globalization has catalysed the process of economic development, in
some areas it has hampered. Need of the hour is to ensure that equitable distribution of the fruits of
globalisation among the society- esp. lower strata of the society.

32 3B: INTERNATIONAL ORG & AGREEMENTS
32.11.1 IMF & World Bank – usual problems (उनके �ा वांधे चल रहे हे?)
⇒ 😰😰They need to give more quantity of loans to poor countries after Corona but 1st world not
contributing enough.
⇒ 😰😰Trump & other critics demand China should get less loan/support from World Bank because
now China is not a very poor country
⇒ 😰😰Need Reforms in IMF SDR quota and voting pattern.
⇒ 😰😰Allegations that IMF Chief Kristalina Georgieva (who was previously CEO of World Bank)
had pressurized the World Bank staff to give better ranking to China in “Ease of doing Biz”
report.
33 🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: �व� �ापार सं गठन
33.11.1 🌐🌐🌐🌐⚔📯📯📯📯 WTO Disputes involving India

33.11.2 WTO epic fail (economics optional PYQ for GS-Practice)
Discuss some controversial issues before the World Trade Organization. Do you think the rigid
and partial attitude of industrialized countries is the main hurdle in the way of reaching some
solution?
⇒ (Origin) Since 2013- Bali Summit’s Trade facilitation agreement→ no new groundbreaking
deals have occurred.
⇒ 2017- WTO Buenos Aires summit ended even without any joint declaration.
⇒ among the many reasons, one is the obtuse nature of first world countries.
⇒ not willing to conclude the Doha development agenda
⇒ not willing to address the food subsidy peace clause related issues
⇒ they want a bulldozer their own e-commerce priorities
⇒ protectionism was started by USA first.
⇒ in trade deals imposing their vision of labour laws and environment laws depending on how it
suits their domestic political narrative.
⇒ not willing to transfer the required funds and technology to 3rd world countries labour and
environment of regulations.
⇒ not want to acknowledge that they (1st world nations) have already progressed by leaving
subsidies to local industries and turning a blind eye to the pollution caused by local industry.
⇒ and India China also have right to progress by adopting the same path.
⇒ monetary policies of the first world countries also affect the currency exchange rates and thereby
adverse balance of trade. But neither the first world countries nor the WTO nor the IMF able to
fix this.
�Conclusion: need to address these problems for sustainable development of all the countries.
Otherwise world is again getting divided into multiple trade blocs.

33.11.3 🤝🤝🤝 � WTO’s Notable Agreements

33.12🐠🐠WTO SUMMIT 2022 @GENEVA OUTCOMES
⇒ Fish Subsidies: WTO’s Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS): to curb ‘harmful’ subsidies that
promote overfishing. This will help ⬆ Blue economy — sustainable use of ocean resources for
economic growth. 😥😥 but some apprehensions/ discontent among members (REF Next section).
⇒ Food procurement: If UN’s World Food Programme (WFP) buying food for humanitarian
purposes →will be exempted from any export / subsidy restrictions.
⇒ Suspension/Moratorium on customs duties on e-commerce extended until March 31, 2024.
⇒ Corona vaccines/medicines ke IPR/Patent pe temporary waiver without the consent of the patent
holder for 5 years. So that 3rd world nations can more easily manufacture Corona
vaccines/medicines domestically.
⇒ We’ll setup a well-functioning dispute settlement system by 2024. Presently deadlock due to
Judges vacancies / appointment issues caused by Ex-President Trump.
⇒ Above is around 100 words note. Elaborate, give background, add linkages with inflation, food
security, SDG goals to drag it till 250 words.
33.13🐠🐠WTO FISH SUBSIDIES

WTO’s Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) signed in WTO Sumit/ Ministerial Conference 2022
at Geneva. AFS prohibits three kinds of subsidies:
⇒ ✋🚨🚨(1) illegal, unreported, or unregulated (IUU) fishing
⇒ ✋🚨🚨(2) fishing of already over-exploited species/stocks
⇒ ✋🚨🚨(3) fishing on unregulated high seas.
However, India wants special and differential treatment (S&DT).
⇒ 🤔🤔India wants transition period for phasing out subsidies type#1 and type2 within their
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
⇒ 🤔🤔 Foreign countries’ fish subsidies contribute to over-fishing. India wants stricter action on
them. E.g.
⇒ Size of Fisheries subsidies 1) India $277 million in 2018 (2) Whereas China, EU, US, South
Korea, and Japan’s subsidies are more than $2000 million respectively. So, India wants them to
stop first.
�Conclusion: SDG Goal 14.6 requires countries to stop overfishing. WTO taken an appreciable
step with this new agreement but - 🤔🤔India has set a target of exporting marine products worth $14
billion by 2025. This fisheries subsidies restrictions could create obstacles. Third world country
should be given differential treatment. First action must be taken on the countries that have already
contributed a lot in overfishing.
(�व� �ापार सं गठन का म�ोद्योग स��डी पर समझौता �जसम� तीन िक़� क� स��डी पर प्र�तबं ध लगाने क� बात है तािक समं दर म�
मछ�लयों के �वनाश को रोका जा सके और अंतररा��ीय �ापार बाधाओं को कम िकया जा सके । हालाँिक भारत चाहता है िक हम� थोड़ी अलग
�रयायत� दी जाए। पर स��डी म� कमी करने क� समयाव�ध को लं बा िकया जाए।)

33.14🤝🤝TRADE AGREEMENTS TYPES: �ापार समझौते के प्रकार
33.15🤝🤝INDIA AND FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS – GOOD/BAD?

1. 🤩🤩Successfully signed with Australia and UAE in 2022. (For More Refer to Full Handout /
FREE Win23 series)
2. 😰😰Big but poor mentality. Not willing to open up domestic market for partner country to
protect the farmers and MSME.

3. 😰😰Inverted duty structure problem / partner country benefited more than India from FTAs.
More growth on import side than on exports. (Although Economic Survey disagrees)
4. 😰😰Disagreements over data localisation norms, Labour laws and environmental regulation.
5. 😰😰Critiques allege that most of India’s FTAs have not worked in “India’s favour.” e.g. India’s
FTA with S.Korea, Japan and Sri Lanka= %⬆in imports >> are higher than %⬆ of exports.
REASONS?
a. 😥😥 lack of skilled manpower & innovation in India. (कौशल यु� मानवबल तथा नवाचार क� कमी)
b. 😥😥 Electricity, transport, infrastructure problems (�बजली प�रवहन बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं क� कमी)
c. 😰😰 loan interest rate high for small businessmen (छोटे उद्योगप�तयों के �लए कज़र् लेना महँ गा)
6. 😰😰South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) Full potential not achieved because of geopolitical
acrimony among India Pakistan and neighbouring countries.
7. 😰😰Post-BREXIT: British businessman keen to have trade agreement with India to improve their
exports. Some progress was under way during Prime Minister Boris Johnson visit but now
Britain in political turmoil. India may have to sit on the negotiation table again with the new
prime minister of UK.
33.16🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐PROTECTIONISM, TRADE WAR: सं र�णवाद, �ापार युद्ध
- President Trump’s era: protectionism / trade war reached its peak.

- During protectionism, some of the Indian exports benefited (see above chart), while some
suffered (textile, chemical, IT/BPO, etc).
- Post Corona: countries again started to become inward looking to promote the local industries
through cheap loans and subsidies / Atma-Nirbhar.

- 1st world nations’ local industrial groups keep pressuring their governments to impose more
tariffs on Indian fisheries, textile and pharma sectors.
I feel this topic is outdated for 2022/23. So, this much background enough for some answer writing
for other Qs.
33.17🤝🤝INTERNATIONAL GROUPINGS
- Most of them proved to be not so effective preventing the Russia Ukraine crisis / Chinese
hegemony.
- Concerns over global tax agreement, data localization etc.
- Russia Ukraine crisis → security oriented groupings in limelight (E.g. AUKUS, NATO) rather
than economic oriented groupings.
33.17.1 🤝🤝Indo-Pacific Economic Framework

⇒ Intro-Origin: 2022- USA launched it on the sidelines of QUAD Summit in Tokyo, Japan.
⇒ not a traditional trade agreement.
⇒ Has modules for Trade resilience, Supply chains, Climate and infrastructure, Anti-corruption
and transparency.
⇒ USA launched IPEF because 1) Trump pulled out of TPP11. Biden need to make friends again 2)
Counter RCEP, Belt-Road. 3) ⏫influence over Asia.
⇒ India signed it but problems:
⇒ 1) Labour, environment standards, stand on GM crops.

⇒ 2) Myanmar not allowed to join due to its military regime. Later on USA could make some rules
imposing their vision of democracy / Myanmar-relationship on the member countries.
⇒ 3) Anti-corruption / transparency / religious freedoms : ke baare mein USA government reports
tend to project India in a poor light.
⇒ Conclusion: IPEF can prove to be a catalyst for furthering India's economic interests in the Indo
Pacific region. provided that aforementioned challenges are nipped in the bud.
33.17.2 🤝🤝I2U2: Middle Eastern / West Asian QUAD (2021-22)

⇒ Indo-Pacific Quad = India, USA, Japan and Australia
⇒ Middle Eastern Quad / / West Asian QUAD = India Israel, UAE, and USA
⇒ six areas for joint action: water, energy, transport, space, health, and food security.
⇒ countering the influence of Chinese belt and Road initiative in Middle East.
⇒ $2 billion to develop a series of integrated food parks across India → 2x farmers’ income.
⇒ 300-megawatt hybrid (Solar+Wind) renewable energy project in Gujarat → help to India’s goal
of 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
⇒ Better implementation of the Abraham accords and other peace initiatives in Middle East.
Peaceful and prosperous Middle East = market for Indian Exports.
33.17.3 🤝🤝G7 2022 Summit at Germany

G7 + India+ some countries signed two documents
- (1) ‘Resilient Democracies Statement’ - for guarding the freedom, independence and diversity of
civil society actors” and “protecting the freedom of expression and opinion online and offline”.
- (2) “Joining Forces to Accelerate Clean and Just Transition towards Climate Neutrality”
33.17.4 🤝🤝Minerals Security Partnership (MSP)

⇒ US-led partnership to secure critical minerals and reducing dependency on China.
⇒ 🤔🤔MSP includes Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea,
Sweden, United Kingdom, and the European Commission.
⇒ 🤩🤩 Cobalt, Nickel, Lithium etc. Required for batteries used in electric vehicles, semiconductors
and high-end electronics manufacturing.
⇒ 🤩🤩 Rare Earth Minerals available in India — such as lanthanum, cerium, neodymium,
praseodymium, samarium, etc.
⇒ 😥😥 Rare Earth Minerals NOT available in India- dysprosium, terbium, and europium. Hence,
there is a dependence on countries such as China.
⇒ 😥😥 India not invited to MSP grouping is because the India does not bring any expertise to the
table.
⇒ Whereas, Australia and Canada have rare earth mineral reserves. Japan has the technology to
process Rare earth minerals. So they’re invited to MSP.
�Conclusion: both for improving usage of clean energy and for decreasing current account deficit
we need to be part of some arrangement for rare earth minerals. MSP membership could greatly help
in this regard.

34 ECONOMY SUMMARY OF LAST 1 DECADE (2012-22)
WTO Formed Sun 1 Jan
1995
WTO Doha Development Agenda 2001
South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) 2004
WTO Peace clause on Food Subsidies/ Bali Summit 2013
BRICS NDB Bank, AIIB Bank formed. 2014,2015
Sovereign Gold Bond, Gold Monetization 2015
India's foreign trade policy 2015
HELP Policy (hydrocarbon) 2016
ECB Liberalized 2016
Indian Pakistan given membership of Shanghai cooperation Organisation 2017
Trade War / Protectionism by Trump-USA begins. 2018
IFSC Authority 2019
BREXIT → afterwards 2021: India-UK Roadmap agreement to negotiate FTA Fri 31 Jan
and Navy cooperation 2020
⇒ RCEP 15 Nations signed, India did not 2020
⇒ D10 club for 5G Cooperation. China not invited.
☪🤝🤝🤝🤝Abraham Accords UAE, Bahrain and Israel’s Peace agreement
India to have current account surplus for the first time! 2020-21
एसा पहेली बार �आ है, 17-18 सालो म�!
- AUKUS: trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom 2021
- I2U2: Middle Eastern QUAD
- WTO Geneva Summit, Fisheries Subsidies Agreement 2022
- India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA)
- India-UAE CEPA
- Indo-Pacific Economic Framework by USA
- 😰😰 Russia Ukraine war, Fed Tapering, economic crisis in Sri Lanka.
The last 10 years, economic survey has observed the following:
⇒ 2012: Precautionary tone on ECB. Next global crisis will be because of corporate borrowing. But
later years a “necessary evil?” because Rate cutes not reflected. TBS: banks reluctant to lend.
Corporate Bond market not deepened.
⇒ 2013: Twin deficit. RBI should have $750 billion Forex for soft & Hard diplomacy. → Dr.Rajan
$300_ → Dr.Patel →$400 : Shaktikanta → 600+ billion (2021)
⇒ 2014: gold restrictions lifted. FDI in insurance, Defense. Apprehensive of TPP, TATIP, RCEP,
International trade environment: world slowly moving towards “ Protectionism ”.

⇒ 2015: FTAs benefitted partners >> India: Need to shed our “Big but poor dilemma.“ -
Reciprocity in opening market for agriculture & ICT
⇒ 2016: OPEC oil cut deal.Protectionism. Impact of Trump election on Indian economy-Will hurt
China mfg >> Indian services.
⇒ 2017-22: nothing remarkable in ES observations- just the usual import/export data.
⇒ 2020-21: India to have current account surplus for the first time!
⇒ 2021-22: 😥😥 commodity prices, Global liquidity (US Fed Tapering) are challenges. But, we have
accumulated enough forex reserve to handle any crisis after USA Fed Tapering.
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: special economic zones to be replaced with a new act, 68% Atma Nirbhar in
Defense, higher excise duty on unblended fuel. ⬆tax on imported Chinese goods.
34.11�MOCK QUESTIONS
34.11.1 �Economics Optional Subject ke Handpicked PYQ for GS Mains Practice

1. Do you agree with the view that globalization itself leads to economic development? Give
reasons for you answer.
2. Compare the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investment
(FII’s) in India’s economic development. Are FDI’s preferable to Portfolio Investments?
Evaluate.
3. Examine the challenges to export diversification and increase in export competitiveness of India.
4. Has WTO helped the developing countries as was professed at the time of its establishment?
Give reasons for your answer with reference to the Indian economy.
5. Do you subscribe to the view that WTO stipulations are heavily loaded against the economic
interests of the developing countries? What are the options for these countries in the emerging
scenario to cope with various challenges on this count? Elaborate your answer.
6. Discuss some controversial issues before the World Trade Organization. Do you think the rigid
and partial attitude of industrialized countries is the main hurdle in the way of reaching some
solution?
7. “Partial capital account convertibility cannot serve the purpose of integrating Indian economy
with global economy”. Analyse critically.
34.11.2 �Mock Questions

Most of these model answers are already covered in my full length lectures and special classes: so
kindly go through it
1. GSM3-2015: Craze for gold in Indians have led to a surge in import of gold in recent years and
put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the
merits of Gold Monetization Scheme. �णर् मुद्रीकरण योजना क� खू�बयों क� जांच कर�।
2. GSM3-2015: There is a clear acknowledgement that Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are a tool of
industrial development, manufacturing and exports. Recognizing this potential, the whole
instrumentality of SEZs requires augmentation. Discuss the issues plaguing the success of SEZs

with respect to taxation, governing laws and administration. �वशेष आ�थक �ेत्र के �वकास म� कराधान, शासी
कानूनों और प्रशासन के सं बं धीत मुद्दों क� चचार् करे।
3. GSM3-2016: Justify the need for FDI for the development of the Indian economy. Why there is
gap between Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed and actual FDIs? Suggest remedial
steps to be taken for increasing actual FDIs in India. एमओयू / पर ह�ा�र िकए गए और वा��वक एफडीआई
के बीच अंतर �ों है? भारत म� वा��वक एफडीआई बढ़ाने के �लए सुधारा�क कदम उठाए जाने का सुझाव िदया।
4. GSM3-2014: Foreign direct investment in the defence sector is now said to be liberalised. What
influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run?
भारतीय र�ा �ेत्र म� �वदेशी प्र�� नवेश उदारीकरण से भारतीय अथर्�व�ा पर लघु और दीघार्व�ध म� �ा प्रभाव होंने क� उ�ीद है?
5. GSM3-13: Discuss the impact of FDI entry into multi-trade retail sector on supply chain
management in commodity trade pattern of the economy. ब�-�ापार खुदरा �ेत्र म� एफडीआई प्रवेश से
कमोिडटी �ापार क� आपू�त श्रृंखला प्रबं धन पर �ा असर होगी?
6. GSM3-2013: Though India allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in what is called Multi
Brand Retail through joint venture route in September 2012, the FDI even after a year, has not
picked up. Discuss the reasons. म�ी ब्रांड �रटेल म� �वदेशी प्र�� नवेश को अनुम�त �मलने के बाद भी वा��वक �प से
�नवेश �ों नहीं आ रहा है?
7. GSM2-2014: Though 100% FDI already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication and
general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for increased FDI
in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically
evaluate the pros and cons. समाचार मीिडया म� �वदेशी प्र�� नवेश बढ़ाने के फायदे और नुकसान क� समी�ा।
8. Discuss the importance of membership to Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (शं घाई सहयोग सं गठन)
in furthering India's interests in the Central Asian region.
9. Why has India refused to sign the Osaka declaration-2019 on cross-border data flow? (भारत ने
सीमा पार डेटा प्रवाह पर ओसाका घोषणा-2019 पर ह�ा�र करने से इनकार �ों कर िदया है?)
10. “Concerns for the domestic industry has prevented India from joining RCEP agreement.”
Comment. "घरेलू उद्योगो क� �चंता ने भारत को आरसीईपी समझौते म� शा�मल होने से रोक िदया है।" िट�णी करे.
11. Is India’s decision to stay out of the RCEP agreement appropriate? Examine critically. �ा
आरसीईपी समझौते से बाहर रहने का भारत का �नणर्य उ�चत है? गं भीर�प से समी�ा क��जए.
12. In 2018, the 25th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations was commemorated under
the theme of "Shared Values, Common Destiny ”. In what areas do India and ASEAN nations
share common values and common destiny? साझा मू�, समान भा� िकन �ेत्रों म�?
13. "The USA-China and USA-EU trade wars present new sets of threats and opportunities for
India." Examine. �ापार युद्ध ने भारत के �लए नए खतरे और नए अवसर पैदा क�ए है
14. (GSM3-2018) How would the recent phenomenon of protectionism and currency manipulations
in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? �व� �ापार म� सं र�णवाद और मुद्रा जोड़तोड़ क�
हा�लया घटना भारत क� �ापक आ�थक ��रता को कै से प्रभा�वत करेगी?
15. (GSM2-2018) What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context
of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? यिद �व� �ापार सं गठन को '�ापार युद्ध' म�
बचकर रहना है तो �ा प्रमुख सुधार करने होंगे? �वशेष �प से भारत के िहत को �ान म� रखते चचार् क��जए।
16. (GSM2-2014) The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and
tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such
agreements have on India’s interests? सूचना प्रौद्यो�गक� समझौतों से भारत के िहतों पर �ा प्रभाव होना चािहए?

17. (GSM2-2014) WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect
countries in profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their
decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. �व� �ापार
सं गठन का जनादेश �ा है और उनके फै सले िकतने बा�कारी ह�? खाद्य सुर�ा पर नवीनतम दौर क� वातार् म� भारत के �ख का गं भीर
�प से �व�ेषण कर�।
18. (GSM2-2014) India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB)
and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be
different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India. दोनों ब�कों क� भू�मका अलग कै से होगी?
भारत के �लए इन दोनों ब�कों के मह� पर चचार् कर�।
19. (GSM2-2013) The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods
Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s
economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common
characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. सतही तौर
पर, �व� ब�क और आईएमएफ़ कई सामा� �वशेषताओं को प्रद�शत करते ह�, िफर भी उनक� भू�मका, कायर् और जनादेश अलग-
अलग ह�। �� क��जए
20. (GSM2-2020) ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)’ is transforming itself into a trade bloc
from a military alliance, in present times - Discuss. ('चतुभुर्जीय सुर�ा सं वाद (�ाड)' वतर्मान समय म� �यं को
सै�नक गठबं धन से एक �ापा�रक गुट म� �पा��रत कर रहा है - �ववेचना क��जए) – Solved in free Sp. class
21. (GSM2-2021) Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold
for India? [एस. सी. ओ. के ल�ों और उद्दे�ों का �व�ेषणा�क प�र�ण क��जए। भारत के �लए इसका �ा मह� है ?]
22. (GSM2-2021) The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s
ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the
region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. [भारत-प्रशांत महासागर �ेत्र
म� चीन क� मह�ाकां�ाओं का मुकाबला करना नई �त्र-रा�� AUKUS का उद्दे� है। �ा यह इस �ेत्र म� मौजूदा साझेदारी का �ान
लेने जा रहा है ? वतर्मान प�र�� म�, AUKUS क� श�� और प्रभाव क� �ववेचना क��जए।]
Next Handout: Economy Pillar4A- Agriculture

Mrunal Mains Airpod4- Sectors of Economy- Agri, Mfg, Services
PILLAR4A: SECTORS OF ECONOMY → AGRICULTURE
Contents
40 Pre-requisite / Prologue (इसको पढ़ने से पहले पूवर् शरत �ा है) ................................................................... 81

40.1 🌽🌽 Agriculture- Intro (कृ �ष- प�रचय) ............................................................................................... 81
40.2 Public Expenditure on Agri ............................................................................................................ 82
40.3 Why government schemes can't fix Agro problem? .................................................................. 83
40.4 🌽🌽Agro Subsidies: Good and bad ................................................................................................ 83
40.4.1 Agro Subsidies: Good ............................................................................................................. 83
40.4.2 Agro Subsidies: Bad .............................................................................................................. 84
40.5 🌽🌽🌽🌽Agri-Input : overall ............................................................................................................ 85
40.5.1 🌽🌽🌽🌽LAND→ Land REFORMS........................................................................................ 85
40.6 🌧🌧☔Agri-Input → Water (Irrigation: �संचाई) ............................................................................. 87
40.6.1 ☔Agri-Input → Water (irrigation) → suggestions by Economic Surveys.................. 88
40.6.2 ✍ ⛈ Conclusion? (पेयजल और �संचाई के बारे म� �न�षर्) ............................................................ 88
40.7 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri Inputs → Finance / Credit: ऋण .......................................................................... 88
40.8 🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri-Output ........................................................................................................................ 89
40.9 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽Agri-Selling → Why Support Farmers?............................................................. 90
40.9.1 Agri Selling→ APMC Nuisance ........................................................................................... 90
40.10 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri-Selling → MSP & Crop Diversification ............................................... 91
40.10.1 MSP → Crop Diversification → Millets ......................................................................... 92
40.10.2 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri-Selling → MSP → FCI Procurement (अ�धप्रापण / खरीद)? ........... 92
40.11 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅Agri-Selling: food inflation for consumers........................................................... 93
40.12 🧃🧃Food Processing Industries for GSM3 ................................................................................ 94
40.12.1 🧃🧃Food Processing: Meaning (खाद्य प्रसं �रण: अथर्/मतलब) ................................................. 94
40.12.2 🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing Industry: Significance (मह�) ................................................... 94
40.12.3 🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing Industry: Scope / Opportunities (अवसर) ................................ 95
40.12.4 🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing Industry: Challenges → General (चुनौ�तयां)............................. 95
40.12.5 🧃🧃🧃🧃Supply Chain Management (SCM: आपू�त श्रृंखला प्रबं धन) ........................................ 96
40.12.6 🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing: Upstream issues ................................................................. 96
40.12.7 🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing: Downstream issues............................................................ 97
40.12.8 🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing: Downstream issues → Export stage ........................ 97
Mrunal Mains Airpod4: GSM3: Sectors of Economy: Agro,Mfg,Services → Page 79

40.12.9 🧃🧃✍Food Processing: Conclusion- हां इस �ेत्र पर �ान देना होगा ...................................... 97
40.13 🐮🐮 Sectors → Agro Allied: → Animal husbandry (पशुपालन) ............................................... 98
40.13.1 🐮🐮🐮🐮🐮🐮 Challenge in dairy sector? ............................................................................... 98
40.13.2 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻Fisheries Template: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (2020)
99
40.14 🌽🌽🌽� Agriculture → Research Development & Education......................................... 99
40.14.1 ⚠ Challenges in Agro R&D? <for Mains GSM3> ...................................................... 99
40.14.2 🌽🌽🌽� Agriculture → Extension Service (�व�ार-सेवा) <for GSM3> ...................100
40.14.3 ✍🏻🏻 Extension Services: Conclusion template .................................................................101
40.14.4 ✍ Agriculture-Conclusion (�न�षर्) ..............................................................................101
40.15 Economic Survey Last 10 years (2012-22) Agriculture .......................................................101
40.16 ✍Mains Questions- Economics Optional se Handpicked ...............................................102
40.16.1 ✍Mains Questions: Agro → Cropping & irrigation & Land Reforms ..................103
40.16.2 ✍Mains Questions: Agro →E-Tech. in aid of farmers ............................................103
40.16.3 ✍Mains Questions: Agro →Food processing industry / Marketing .....................104
40.16.4 ✍Mains Questions: Agro → MSP ..............................................................................104
41 �Mfg & Services: Industrial policy and LPG reforms ...............................................................106
41.1 �Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization? ............................................................106
41.1.1 Beyond LPG Reforms: what more needs to be done? .....................................................106
41.1.2 🌐🌐Globalization impact on Indian Industries: वै�ीकरण ..............................................107
41.2 🤖🤖Beyond LPG → towards 4th Industrial Revolution ......................................................108
41.3 ⛸🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑 Circular Economy (प�रक्रामी अथर्�व�ा) ..........................................................109
41.3.1 🏭🏭 Circular Economy: Business Models ......................................................................110
41.4 �🦁🦁 Mfg & Services → Make in India: Why? (2014) ....................................................111
41.5 �🦁🦁 Make in India: How?...................................................................................................111
41.5.1 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: following initiatives too old. Why telling? Ans. Use it as padding/filler
112
41.6 �🦁🦁:📟📟 📺📺📺📺 Mfg: Assemble in India (अस�बल इन इं िडया) ..............................................115
41.6.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻:🧔🧔🧔🧔Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI: उ�ादन आधा�रत प्रो�ाहन)
115
41.7 🌱🌱🌱🌱 Mfg & Services → Startup India (2016) ...................................................................116
42 🔬🔬Mfg & Services → IPR/Pharmacy/Biotech ..............................................................................118
43 🏄🏄Sectors: Ease of Doing Business.................................................................................................118
43.1.1 🏄🏄 EODB 2.0 in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 (�ापार सुगमता का दू सरा चरण) .....................................119
43.2 🏄🏄👷👷Ease of doing Biz → Labour Reforms : श्रम सुधार ........................................................120

43.3 👷👷💰💰 Minimum Wages (�ूनतम वेतन) ......................................................................................121
43.3.1 👷👷💰💰 Minimum wages – significance ..............................................................................122
43.3.2 👷👷💰💰 Minimum Wage Reform: Anoop Satpathy Committee (2019) .....................123
43.3.3 � Conclusion: Indeed minimum wage enforcement is important........................123
44 Sectors of Economy → Mfg → 👘👘Textile & MSME ..................................................................124
44.1 👶👶👶👶 Mfg & Services → MSME → Ministry ..................................................................125
44.1.1 � Conclusion-Template for MSME:...............................................................................125
45 �💿💿Service Sector (सेवा �ेत्र) and SDG .........................................................................................126
45.1.1 Service sector domination positive on SDG.....................................................................126
45.1.2 Service sector domination negative / limitations on SDG .............................................126
45.2 🖱🖱🖱🖱 SERVICE SECTOR → E-Commerce (ई वा�ण� / ऑनलाइन �बक्र�) ...................................127
45.3 Economic Survey 10 Years (2012-22): Mfg & Services sector ................................................127
45.4 Mains Questions- Handpicked from Economics Optional.....................................................128
45.5 ✍🎺🎺 Mains Questions in Previous GSM2 & GSM3 ........................................................128
45.5.1 ✍🎺🎺 Mock Questions for Mains ................................................................................129

40.1 🌽🌽 AGRICULTURE- INTRO (कृ �ष- प�रचय)

(Definition) Agriculture is a primary economic activity that includes growing crops, fruits,
vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock. (कृ �ष एक प्राथ�मक आ�थक ग�त�व�ध है �जसम� बढ़ती फसल�, फल, स��यां,
फू ल और पशुधन का पालन शा�मल है)
- Modi-Target: Double farmers’ income by 2022-23 compared to 2015-16. (िकसान क� आय दुगनी करो)
- UN-SDG#1: End poverty in all forms. | UN-SDG#2: Eliminate global hunger, protect indigenous
seed and crop varieties, doubling agriculture productivity and small farmer incomes by 2030.

40.2 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON AGRI
Q. State reasons that support government intervention / public expenditure / subsidies in
Agriculture Sector. (optional economics 2013)
1. (DATA) Budget-2022 allocated >1lcr on fertiliser subsidies, >2lcr on food subsidies and >1.5lcr
on other schemes for agriculture such as PM-KISAN, Fasal-Bima etc.
2. Following reasons necessitate such intervention by the government:
3. fertilisers - all type of fertiliser is not available in India. we have to import them, imported
fertiliser tend to be expensive →poor farmer cannot afford it without subsidies. #food-security
#inclusive growth
4. electricity:- electricity is required for irrigation. Without subsidies, farmer cannot afford
electricity→ #food-security #inclusive growth
5. Organic farming: demand for such products is low in India, crop gestation period is longer, per
Hector yield is low. If government does not give subsidy to farmers to adopt organic farming,
most farmers will not do it on Sun Moto basis. #environment
6. MSP: required to prevent exploitation of farmers at APMC.
7. Income Support (PMKISAN-6k): required to help the farmers against limitations of APMC and
MSP procurement and vagaries of monsoon.
8. loan interest subsidy, crop insurance premium subsidy: required to protect the farmer against
informal moneylenders exploitation→ debt trap → suicide.
9. R&D schemes/subsidies: in India private sector Food processing industries is not matured. So
pvt sector will not invest greatly in the research development in crop fruits and vegetables. Govt
has to spend money.
10. Agri Extension / Training: most of the Indian farmers are not diploma/degree holders. They lack
the access/initiative to adopt to latest cropping methods and technologies. Government has to
help them.
11. Food storage/logistics pe subsidy to prevent food inflation.

12. Thus for inclusive growth, poverty removal, environmental conservation, inflation control and
other reasons necessitate government intervention in agriculture sector.
40.3 WHY GOVERNMENT SCHEMES CAN'T FIX AGRO PROBLEM?

⇒ 😰😰small sized farms.
⇒ 😰😰debt traps viz a viz customised machinery, high quality seeds, agrochemicals not available at
affordable prices.
⇒ 😰😰low adoption of modern technologies / machines
⇒ 😰😰APMC mandi- Lack of remunerative prices
⇒ 😰😰e-NAM online trading platform to connect the 500+ APMC mandis has not yet become fully
operational.
⇒ annual floods, droughts, reliance on monsoon.
⇒ infrastructure issues- SCM/cold storage bottlenecks.
⇒ social barriers / casteism. e.g. if a schedule caste farmer wants to adopt organic farming to
improve his income- other Bahubali/Dabangg/village-goons may oppose out of jealousy, and
destroy the crop at night. This discourages farmers from adopting new practises
⇒ religious values: Prohibit some farmers from adopting poultry farming, prawn-pisciculture,
emu-bird egg farming etc.
⇒ <you can add more points by rewording/twisting/modifying the content given in this handout>
40.4 🌽🌽AGRO SUBSIDIES: GOOD AND BAD

⇒ (DATA) Budget-2022 allocated >1lcr on fertiliser subsidies, >2lcr on food subsidies and >1.5lcr
on other schemes for agriculture such as PM-KISAN, Fasal-Bima etc.
⇒ Additionally, States too provide large amount of subsidies to the farmers.
40.4.1 🤩🤩Agro Subsidies: Good

⇒ Subsidies are beneficial to prevent the Farmer distress and food wastage िकसानों के सं कट और अ� क�
बबार्दी को बचाता है
⇒ Post harvest Infrastructure (Op Greens: T-O-P)
⇒ Direct income support (PM-KISAN: Green box subsidy as per WTO)
⇒ Support for Organic farming, millet production etc.
⇒ NSO Survey: Average Agriculture income ₹10,000
⇒ Without government subsidies they cannot continue in the agricultural sector. �बना स��डी के खेती-
बाड़ी करना मु��ल

⇒ Nor we can double the farmers income without providing them subsidies िकसानों क� आमदनी दुगनी
करने के �लए स��डी देना ज�री
⇒ Therefore agri subsidies are indispensable (अ�नवायर्)
⇒ Need of the hour is to ⏬ the distortion created by agri subsidies, while ⏫ their positive effect.
कृ �ष स��डी क� नकारा�क असर को कम करना है सकारा�क असर को बढ़ाना है
40.4.2 🤩🤩 Agro Subsidies: Bad

⇒ Cheap diesel/ electricity: Overexploitation of water, Excessive urea use pollution of soil and
water. WTO Oppose. Barriers to international trade
⇒ Urea subsidy: Smuggling / diversion problems. Overuse = pollution of soil, water
⇒ MSP: Preference to cereals → Inflation in pulses and vegetables. Preference to Sugarcane and
rice→ Exploitation of water
⇒ loan waivers→ new set of problems. Moral Hazard. 😰😰😰😰😰😰ES20- during Election season
farmers become lax in paying instalment. 😰😰Recovery of loans. NPA.
⇒ 😰😰Cooperative banks: Mismanagement by the trustees, financial scam.
�Conclusion: Public expenditure/ subsidy is required. But we should reduce or remove the
harmful subsidy. We should encourage the good subsidies.

40.5 🌽🌽🌽🌽AGRI-INPUT : OVERALL
40.5.1 🌽🌽🌽🌽LAND→ Land REFORMS
⇒ While India accounts for >17% of world population but barely 2.5 % of land of the world. (भारत के
पास आबादी के अनुपात म� जमीन ब�त कम है)
⇒ Agriculture is a purely land based activity. Size and quality of land has direct bearing on
agriculture productivity and farmers’ income. Land ownership also serves as a social value &
security against credit. (िकसान के �लए सामा�जक प्र�त�ा और कजर् लेने के �लए जमीन क� मा�लक� मह�पूण)र्

⇒ Land Reforms: - government led division of agricultural land and its reallocation to landless
people. सरकार के द्वारा भू�महीन िकसानों म� जमीन का पुनर�वतरण
⇒ 🤩🤩Zamindari abolition was successful because of the constitutional amendment, And popular
discontent against zamindars.
⇒ 🤩🤩Land ceiling : Jammu Kashmir and West Bengal it was successful due to political will and
popular discontent.
⇒ 😥😥outdated land records, opportunity for diverting the land to benami / relatives' names. कागज
पर िदखाने के �लए �र�ेदारों म� जमीन बांट दी
⇒ Bureaucratic apathy- Officials mostly live in city areas and rarely visit the rural areas. Work done
by Patwari with local nexus, corruption. (सरकारी बाबू क� उदासीनता)
⇒ Inaction by Panchayat and civil society. पं चायत और नाग�रक सं गठन क� उदासीनता
⇒ Ignorance, poverty, illiteracy → voting based on caste/religion. so, Landless farmers not a
separate vote bank. जा�त और धमर् के आधार पर वोिटंग. जमीन सुधार राजनी�तक मुद्दा नहीं है
⇒ Forest rights act → Resistance by the forest officials. Fake claims over jungle land. वन अ�धकार कानून
म� सम�ाएं
⇒ Post-LPG 1991: focus land acquisition for highways / SEZ and service sector, make in India etc.
अब तो सरकार िकसानों से जमीन सं पादन करके वहां राजमागर् औद्यो�गक क� द्र इ�ािद बनाने पर जोर दे रही है
⇒ So land Reform is not receiving adequate priority in the budgetary support or policy making. अब
तो वैसे भी नी�तगत अ�ग्रमता म� नहीं
⇒ already too much land fragmentation happened due to division of ancestral land among the
children. Further scope for land ceiling / land redistribution is limited. Case for land
consolidation/land pooling. Shifting the small and marginal farmers towards manufacturing and
service sector. Implementing model land leasing act etc.
⇒ - if ownership / tenant rights are clear then Farmer can get loans easily. More motivation to make
long term investments in farm & aquaculture, beekeeping etc.
⇒ - Cooperative farming, Farmer producer companies → consolidation of the land → Farm
mechanization → Production ⏫

40.6 🌧🌧☔AGRI-INPUT → WATER (IRRIGATION: �संचाई)
Definition? The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.

⇒ Challenges? While India accounts for more than 17% of world population but we have barely
4% of world's water resources. आबादी के िहसाब से जल सं साधन ब�त कम है भारत के पास
⇒ India is a water stressed country. >50% of the agri depends on rainfall. Only four months of
monsoon & if El-Nino we receive even less rainfall. → 2014 & 2015 drought → food inflation.
⇒ The countries with the largest areas under groundwater irrigation: India (39 million ha), China
ं ाई ब�त �ादा मात्रा म� होती है)
(19 million ha) and USA (17 million ha) (भारत म� भूजल द्वारा �सच
⇒ MSP, heavily subsidized electricity, water and fertilizers = 60% of water is consumed by water
intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane. चावल और ग�े क� खेती के चलते पानी �य �ादा
⇒ By 2050, India will be in the global hotspot for ‘water insecurity’. (जल असुर��तता)

⇒ To earn 2x (double) income, a farmer must cultivate multiple crops annually. But majority of
farmers face water shortage so they can’t do so. (�बना पानी के िकसान क� आमदनी दुगना करना असं भव)
40.6.1 ☔Agri-Input → Water (irrigation) → suggestions by Economic Surveys
1. River inter-Linking project. Self-study in Geography for more on this topic.
2. 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- Funding for river interlinking: Ken-Betwa, Damanganga-Pinjal, Godavari-
Krishna, Krishna-Pennar, Pennar-Cauvery and Par-Tapi-Narmada (although Par-Tapi-
Narmada dropped due to public protest) (इन निदयों को आपस म� जोड़ने के �लए नए बजट म� कु छ बात� क� गई)
3. Encourage pulses cultivation in the drought prone areas. अकाल प्रभा�वत �व�ार म� दालों क� खेती
4. Canal water usages: cost-based water pricing, stop theft of water. (उपभोग आधा�रत दाम वसूले जाएं , पानी
क� चोरी को रोका जाए)
5. Rain water harvesting i.e. capture and store rainwater. (वषार् जल सं चयन)
6. Watershed management i.e. building percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc. with community
participation. It helps in conservation of rain, surface and groundwater resources.
7. And finally, a National level dedicated agency to push above things. (रा��ीय �र पर सं �ा बनाई जाए)
40.6.2 ✍ ⛈ Conclusion? (पेयजल और �संचाई के बारे म� �न�षर्)
⇒ Water is a scarce natural resource. Water is fundamental to life, livelihood, food security and
sustainable development. SDG Goal#6 requires India to provide Universal access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all. Aforementioned policy / scheme / challenges are significant in
this regard / need to be addressed on priority basis.
⇒ दुलर्भ प्राकृ �तक सं साधन- आजी�वका सुर�ा, सतत �वकास के �लए सब को �� और स�ा पेयजल उपल� कराना ज�री. अग्रता
क्रम से इस सम�ा से लड़ना होगा
40.7 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI INPUTS → FINANCE / CREDIT: ऋण

(Intro: Origin) Small and marginal farmers produce little marketable surplus, and often deprived of
the remunerative prices even during bumper crops, so without borrowing they can never buy inputs
for the next cropping cycle. (छोटे सीमांत िकसानों के पास बेचने के �लए �वपुल मात्रा म� अनाज होता नहीं और अ�� पैदावार के
दौरान भी, बाजार म� अ�े मू� �मलते नहीं है, इस�लए हमेशा वे कज� म� डू बे रहते ह� ) Notable initiatives are:
RBI’s PSL norms: �रजवर् ब�क द्वारा प्राथ�मक �ेत्र के ऋण मानक Ref: Pill#1: Monetary policy
handout
Nationalisation of banks after the Independence. Ref: Pill#1: Bank classification
Setting up of differential banks (RRB, LAB, SFB). handout
Kisan credit card, interest subvention scheme, debt waiver Ref: Pill#1D: Fin.inclusion
Negotiable Warehouse Receipts (NWR)

40.8 🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-OUTPUT

40.9 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽AGRI-SELLING → WHY SUPPORT FARMERS?
⇒ Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of agricultural households conducted by the Ministry of

Statistics & Programme Implementation (MOSPI)→ National Statistical Office (NSO). ��त
आकलन सव��ण
⇒ Latest Report covers timeframe of 2019. It was published in 2021. Notable Findings →
⇒ agriculture household monthly income has ⏫ from ₹ 6426 (in 2014) to ₹ 10218 (2019) (एक
भारतीय िकसानप प�रवार क� औसत आमदनी मु��ल से 10,000 �पये प्र�तमाह है).
⇒ fragmentation of land holding has ⏫. Average size of a farm reduced from 0.725 hectare
(2003) to 0.512 ht (2019) (ज़मीन का भी खं डन हो रहा है. खेत क� औसत आकार कम हो रही है.)
- 📔📔📔📔ES2018 noted: Climate change’s negative impact is twice on unirrigated farms than
irrigated. With higher temperature and shorter rainfall: income fall will be 15-18% (for irrigated
farm), 20-25% (for unirrigated farm). जलवायु प�रवतर्न से उ�ादकता को खतरा
- Modi-govt has target of doubling the farmers income (from base year 2015-16) in 2022-23. But
for that agricultural sector must grow at 10% annually whereas it’s struggling to grow even @5%!
Therefore, Govt. intervention is necessary in the form of subsidies, procurement, MSP and
minimum income support (PM-KISAN@6k/pa). इस�लए स��डी �वपणन �ूनतम समथर्न मू� �ूनतम आय
समथर्न के �प म� सरकारी ह��ेप ज�री
40.9.1 Agri Selling→ APMC Nuisance

⇒ 😥😥Cartelisation by Mandi merchants
⇒ 😥😥Farmer deprived of remunerative prices → forever in debt cycle. िकसान को अ�� क�मती नहीं �मलती
इस�लए हमेशा कज� म� डू बा
⇒ Can't invest in better seeds / fertilizer / machinery. इस�लए वह अ�े िक� के बीज उवर्रक और मशीन खरीद नहीं
पाता

⇒ 😥😥Consequently agriculture sector struggling to get even 4% annual growth �जसके चलते कृ �ष उ�ादन
म� बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो रही
⇒ 😥😥 APMC caused food inflation because: खाद्य चीजों म� महंगाई के �लए भी �ज�ेदार
⇒ Large number of intermediary /middleman commission
⇒ Mandi tax and fees get added
⇒ Cartelisation & hoarding.
⇒ lack of hygiene / proper storage → wastage of food.
⇒ Shortage of food + commissions + profiteering → Food inflation
⇒ Indeed the bottlenecks in APMC had been the cause of under development of agriculture and
rising food inflation.
⇒ during Corona → APMC ordinance/Act was also issued. It had to be withdrawn because of the
protest of farmers. Need of the hour is to fix this on war footing
⇒ Hopefully this will help in a long way to address the challenges and double the farmers income
40.10 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-SELLING → MSP & CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Under the State APMC Acts, the first sale of agriculture commodity can occur at Agricultural
Produce Market Committee (APMC) Mandis only. However, a farmer may not get remunerative
prices at the Mandi due to following reasons:
1. Bumper production /⏫supply =market prices⏬ (आपू�त बढ़े: दाम �गरे) AND / OR
2. Cartelization / price-fixing by the mandi-merchants.
So, to protect the farmers, Government of India announces MSP (�ूनतम समथर्न मू�) before each crop
sowing season. (यिद िकसान को मं डी म� अ�� क�मती ना �मले तो सरकार को बेच सक� )

Critiques argue that due to MSP policies, farmers are encouraged to grow mostly sugarcane, rice and
wheat, which creates 1) water shortage 2) supply-shortage of other crops. (सरकार क� �ूनतम समथर्न मू�
नी�तयों के चलते �ादातर िकसान ग�ा-गे�ं-चावल लगाना पसं द करते ह� �जससे पानी क� बबार्दी, अ� फसलों क� िक़�त होती है.)
⇒ So, to encourage crop diversification, govt is giving MSP @more than 50% of Cost Price for
certain crops e.g. mustard (100%), Masur (70+%), barley (60%) (इस�लए सरकार ने कु छ फसलों पर िकसान
क� लागत ख़चर् के ऊपर 50% से भी अ�धक एमएसपी जारी िकया है)
40.10.1 MSP → Crop Diversification → Millets
⇒ Benefits? - 😍😍1) crop diversification. 2) water & soil conservation 3) improve farmers income.
4) self-sufficiency in pulses and oilseeds → inflation control, food and nutritional security.
⇒ Conclusion: yes we should ⏫millet cultivation for SDG goals (poverty, malnutrition).
Considering these benefits, Government has launched the dedicated sub-mission for millets
under the Green revolution - Krishonnati Yojana. UN/FAO also organizing international year of
millets. Budget 2022 also announced initiatives.
40.10.2 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri-Selling → MSP → FCI Procurement (अ�धप्रापण / खरीद)?

40.11🍅🍅🍅🍅🤯🤯AGRI-SELLING: FOOD INFLATION FOR CONSUMERS
(Intro-Origin) With green revolution, we became self-reliant in cereal production. But perishable
fruits and vegetables have remained our Achilles’ heel. Seasonal spikes in onion, tomatoes & pulses is
a recurring nightmare for middle class families of India. The underlying causes as following:
1. Demand Side: Growth of middle class & their disposable incomes → ⏫ demand of
fruits/veggies than before.

2. Supply Side: shortage of commodities on account of 1) poor monsoon & pests 2) post-harvest
losses due to unavailability of cold-storage & warehousing 3) hoarding (सं ग्रहखोरी/काला-बाजारी).
40.12🧃🧃FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES FOR GSM3
40.12.1 🧃🧃Food Processing: Meaning (खाद्य प्रसं �रण: अथर्/मतलब)

It is the process of turning fresh / raw foods into food products, using mechanical and chemical
operations. (यां�त्रक और रासाय�नक तरीको का उपयोग करके , ताजे / क�े खाद्य पदाथ� को, खाद्य उ�ादों म� बदलने क� प्रिक्रया है)
40.12.2 🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing Industry: Significance (मह�)
⇒ Direct and indirect employment opportunities, ⏬migration. (बेरोजगारी और �ानांतर)
⇒ ⏬wastage of food, ⏬food inflation. (खाद्य चीजों क� �बगाड़ बबार्दी मं गाई)
⇒ ⏫export earning, ⏬Current Account Deficit, ⏫GDP
⇒ Farmer motivated for growing fruits, vegetables, milk, fish, meat, poultry, grain, etc. → doubling
his income.

40.12.3 🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing Industry: Scope / Opportunities (अवसर)
⇒ Geographical: multiple types of soil & agro-climatic conditions, large coast line & fresh water
bodies. → Suitable for cultivation of variety of crops & fisheries. (अलग-अलग फसलों क� पैदावार के �लए
�व�भ� िक� क� �मट्टी और जलवायु प�र��तयां)
⇒ Demand: Nuclear families, usually working couples: wanting processed food / ready to cook
instant food. (एकल या �वभ� प�रवार- तुरंत पकाने के �लए तैयार भोजन चािहए)
⇒ Diabetes, obesity, Blood pressure, lifestyle diseases =>demand for healthy food, organic food.
⇒ Export potential for ethnic food and beverages such as Rasgulaa, kokum water, coconut water,
Toddy Palm wine etc. (भारत के पारंप�रक खाद्य और पेय पदाथ� के �नयार्त कर सकते ह�.)
⇒ Govt permitted upto 100% FDI in food processing industries. If foreign companies invest in
India, it can further boost our products’ quality. (�वदेशी �नवेश म� भी 100% अनुम�त दी गई.)
40.12.4 🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing Industry: Challenges → General (चुनौ�तयां)

While India is among the largest producers of cereals, Fresh fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, oilseed,
cash crops and fisheries. But less than 1/5th of food gets processed. Reasons:
⇒ Problems in access to Capital / Loans, Infrastructure. (पूंजी, ऋण, बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)
⇒ Need Skilled Manpower, Research Development, Technology
⇒ Plethora of government schemes: overlapping, ambiguous, inefficient. (�मलते जुलते उद्दे� वाली ब�त
सारी सरकारी योजनाएं लेिकन प्रभाव म� बेअसर)
⇒ Obstacles in APMC Act, prevalence of middle-men. No direct linkages with farmers. (Until the
recent E-NAM And Agri-ordinances)
⇒ in the export market:
o 1) Competition from others: Kenya (Tea), Newzealand (Milk), ASEAN (Fish)
o 2) Our products get rejected on health & hygiene standards

40.12.5 🧃🧃🧃🧃Supply Chain Management (SCM: आपू�त श्रृंखला प्रबं धन)
⇒ Supply chain is a system that links a company with its suppliers and customers.
⇒ Supply chain management (SCM) tries to optimize the production and marketing by getting the
right things - to right place- at right time - In a cost-effective manner.
⇒ आपू�त श्रृंखला प्रबं धन - सही चीजों को सही समय पर सही �ान पर प�ंचा कर कं पनी को उसके आपू�तकतार् और ग्राहकों के साथ
प्रभावी, िकफायती, तेजी से जोड़ने क� को�शश करता है.
40.12.6 🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing: Upstream issues
⇒ 🌽🌽Crops, fruits, vegetables: Climate change, heatwave, drought, diseases affecting the
production and quality. (जलवायु प�रवतर्न, स� गम� क� लहर, सूखा, बीमा�रयाँ)
⇒ R&D required to improve their shelf-life, taste, colour and texture for foreigners. (फल स�ी: लं बे
समय तक �बगड़े नहीं, �ाद रंग �चा �वदे�शयों को आक�षत लगे, ऐसे वै�ा�नक सं शोधन क� ज�रत)
⇒ 🐮🐮Cattle & Poultry: Foot & mouth disease, shortage of veterinary doctors, Avian Influenza,
Swine flu. Shortage of green fodder. (मवेशी-मुग�, रोग/�चिक�ा, हरी घास)
⇒ 👹👹Cooperative farming/Cooperative dairy sector suffering from politicisation / casteism /
scams. (सहकारी कृ �ष/डेयरी �ेत्र म� राजनी�तकरण, जा�तवाद और धांधली)

⇒ 🚛🚛Transport, Electricity, Infrastructure problems: milk/fruit/vegetable stored at village
collection point gets spoiled. (प�रवहन, �बजली, बु�नयादी सु�वधाएं )
40.12.7 🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing: Downstream issues
⇒ ⚗Adulteration in spices, cereals and other food products. synthetic milk made from Detergent,
Urea and caustic soda. (मसाले, खाद्या�, दू ध - हर चीज म� �मलावट खोरी)
⇒ Indian consumers prefer to buy fresh vegetables/meat/fish rather than processed or frozen. (ताजा
स�ी खरीदना पसं द करता है)
⇒ 🚊🚊Rail Transport: timing-schedules, cold storage problems. Congested rail stations, lack of
sorting, grading, warehousing facilities nearby. (अप्रभावी रेल प�रवहन)
40.12.8 🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃🧃Food Processing: Downstream issues → Export stage
⇒ ☕Tea Competition from Sri Lanka, Kenya, Indonesia and China. Coffee Competition from
Brazil, Columbia. (�नयार्त बाजार म� अ� देशों क� चाय कॉफ� से �धार्)
⇒ ⚓Port & Shipping: Environmental issues in land acquisition= hard to setup new port / expand
the existing port. (बं दरगाहों का �व�ार करने के �लए जमीन सं पादन मु��ल)
⇒ 🩺🩺Often our food-products get banned in the USA and EU for health/hygiene standards. (e.g.
mango: stone weevil insect, buffalo meat : foot-and-mouth disease, fish: heavy metal
contamination). Then we've to undergo a lengthy legal process & inspection process to get the
ban lifted. (�ा� / ��ता मानकों के चलते अमे�रका और यूरो�पयन यू�नयन म� हमारे �नयार्त का अ�ीकार/प्र�तबं ध)
⇒ 🍋🍋Protectionism: High level of taxes imposed on Indian Exports by USA/EU/China. (सं र�णवाद)
Ref-Pillar#3B. ++Refer to points mentioned in Agriculture Export Policy
40.12.9 🧃🧃✍Food Processing: Conclusion- हां इस �ेत्र पर �ान देना होगा
Food processing industry can increase income of farmers, jobs for youth and export earnings & GDP
growth for India. It can also help in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-
⇒ SDG Goal #2: eliminate hunger and malnutrition. (भूख और कु पोषण को ख� करना)
⇒ SDG Goal #5: Gender empowerment via employment opportunities (मिहला सश��करण)

⇒ SDG Goal #8: Decent Work and Economic Growth (रोजगार के अवसर, आ�थक वृ�द्ध)
⇒ SDG Goal#12: Reduce food wastage at post-harvest supply chains. (कटाई के बाद क� आपू�त श्रृंखला म� खाद्य
बबार्दी �बगाड़ को कम कर�।)
Therefore the aforementioned issues need to be addressed on war footing /priority basis. (िकसान क�
आमदनी युवाओं के �लए रोजगार आ�थक वृ�द्ध सतत �वकास ल�- सभी जगह पर खाद्य प्रसं �रण उद्योग मदद कर सकता है अतः उपरो�
मुद्दों को युद्ध�र से �नपटना / प्राथ�मकता देना ज�री)
40.13🐮🐮 SECTORS → AGRO ALLIED: → ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (पशुपालन)

- DPSP-Article 48: requires the State to organise animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines,
preserving and improving breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and other cattle.
- Per capita availability of milk and eggs has steadily ⏫ in recent years, says 📔📔📔📔ES22
40.13.1 🐮🐮🐮🐮😢😢 Challenge in dairy sector?

1. Post-2017: Excess supply of milk in global market → crash in milk prices. So, Indian private
dairy owners also cut down their procurement prices, resulting in dairy farmers’ distress &
agitations. So, farmers spilling milk on highways in protest. (अ�ा�धक आपू�त → दामों म� �गरावट)
2. As animal gets old & stops giving milk → farmers sell it to slaughter house to get money to buy
new animals. But, this trade becoming difficult due to present socio-political atmosphere →
even leather-industry also suffering. (वतर्मान सामा�जक-राजनी�तक माहोल म� बूढ़े पशुओ ं को क़�खाने म� बेचने म�
िकसान को िद�त, �जससे िक चमड़ा उधयोग म� भी सम�ा)
3. RCEP Agreement Angle. We’ve mastery over liquid milk products whereas NewZealand mastery
over solid milk products..
4. Foreign cattle breeds expensive to maintain. Need to develop indigenous breeds who need less
water, tolerant to disease.
5. Need to Promote small ruminants sheep-goats etc. for women / small marginal farmers.
6. - 😥😥Health: Prevalence of disease e.g. foot and mouth disease, Lumpy skin disease, overuse of
antibiotics, shortage of veterinary doctors.
7. - US/EU: health-hygine-SPS - Indian animal product fail/ reject. �ा� मानदंडों पर अमे�रका और यूरोप म�
भारतीय उ�ाद खा�रज हो जाते ह�
8. - dairy sector politicisation and scams preventing the entry of professionals in management.
9. - feed/fodder not available at affordable prices.
Conclusion: - Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income
in rural areas. Need to address problems on war-footing. ग्रामीण �ेत्रों म� गैर-कृ �ष रोजगार और आय प्रदान करने के
�लए पशुपालन �ेत्र बड़ी �मता रखता है

40.13.2 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻Fisheries Template: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (2020)
Basically whatever they ask about Fisheries- just twist/modify the following features of PM Matsya
Sampada Yojana scheme as per requirement.
This scheme provides Support / Funding / Subsidies for

 �Sagar Mitra youth extension workers: They'll give training to fishermen.
 🛶🛶🛶🛶☠Fishing Boat/Vessels → Loans interest subsidy and Insurance premium subsidies
(नाव/पोत के �लए ऋण के �ाज और बीमा िक� म� स��डी)
 Inland Aquaculture, Coldwater Fisheries in Himalayan areas, (अंतद�शीय, शीत जल म�)
 🌾🌾Seaweed cultivation, 🐠🐠Ornamental Fisheries (समुद्री शैवाल क� खेती, सजावटी मछली)

 Mariculture: cultivation of marine organisms in their natural environment in sea upto 12
nautical miles from coast.
 ⚓Development of fishing harbours, Post harvest infrastructure, transport, marketing support (
बं दरगाह, बु�नयादी अवसं रचना, प�रवहन, �वपणन सहायता)
 ⚗🩺🩺Quality control labs so we can comply with US/EU's health/hygiene, sanitary and phyto-
sanitary (SPS) standards. (गुणव�ा �नयं त्रण प्रयोगशालाएं , तािक अपना म� उ�ाद �वदेशों म� �ा�/��ता सं बं�धत
मानकों पर खा�रज ना हो जाए)
 🗓🗓Scheme Valid for next five years, starting from 2020
 🤩🤩Outcome? 55 lakhs direct and indirect jobs, ₹1 lakh cr fisheries export by 2025.
✍Conclusion? Fisheries and aquaculture are an important source of food, nutrition, employment
and exports in India. Govt has taken an appreciable step to boost this sector further. (भोजन, पोषण,
रोजगार और �नयार्त क� बढ़ोतरी के �लए मह�पूणर् इस म� �ेत्र को, और बढ़ावा देने के �लए सरकार ने, एक सराहनीय कदम उठाया है।)
40.14🌽🌽�� AGRICULTURE → RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT & EDUCATION
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1929) is the apex body of agricultural research, education
and extension under the ministry of agriculture.
40.14.1 ⚠ Challenges in Agro R&D? <for Mains GSM3>

1. ICAR scientists’ salary structures and promotion rules are time-bound and seniority based. So
highly intelligent scientists opt for private companies / foreign countries.
2. Presently agriculture research funding is <1% of GDP. We need to increase it. 📙📙📙📙ES22
observed that every rupee spent on agricultural research and development, yields much better

returns (11.2), compared to every rupee spent on fertiliser subsidy (0.88), power subsidy (0.79),
education (0.97) or on roads (1.10). (कृ �ष-सं शोधन म� ख़चर् िकया गया प्र�ेक �पया हम� 11 गुना फ़ायदा करा सकता है,
िक�ु सरकार िकसानों को ख़ुश रखने के �लए यू�रया स��डी, �बजली स��डी इ�ािद पर �ादा पैसा ख़चर् करती है जो वा�व म� 11
गुना फ़ायदा या उ�ादन म� बढ़ोतरी नहीं दे पाता।)
3. Govt scientists mainly focus on improving quantitative yields. If they also focused on aroma,
taste, appearance, calorie, nutrient, antioxidants etc. from wealthy health-conscious
urban/foreign consumers’ point of view, then premium varieties can be created to help farmer
earn more money. (सुगंध, �ाद, कै लोरी, पोषक त� के िहसाब से बेहतर उ�ाद बनाए तो �ादा पैसा)
4. Indian agriculture research has become ‘cereal centric’. We need to focus on pulses, oilseeds,
horticulture and animal husbandry as well. (बागायत, पशुपालन, दालों और �तलहन पर भी सं शोधन ज�री)
5. Even if research doesn’t drastically ⏫ the quantitative yield, but improves the shelf life of
onions, potatoes, tomatoes etc. then also food inflation can be controlled by reducing seasonal
variation in the supply. (ज�ी खराब ना हो जाए ऐसे �ाज टमाटर स��यां)
40.14.2 🌽🌽🌽� Agriculture → Extension Service (�व�ार-सेवा) <for GSM3>
Figure 1: हम� खेतीबाड़ी क� को�चगं �मलेगी तो और अ�े से उ�ादन कर पाएं गे

- Definition: Extension service is an informal education process to offer advice, information and
training, usually meant for farmers, villagers and women to change their outlook towards their
agricultural / economic / health problems. (अनौपचा�रक �प से सलाह, जानकारी, तालीम देना तािक लाभाथ� का
अपनी सम�ाओं को देखने का नज�रया बदल�)
- 😰😰Challenge? NSO survey, ~60% of Indian farmers do not get much agricultural technical
assistance from govt-institutes. So they rely on progressive farmers, media, and private sellers of
seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides- who may not give them unbiased advisory because of their own
vested commercial interests. (िकसान, �ापारी क� सलाह �ादा मानते ह� �ोंिक सरकारी सलाह कम �मल रही है)
Usually 5 delivery channels for agri-extension services:
Channel (मा�म) → 😰😰Challenges (सम�ाएं )
Individual counselling via personal meeting, Geographical each, manpower availability.
toll-free Helpline & Letters Barely 1 extension worker available per 800-
1000 farmers.
Group counselling via seminar, workshop, Farmers fear loss of workday, lack of
group discussion, field visit. motivation to spend time / travel.
Kurukshetra and other govt magazines / Illiteracy and poverty. then we’ve to use audio-
periodicals. visual methods such as….

Channel (मा�म) → 😰😰Challenges (सम�ाएं )
Mass Media via Kisan TV (2014) and Public Marginal farmers may not have instruments to
Radio broadcast. (टीवी रेिडयो द्वारा जनसं पकर् ) watch them. Customized / tailor made advisory
/ information difficult to deliver.
E-Technology via E-Krishi (Webportal) ; Mass reach possible because more mobiles and
mKisan (SMS/USSD), Kisan Suvidha App etc jio4G effect.Tailor-made advisory can be given.
40.14.3 � Extension Services: Conclusion template
Agricultural extension plays a key role in boosting agricultural productivity, enhancing food security,
improving rural livelihoods and changing farming practices positively. However, hardly 40% of
Agricultural Households are getting access to it. So, we need to enhance the access to extension
services on war-footing. (कृ �ष उ�ादकता बढ़ाने म� �व�ार सेवा का मह� है, िकंतु मु��ल से 40% प�रवारों को ही यह सेवा �मल
रही है. इस�लए �ादा से �ादा कृ �ष प�रवारों को �व�ार सेवा �मले इसके �लए सरकार ने अग्रता क्रम से कदम उठाने चािहए)
40.14.4 ✍ Agriculture-Conclusion (�न�षर्)
 Agriculture is the largest sector of Indian economy in terms of number of people employed. For
their income security, as well as entire India’s food & nutritional security, we’ve to focus on
improving soil, irrigation, seed, fertilizers, market reforms etc. <insert name of x y z> scheme is
important in that regard. (रोजगार के िहसाब से कृ �ष भारत का सबसे बड़ा �ेत्र है. िकसानो क� आय, तथा भारत क� खाद्य,
ं ाई, बीज, उवर्रक और बाजार म� सुधार ज�री)
पोषण सुर�ा के �लए जमीन, �सच
 And / or to double the farmers income, we’ve to focus on Horticulture / Floriculture / Fisheries /
Animal Husbandry / Poultry / Food Processing / Extension Services and therefore addressing
aforementioned <insert name of > challenges is need of the hour.
40.15📕📕ECONOMIC SURVEY LAST 10 YEARS (2012-22) AGRICULTURE

PM Krishi Sinchai 2015
Soil Health Card 2015
PM Kisan 6k 2016
Agriculture export policy 2018
Op TOP 2018
PM AASHA (MSP) Sep 2018
Ministry of Jal Shakti formed 2019
3 Farm Laws Enact & Repeal 2020
Matsya Sampada Yojana 2020
WTO Blocks Sugar subsidies 2021
Ministry of Corporation formed Jul 2021
Intl Yr of Millets 2023

Recurring themes: yield << world std, $ for research & extension, land consolidation, farm
mechanization, APMC.
⇒ 2012: Cereal MSP hike = inflation. MSP Procurement should be “calibrated” → 2016 CEA
pulses committee - “social cost“, environmental cost need to be added in MSP.
⇒ 2013:
o MSP+Open ended procurement: Fiscal deficit + inflation ↑
o 4% growth → (Modi) 2x income by 2022.
o Warehousing regulatory authority need to be strengthened.
o 3 ways economies grow Geology, Geography, Jeans (low skill mfg) : Reaping Dem
Dividend requires ⏫non-agro jobs → (2014) “jeans/low skilled mfg”
o NBS regime without urea😰😰→ DBT+soil health cards. Sick fertilizer cos should not be
sustained on tax payers’ money (Chakravyuh Challange).
⇒ 2014:
o Shantakumar FCI reforms → 2016 CEA Pulses “PPP” in procurement & sale.
o FMC should prevent over-speculation (WRT NSEL’13) → Merged with SEBI.
⇒ 2015: “Big bang reforms” can't be done because 'dispersed nature of power' (APMC & land
reforms) hence "Persistent incrementalism" while avoiding "policy reversals".
⇒ 2015: Cultivate more from less (inputs): micro irrigation, soil health card.
⇒ 2016: Price deficiency system to fix MSP problems.
⇒ 2017: Climate change can cause 25% income loss for farmers with un-irrigated land.
⇒ 2019: When Government intervention hurts more than it helps- case study of FCI, suggestion
for reducing the NFSA-subsidy burden 1) cheap price only for extreme poor 2) conditional cash
transfer to families for purchasing grains from open market
⇒ 2020: Agriculture growth +ve in Corona, despite fall in other sectors.
⇒ 2021: Use nano-urea, drones and artificial intelligence. Trying to justify that government's
minimum support price policy is helping in crop diversification. NSO Data: the average income
of farmers (about 10k/per month). Need to focus on sweet Revolution / honey products, natural
/organic farming, food processing etc.
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: Chemical free natural farming in 5 km river banks, river interlinking, 2023-
year of millets, Kisan Drones, agriculture University syllabus update, funding for agroforestry.
40.16 ✍MAINS QUESTIONS- ECONOMICS OPTIONAL SE HANDPICKED

1. “Declining Public Expenditure in agriculture is largely responsible for declaration of growth in
this sector in India.” Critically examine the validity of this statement. (2010)
2. State five reasons that support government intervention in agricultural markets. (2013)
3. “Agriculture is not just a sector contributing a small proportion of GDP, it is a way of life for the
Indians.” Discuss. (2012)

4. Agriculture has an important role to play in the economic development of a developing agrarian
economy. Do you agree? Explain fully. (2000)
5. What role do the subsidies play in agricultural development of India? (2001)
40.16.1 ✍Mains Questions: Agro → Cropping & irrigation & Land Reforms
GSM3 Syllabus Topic: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types
of irrigation and Land reforms in India.
How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic 2021
conditions of marginal and small farmers? देश के कु छ भागों म� भू�म सुधारों ने सीमांत और लघु िकसानों क�
सामा�जक-आ�थक ��त िक सुधारने के �लए िकस प्रकार सहायता क� है? ✅Solved in FREE CLASS
Q04. How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis? भारत के 2021
जल सं कट के समाधान म�, सू�-�संचाई कै से और िकस सीमा तक सहायक होगी? ✅Solved in FREE CLASS
What is the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies 2021
provide an opportunity for crop diversification? फ़सल �व�वधता है के सम� मौजूदा चुनौ�तयाँ �ा ह�? उभरती
प्रौद्यो�गक�याँ फ़सल �व�वधता के �लए िकस प्रकार अवसर प्रदान करती है ? ✅Solved in FREE CLASS
What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this 2020
success how has this system become bane in India? (धान-गे�ं प्रणाली को सफल बनाने के �लए कौन-से प्रमुख
कारक उ�रदायी ह�? इस सफलता के बावजूद यह प्रणाली भारत म� अ�भशाप कै से बन गई है?)
How far is the Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in sustaining agricultural production? 2019
Elaborate on the impact of the National Watershed Project in increasing agricultural production
from water-stressed areas.
Sikkim first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits? 2018
Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity 2018
and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers?
How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes in cropping patterns in recent 2018
past? Elaborate the emphasis on millets production and consumption.
What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop 2017
diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system?
What is water-use efficiency? Describe the role of micro-irrigation in increasing the water-use 2016
efficiency.
What is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture. 2016
Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop 2016
insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were 2016
responsible for the success of land reforms in India.
Establish the relationship between land reform, agriculture productivity and elimination of 2013
poverty in Indian Economy. Discussion the difficulty in designing and implementation of the
agriculture friendly land reforms in India.
40.16.2 ✍Mains Questions: Agro →E-Tech. in aid of farmers

GSM3 Syllabus Topic: e-technology to aid farmers, Technology missions;

Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How 2017
these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India?
How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? 2015
What steps has the Government taken in this regards?
40.16.3 ✍Mains Questions: Agro →Food processing industry / Marketing

GSM3 Syllabus Topic: Food processing and related industries in India (scope & significance,
location, upstream-downstream requirements, supply chain management); storage, transport &
marketing of agro-produce and related issues & constraints; Economics of animal-rearing
What are the challenges and opportunities of cooperative sector in the country? Explain Mock
how the establishment a dedicated ministry for this subject help in this regard. (देश म�
सहकारी �ेत्र क� चुनौ�तयां और अवसर �ा ह�? समझाइए िक इस �वषय के �लए एक सम�पत मं त्रालय क� �ापना इस सं बंध
म� कै से मदद करता है)
What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing sector in the country? How 2020
can income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing?
(देश म� खाद्य प्रसं �रण �ेत्र क� चुनौ�तयां एवं अवसर �ा है? खाद्य प्रसं �रण को प्रो�ािहत कर कृ षकों क� आय म� पयार्�
वृ�द्ध कै से?)
What are the main constraints in transport and marketing of agricultural produce in 2020
India? (भारत म� कृ �ष उ�ादों के प�रवहन एवं �वपणन म� मु�ा बाधाएँ �ा ह�?)
Elaborate on the policy by the govt of India to meet the challenges of the food processing 2019
sector.
Examine the role of supermarkets in supply chain management of fruits, vegetables and 2018
food items. How do they eliminate number of intermediaries?
What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective small processing unit? How the 2017
food processing unit will be helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers?
Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in 2015
rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sectors in India
In view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture 2015
non-viable for a majority of farmers, should contract farming and land leasing be
promoted in agriculture? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.
What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in industry in 2015
India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks?
There is also a point of view that agriculture produce market committees (APMCs) set up 2014
under the state acts have not only impeded the development of agriculture but also have
been the cause of food inflation in India. Critically examine.
India needs to strengthen measures to promote the pink revolution in food industry for 2013
better nutrition and health. Critically elucidate the statement.
40.16.4 ✍Mains Questions: Agro → MSP
GSM3 Syllabus Topic: Farm subsidies and MSP and issues therein (direct and indirect); PDS
(objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping, issues of buffer stocks & food security)

Critically examine the need and feasibility of providing agriculture-debt waiver to small mock
and marginal farmers of India. कजार् माफ� देने क� ज�रत और �वहा�रकता पर गं भीर समी�ा क��जए
Enumerate the salient features of the agriculture reform laws issued by the union mock
government in 2020 and discuss the reasons behind their repeal. (क� द्र सरकार द्वारा 2020 म� जारी
िकए गए कृ �ष सुधार क़ानूनों के मु� प्रावधानों क� सूची दी�जए और उ�� हटाने/रद करने के कारणो क� चचार् क��जए)
What are the reformative steps taken by the government to make food grain distribution 2019
system more effective? Ref: Pillar6: Hunger
What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the 2018
farmers from the low income trap?
How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? 2017
What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing
for small and marginal farmers?
“In the villages itself no form of credit organisation will be suitable except the 2014
cooperative society.” – All Indian rural credit survey. Discuss this statement in the
background of agriculture finance in India. What constraints and challenges do financial
institutions supplying agricultural finances? How can technology be used to better reach
and serve rural clients?
Food security bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically 2013
discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation & concerns it has
generated in WTO.
What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and 2013
state levels? Critically analyze the agriculture subsidy regime with the reference to the
distortions created by it.
📑📑Next part: Pillar4B: Sectors of Economy → MFG, MSME, Make/Assemble

in India etc.

Pillar4B: sectors of Economy: MFG, Startup-IPR, Make in India, EoD, MSME-Textile
41 �MFG & SERVICES: INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND LPG REFORMS

41.1 �LIBERALIZATION, PRIVATIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION?
41.1.1 Beyond LPG Reforms: what more needs to be done?

⇒ Origin :1991 balance of payment crisis → LPG reforms.
⇒ LPG reforms- Entry of private sector banks, aviation and insurance companies
⇒ FDI reforms- Entry of e-commerce, mobile telecom giants
⇒ Various initiatives towards- Ease of doing business, fourth industrial revolution, startup
ecosystem etc.
⇒ but miles to go before we sleep:
⇒ Education, Brain Drain.

⇒ Research Development mein jugaad mentality. Private Sector not doing enough R&D.
⇒ Taxation, FDI reforms, ease of doing business 2.0
⇒ factory laws & labour laws require reform.
⇒ Various points from the economic survey. + more to come in 4C (GDP)
⇒ Conclusion: After the LPG reforms, Indian economy was able to grow at annually 4-8%, (except
Corona). At present we are third largest economy in the world in ($PPP). - But from here
onwards, to achieve $5 trillion GDP target, aforementioned reforms are necessary.
41.1.2 🌐🌐Globalization impact on Indian Industries: वै�ीकरण

⇒ Globalization is a process in which nations allow free flow of goods, services, labour, capital
investment, technology, ideas and innovations. व�ु, सेवाओं, श्रम, पूंजी �नवेश, प्रौद्यो�गक�, और �वचारों नवाचारों
के मु� प्रवाह क� प्रिक्रया को वै�ीकरण कहते ह�
⇒ 😊😊Indian companies are giving tough fight to MNCs namely:
o IT-BPO sector- Infosys & TCS
o Tata purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford Company
o Reliance refinery -Among the largest in the world.
o Giant foreign companies like Aramco & Walmart Investing billions of dollars in Indian
companies as FDI- It proves our companies have potential.
⇒ 😥😥FMCG- Fast Moving Consumer Goods e.g. bread butter toothpaste shampoo→ Indian
brands like Patanjali Dabur Tata Nirma giving tough fight to foreign brands. (but only within
India. These indian brands yet to earn the name at a global stage.)
⇒ 😥😥Unicorn startups from India e.g. Byjus, Zomato, Unacademy, PayTM. However their
number and scale of operation is nowhere near to Microsoft, Google, Apple, Dell, Samsung, LG
and Facebook. India does not have a tech-company of that size and global scale.
⇒ 😥😥India's Exports & product appeal is mostly confined to Asian subcontinent and African
nations. - Whereas Apple phones, Dell laptops, Ferrari cars have universal appeal. भारत क� गािड़यां
कपड़े सामान �ादातर ए�शया और अफ्रीका म� �बकते ह�, लेिकन पूरी �व� म� सावर्ज�नक �प से प्र�सद्ध नहीं जैसे ए�ल डेल फ़रारी
⇒ 😥😥Only one Indian Bank (SBI) in the top 100 banks of the world- India should have at least 6.
(Recall 1B1: psb 50 years of nationalization)
⇒ Pharmaceutical- while India is a notable mfg hub, reduce the cheap vaccines for corona. but
development of groundbreaking patented medicines or revenue generation = NOT like Pfizer,
Johnson and Johnson, Bayers, Novartis, Sanofi.
⇒ Issues in research development, brain drain, capital availability.
⇒ to attract the foreign industries in India, GoI started Delicensing, ease of doing Biz→ this has
helped the local player as well.
⇒ inflow of foreign capital and technology in electrical equipment, services and
telecommunication→ quality of Indian products increased→our exports increased.
⇒ Industrial labour has become more efficient and skilled due to increased competition and inflow
of foreign knowledge.

⇒ excessive competition in the market puts pressure on domestic companies to raise productivity,
improve product quality etc.
⇒ MNC advertisements → uncontrolled growth of consumerism preference for branded high-end
products compared to cheap Swadeshi products→ MSME can’t compete. Environmental
exploitation, waste generation et cetera
⇒ MNC are solely motivated by private profits. → lot of emphasis on cost-cutting → pressure to
replace men with machines and robots→unemployment⬆
⇒ Trade unions have become weaker in negotiating better pay and security for workers as only
efficient labour is absorbed by the profit driven enterprises. To save workers from losing jobs,
they were compelled to accept cuts in salaries, freezing of dearness allowance etc
⇒ Globalization has exposed domestic firms to risks such as fluctuations in prices, instability of
profits and uncertainties of demand and supply. Russia Ukraine crisis has caused more damage
to Indian economy in 2022 compared to the damage it could have done in 1980s because now we
are more integrated to global supply and global economy.
⇒ services sector employment⬆ from 20% in 1991 to >30% in 2010.esp. in IT and
communication sectors, banking, insurance, and airlines, accounting, media-entertainment,
marketing, Biotechnology; medical research centres; food retailing with shopping malls cropping
up at every nook and corner of the cities and towns.
⇒ MNCs generate employment for the skilled workforce especially in urban areas. It motivates
labour to pick up various skills through training.
⇒ 😥😥 increase in contractual and casual employment due to globalization since employers can’t
afford to have a large workforce on a regular basis. → denial of EPFO/ESIC/ social security for
the workers.
⇒ 🤩🤩 scope for women in high labour industries such as garments, electronics etc.,
41.2 🤖🤖BEYOND LPG → TOWARDS 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

41.3 ⛸🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑 CIRCULAR ECONOMY (प�रक्रामी अथर्�व�ा)
 (Definition) A circular economy is an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use,

dispose). In circular economy, resources are kept in use for as long as possible, the maximum
value is extracted from them, and ultimately waste is recovered and regenerated in the end.
पारंप�रक-रै�खक-अथर्�व�ा से �वपरीत यहा प�रक्रामी-अथर्�व�ा मे सं साधनो के पुननर्वीनीकरण पे �ादा �ान िदया जाता है।
 (Origin) 2019: NITI Aayog proposed ‘Circular Economy and resources efficiency in India’.
 (DATA) Circular Economy in EU is expected to create savings of €600 billion for EU businesses,
creation of additional 580,000 jobs and reduction of carbon emissions by 450 million tonnes by
2030. In India it can generate 1.4 crore jobs in next 5-7 years. रोजगार सृजन म� मदद

41.3.1 🏭🏭 Circular Economy: Business Models
� Conclusion: Circular Economy aims at minimising waste and making the most out of the
available resources. SDG Goal#12 requires nations to ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns. Therefore, we must focus on Circular Economy on war-footing. Taking note of
this, 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 announced to focus on electronic waste, end-of-life vehicles, hazardous
industrial waste for promoting circular economy. (सं साधनों के अप�य म� कमी, सतत �वकास ल� क� प्रा��, अग्रता
क्रम से इस पर काम करना होगा. इसी को �ान म� रखते �ए नए बजट म� भी प�रक्रामी अथर्तंत्र पर ज़ोर िदया गया है).

41.4 �🦁🦁 MFG & SERVICES → MAKE IN INDIA: WHY? (2014)
Previous economic surveys observed that nations improve their GDP using three ways
41.5 �🦁🦁 MAKE IN INDIA: HOW?

Nodal? Commerce ministry. (वा�ण� मं त्रालय)

Objective? Promote India as global hub for manufacturing goods & services, design and innovation
in 25 sectors. Later it was expanded to total 27 sectors. Basically it focuses:
 FDI norms relaxed for facilitating investment (�नवेश क� सु�वधा)

 fostering innovation, research development (R&D) (नवाचार को बढ़ावा देना)
 building infrastructure (बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)
 making it easy to do business by relaxing the factory-labour-tax laws & administrative
procedures (�ापार करने म� आसानी प्रदान करना)
 enhancing skill development (कौशल �वकास को बढ़ाना)
41.5.1 🚩🚩🚩FAQ: following initiatives too old. Why telling? Ans. Use it as padding/filler
Sectors (�ेत्र)  Make in India Initiatives- some notable examples
🚗🚗Auto  National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project (NATRiP)
Components project for encouraging R&D
🚗🚗Automobiles  FAME-India [Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric
Vehicles in India]. More in Pillar5: Infrastructure → transport
infrastructure.
 Electric, Ethanol and Methanol Vehicles exempted from Permit.
🛩🛩Aviation  National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) & UDAAN scheme to boost
उड्डयन regional air connectivity. Faster approval to the Greenfield airports in the
North East areas
 2016: FDI policy relaxed for Aviation.
💊💊Biotech  New biotechnology parks launched, FDI policy relaxed.
⚗Chemicals  New plastic parks launched.
⚒Construction  Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016- for granting quick
मकान �नमार्ण permissions to the builders at the same time protecting the home buyers.
🔫🔫Defense  Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP-2016: र�ा अ�धप्रा�� प्रिक्रया) :
Manufacturing Government will give first priority to the indigenously designed
र�ा श�ों का �व�नमार्ण developed and manufactured (IDDM) defence equipments.
 Updated Defense Offset Norms (र�ा ऑफसेट मानदंड) i.e. when government
buys defence equipments from a foreign company, that foreign company
will have to reinvest “x%” of the income back into Indian industries.
 👻👻 2020: Atma-Nirbhar:- Banned import of 101 defense items.
🔌🔌Electronic  New electronic parks approved, subsidy to entrepreneurs for purchasing
System Design machinery.
 National Electronics Policy 2019 <its salient features given under the
Standup India portion of this handout>
🍭🍭🍭🍭Food  New Mega Food parks, cold storages, abattoirs approved.

Processing  👻👻 2020: Atma-Nirbhar:- needs funds & support (📑📑Pillar#4A)
💾💾IT and IT  2016: 100% automatic FDI in market-place E-commerce.
enabled Services  Post demonetisation many initiatives to ⏫digital payment systems.
(IT & ITeS)  Pradhan Mantri Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA), Digital India
Mission- All of them directly and indirectly increase the demand of
computer hardware and software.
 Public Procurement (Preference to Make in India) Order 2017 which
requires govt depts to buy India-made desktops and computer parts.
👢👢 Leather  India is 2nd largest producer of footwear, second largest exporter of leather
चमड़ा और जूता उद्योग garments. New leather parks and clusters to be approved
 Global demand for footwear is moving towards non-leather footwear for
their comfort & cheapness, so we need R&D.
📡📡Audio-Visual  Single window clearances for film shootings for foreign film makers in
Media and India. Relaxed the norms to start new private FM radio stations.
Entertainment  Budget-2019: Previously Single Window clearance to foreigner film
मनोरंजन �ेत्र makers for shooting movies. This facility made open to Indian as well.
 Cinematography Amendment bill: unauthorized camcording /
duplication of movie → upto 3 years jail + 10 lakh fine.
⛏🎖🎖Mining  Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR)
खनन amended in 2015-16 for ease of mining exploration.
 👻👻 2020: Atma-Nirbhar:- more reforms (📑📑Ref: Pill#5)
⛽Oil and Gas  Gas based Thermal Power Projects approved.
 Gas grid projects to deliver gas through pipeline.
 Strategic oil reserves created. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing
Policy (HELP) 2016 To facilitate the exploration of all type of
hydrocarbons. (Ref📑📑Pillar#3A)
 PM-Ujjwalla yojana to encourage poor families adopt LPG - indirectly
boosts the demand & mfg of gas stoves, lighters etc. (Ref📑📑Pillar#5)
💊💊Pharma  Additional NIPER institutes approved → ⏫availability of trained
औष�ध manpower. FDI norms relaxed. Compulsory licensing of expensive
MNC-patented drugs to encourage generic drugs’ production in India.
<Ref: IPR portion of this handout.>
⚓Ports (बं दर)  Sagarmala Project to improve port infrastructure.<Ref📑📑Pill#5>
🚅🚅 Railways  New Metro Rail Policy 2017 with public private partnership. Mumbai-
(अ��रथ) Ahmedabad high speed rail project with help of Japan.
 Permitted private train operators (More in 📑📑Pillar#5)

🚗🚗 Highways  Expressways between Vadodara Mumbai,Delhi-Mumbai, Bangalore-
(राजमागर्) Chennai etc.
 NHAI approved new investment models.
 Bharatmala project for highway construction. (More in 📑📑Pillar#5)
🔋🔋Renewable  Preference to domestic manufacturers for purchasing equipment for
Energy Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and similar projects.
(नवीकरणीय ऊजार्)  Although later USA complaint to WTO that it is a ‘non-tariff’ barrier.
(More in 📑📑Pillar#3B-WTO)
🛰🛰Space  ISRO’s commercial arm Antrix Corporation Ltd. getting other countries
अवकाश to launch their satellites using ISRO’s expertise.
(Ref: Pill#5)  👻👻 2020: Atma-Nirbhar:- more reforms to encourage private sector in
space research / space tourism (Ref: Pill#5)
👚👚Textiles  India Handloom Brand launched. Special Textile Package to increase jobs
कपड़ा उद्योग and machinery upgradation. Apparel and garment manufacturing parks
setup in North East.
🔥🔥Thermal Power  New thermal power plants with green supercritical technology. UDAY
ताप ऊजार् scheme to cover the losses of distribution companies. DD Gram Jyoti
(Ref: Pill#5) Yojana & Saubhagya scheme to increase the electricity penetration in
rural households. Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LED for All (UJALA) scheme
to increase consumption of LED bulbs.
🥂🥂Tourism and  e-Visa scheme, Swadesh Darshan scheme, PRASAD scheme etc. to
Hospitality, � increase tourism
Wellness  Yoga day, AYUSH Ministry to attract foreigners for medical tourism
प्रवासन  Tourism sector contributes significantly in terms of GDP, foreign
exchange earnings and employment. But growth rate has been falling in
recent years. So, ES18-19 suggested Government to promote Ayurveda,
Health and Medical Tourism in India so as to overcome the ‘seasonality’
aspect of recreational tourism.
Other services  Medical Value Travel/medical tourism
 Transport and Logistics, Communication
 Accounting and Finance, Legal Services
 Environmental Services, Education Services
⚠😰😰 Challenge? Most of the jobs in above 27 sectors are skill intensive while India is burdened
with vast pool of unskilled labour. So, govt has to pay more attention to education, skill development
schemes incl. Skill India (2015) → 📑📑more in Pillar#6. (मजदू रों के कौशल �वकास पर �ान देना होगा)

41.6 �🦁🦁:📟📟 📺📺📺📺 MFG: ASSEMBLE IN INDIA (अस�बल इन इं�डया)
- (Definition) Network Products: Their production occurs across Global Value Chains (GVCs)
operated by Multinational Companies (MNCs) such as Apple, Samsung, Sony, Nike, Adidas etc.
(ब�रा��ीय �नगमों द्वारा वै��क मू� श्रृंखला के द्वारा “नेटवकर् उ�ादों” को बनाया जाता)
⇒ Product is designed by their Headquarter (HQ) located in a rich country @US/EU/Japan. But
Product assembly/manufacturing in done low wage countries.
📔📔📔📔ES20 Vol1Ch5 suggested we move from ‘Make in India’ towards Assemble in India
👗👗 🧸🧸 👢👢 Make in India 👟👟 📟📟 📺📺 🔋🔋 🔌🔌 Assemble in India

What? textiles, clothing, footwear, toys (कपड़े व� Products of Apple, Samsung, Sony, Nike,
जूते �खलौने) Adidas etc.
How? Traditional Unskilled Labour Semi-skilled labour
पारंप�रक अकु शल श्र�मक। अनपढ़ से भी काम चल जाए आं�शक �प से कु शल श्र�मकों के द्वारा
41.6.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻:🧔🧔🧔🧔Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI: उ�ादन आधा�रत प्रो�ाहन)

⇒ This scheme aims to ⏫ mfg of automobiles, pharma, mobiles, textile etc. sectors
⇒ By giving them conditional 4-6% subsidy on incremental sales of goods manufactured in India,
against their production in base year (वषर् 2019 के अनुपात म�, भारत म� �न�मत कं पनी के उ�ादनो, क� सालाना �बक्र�,
िकतनी बढ़ी, उस िहसाब से सशतर् स��डी/लाभ दी जाएगी।)

⇒ Note: Drone industry is exception- they’ll be given 20% subsidy on sale of drones.
Sr Mfg
1,2 - 1) Automobiles (But scheme not given for petrol/diesel/CNG type Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. Focus is on e-vehicles)
- 2) Auto components (e.g. tire, engine etc)
3 Drones and Drone components
4 Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery- used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles,
and renewable energy.
5,6 5) Pharmaceutical Drugs
6 )Medical devices (e.g.Xray, Stent)
7 Telecom & Networking (दू रसं चार के उपकरण) e.g. Mobile handsets
8 Food Products- Veg, Non Veg, dairy-ghee/cheese etc are included (खाद्य पदाथर्)
9 Textile Products: Man Made Fibre (MMF) and technical textiles e.g. shoelaces, parachutes
etc
10 Specialty Steel (खास िक� के �ील उ�ाद)
11 White Goods - domestic / home appliances but only two mentioned for now- ACs & LED
12 Electronic/Technology Products
13 Solar Photovoltaic Modules
Total: ₹1.97 lakh crores worth of subsidy will be provided. Presently 13 sectors. Later more sectors
may be added / Government may increase scheme funds….so above table’s numbers may change.
41.7 🌱🌱🌱🌱 MFG & SERVICES → STARTUP INDIA (2016)

✍Conclusion Template: Startups have always been the engine of progress. The mega corporations
of today were startups of yesterday. Startups can be effective instruments for reaping India’s
demographic dividend, catalyze employment generation and augment its economic growth. The
aforementioned policies/ schemes are significant in this regard.
(भारत के जनसां��क�य लाभांश क� प्रा��, रोजगार सृजन, आ�थक वृ�द्ध के �लए �ाटर्अप को मदद करना बेहद ज�री।)
✍ Conclusion template? Innovations / Startup can turn Indian youths from job seekers into job
creators. They encourage entrepreneurship, innovation and creation of revolutionary new products
that can be used by people around the world. Hence startups are important / protecting their IPR is
important. Aforementioned initiatives / schemes are important in that regard. ये सब ज�री तािक भारत के
नौजवानों को नौकरी- याचक से नौकरी-दाता बनाना सके , क्रां�तकारी नए उ�ादन करे, �जससे दु�नया के लोगों क� सु�वधा बढ़ सके .

42 🔬🔬MFG & SERVICES → IPR/PHARMACY/BIOTECH
43 🏄🏄SECTORS: EASE OF DOING BUSINESS
Figure 2: अपना �बजनेस शु� करने के �लए सरकारी द�रों के च�र काटते काटते थक चुका �ं
- to measure how easy or difficult it is to run a business organisation in a given country, based on
simple average (equally weighted) of 10 parameters- such as no. of documents, time & cost
involved in registering a property, getting an electricity connection, paying taxes etc.

43.1.1 🏄🏄 EODB 2.0 in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 (�ापार सुगमता का दू सरा चरण)
EODB 1.0 = So far, Govt removed nearly 1500 laws and 25,000 compliances
👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 announced Next phase of Ease of Doing Business (EODB 2.0). It’ll focus on →
 idea of ‘trust-based governance’. (�व�ास आधा�रत सरकार)

 digitisation of manual processes (मैनुअल प्रिक्रयाओं का िड�जटलीकरण)
 integration of the central and state-level systems through IT bridges (सूचना प्रौद्यो�गक� द्वारा क� द्र और रा�
सरकार क� प्रणा�लयों के बीच सेतु/पुल बनाना)
 citizen-centric services (नाग�रक-ल�� सेवाएँ )
 removal of overlapping compliances. (अनुपालनों का �थर् दोहराव हटाना)
 Crowdsourcing of suggestions (�यं सेवकों भीड़ द्वारा सुझावों को इकट्ठा करवाना)
� Conclusion-Template: World bank research indicates that countries that improve 10 points on
the Ease of Doing business score create an additional 60 new businesses per 1 lakh population. Those
new businesses create further job opportunities, which help reduce poverty & inequality in a country.
Thus, ease of doing business for ‘corporates’ results into the ease of living for poor people. The
aforementioned scheme / policies / act / initiatives / challenges will play pivotal role in that regard /
must be addressed on priority basis.

रोजगार सृजन, गरीबी �नवारण के �लए ज�री है- कॉरपोरेट कं प�नयों को �ापार म� सुगमता होगी तभी गरीबों को (रोजगार क�) सुगमता
होगी। उकत सुधार आव�क / उ� सम�ाओ को अग्रता क्रम से सुलझाना ज�री
43.2 🏄🏄👷👷EASE OF DOING BIZ → LABOUR REFORMS : श्रम सुधार
There are multiple Central laws related to labour e.g. Minimum Wages Act, 1948; the Payment of
Wages Act, 1936; the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965; and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
Entrepreneur has to fill up multiple forms to prove his compliance, and he’s subjected to multiple
annual inspections by the govt officials = No ease of doing biz. Therefore, Second National Labour
Commission (2002) recommended govt to simplify & consolidate these laws. 2017-18: Govt
announced to replace existing central laws with just four labour codes (श्रम सं िहता /कानून) -
Old Laws → Merged in Status as of 01/12/20

⇒ Payment of Wages Act, 1936 Code on Wages, 2019. इन Passed in both houses.
⇒ Minimum Wages Act, 1948 सब कानूनों कोका एक�करण कर सं सद के दोनों सदन म� पा�रत हो
⇒ Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 बनाई गई ‘वेतन सं िहता’ चुका है
⇒ Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

⇒ Trade Union Act, 1926 Code on Industrial Passed in both houses
⇒ Industrial Employment Act, 1946 Relations, 2020
⇒ Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (श्र�मक और उद्योगप�त के बीच)
औद्यो�गक सं बंध सं िहता
09 Labour Acts like Code on Social Security Passed in both houses
⇒ Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 & Welfare, 2020
⇒ Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (श्र�मक क�) सामा�जक सुर�ा
⇒ Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 और क�ाण सं िहता:
⇒ Unorganized Workers’ Social Security

Act, 2008 etc.
13 Labour Acts like Code on Occupational Passed in both houses
⇒ Factories Act, 1948 Safety, Health &
⇒ Plantation Labour Act, 1951 Working Conditions,
⇒ Mines Act, 1952 2020

Old Laws → Merged in Status as of 01/12/20
⇒ Building and Other Constructions �ावसा�यक सुर�ा, �ा� और
Workers’ Act, 1996 etc. कायर् शत� पर श्रम सं िहता
Before above labour code bills were passed, Labour Ministry kept amending the existing laws for ease
of doing business and for workers welfare such as. (जब उ� श्रम सिहत आए सं सद म� पा�रत नहीं �ई थी तो पुराने वाले
कानूनों म� सरकार सुधार िकए जाती थी)
43.3 👷👷💰💰 MINIMUM WAGES (�ूनतम वेतन)
⇒ (Definition) According International Labour Organization (ILO) अंतरार्ष्ट�ीय श्रम सं गठन

(आईएलओ),minimum wage is the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is legally
required to pay to the worker. It’s usually expressed in amount per day or per hour. (क़ानूनन �प से
इससे कम तन�ाह/वेतन म� मा�लक िकसी भी मज़दू र से काम नहीं करवा सकता)
⇒ (Origin) The concept of minimum wages is not a modern-day innovation. Even Arthashastra
written in the 2nd Century BCE ordained the minimum wages for workers based on their skills
and occupation.
⇒ While the Britishers in enacted Payment of Wages Act, 1936 in India to ensure workers are paid
salaries in a timely fashion it did not provide for minimum wages computation or enforcement
or equal remuneration for males and females.
⇒ After independence, Directive Principles of State Policy (रा� के नी�त-�नद�शक त�) mandated the
State (रा� नी�त के पथ प्रदशर्क �सद्धांत)
o to secure a living wage, a decent standard of life for all workers (Article 43),
o to provide adequate means of livelihood for all citizens & equal pay for equal work for As
a result, the unionized workers are able to get better wages compared to unorganized
workers, because unorganized workers have no representation in such advisory boards.

43.3.1 👷👷💰💰 Minimum wages – significance
⇒ (DATA) While India has achieved 4-8% annual growth in GDP in the last two decades. We are
now a trillion dollar economy. BUT
⇒ <Some data about poverty and inequality from pillar#6>
⇒ More than 20% of Indian population lives below the poverty line
⇒ More than 75% of Indians have personal wealth below $10,000.
⇒ Richest 10% of Indians own more than 75% of our national wealth. etc.
⇒ So India has achieved growth but it is not "inclusive" of all Indians. �वकास तो �आ लेिकन समावेशी नहीं
⇒ Without minimum wages: Youth will be exploited. Underpaid person cannot invest in the
education, health, well-being of himself/family. गरीब आदमी �यं से अपने प�रवार के �श�ा �ा� म� �नवेश नहीं
कर पाएगा
⇒ Underpaid person cannot consume more → Demand ⏬ → Direct indirect tax
collection ⏬→ Fiscal resources of government ⏬ → Government also cannot invest in the
demographic dividend (health, education schemes). कराधान म� आमदनी कम होगी सरकार खुद भी �श�ा और
�ा� क� योजनाओं म� �ादा पैसा नहीं लगा पाएगी
⇒ Make in India, Assemble in India and other job creating initiatives will fail. �थर् हो जाएगा
⇒ Lacunas in minimum wages : ⏫ craze for govt jobs.
⇒ Educated Youth spending 5-7 years in competitive exams
⇒ while his "labour" is not channelized into the productive sectors of economy. This is a waste of
demographic dividend. युवाधन क� ऊजार् सं पूणर् �प से अथर्तंत्र के उ�ादक �ेत्रों म� नहीं जाएगी = जनसां��क�य लाभांश
(dividend) नहीं �मलेगा
⇒ Underpaid Worker: May become victim of ponzi schemes, bitcoin frauds (Recall: 1A1)

⇒ Underpaid Worker: May himself start criminal / Anti-social activities. आपरा�धक और असामा�जक
प्रवृ��यों म� �ल�
⇒ Underpaid Worker: Easier for terrorists and naxalites to brainwash him Propaganda → National
unity and security. रा��ीय एकता और सुर�ा को भी खतरा
43.3.2 👷👷💰💰 Minimum Wage Reform: Anoop Satpathy Committee (2019)
Anoop Satpathy recommendations (given above) were not acceptable to the union government
(perhaps pressure from the businessmen lobby not to increase minimum wages so much) so now
labour ministry has set up a new committee under Ajit Mishra.
43.3.3 � Conclusion: Indeed minimum wage enforcement is important

Minimum wages is a subset of labour welfare policies. So we can always connect it with keyword
such as inclusive growth, sustainable development, poverty removal, Social justice and accordingly
we can make a conclusion linking them all:
⇒ India is witnessing a period of demographic dividend (जनसां��क�य लाभांश). But, even if the youth is
equipped with vocational skills (�ावसा�यक कौशल ) but unable to find well paying jobs, then such
circumstances will breed social unrest and perpetuate social injustice. (अ�� तन�ाह नहीं �मलेगी तो
समाज म� तनाव बढ़ेगा, सामा�जक �ाय नहीं हो पाएगा)
⇒ SDG Goal #8 requires India to promote full and productive employment and decent work for all.
Minimum wages protect the vulnerable workers, reduce inequality and poverty. (सतत �वकास ल�ों
म� भी सभी को रोजगार देने क� बात तभी और समानता और गरीबी कम होगी)
⇒ Therefore, establishing an effective minimum wage system is important for sustainable
development and inclusive growth (सतत एवं समावेशी �वकास के �लए यह अ�त आव�क) .
Alternatively you can make a conclusion on the line that “although for complying with the DPSP we
have enacted multiple laws but successive Committees and economic surveys observed these laws
have failed to bring about the change in letter and spirit so aforementioned reforms are necessary.”

Alternatively – a simpler conclusion:
⇒ Yes. Minimum wages are important. - Without minimum wages, Indian youth will become more
susceptible to exploitation, depression, anti-social and anti-national activities.
⇒ Without minimum wages we cannot accomplish
⇒ SDG GOAL 5: Gender Equality
⇒ SDG GOAL 10: Reduce Inequality within the country.
⇒ The Government of India has passed the code on wages for more robust framework of minimum
wages in India.
⇒ Need of the hour is to notify it and start it implementation on war-footing.
44 SECTORS OF ECONOMY → MFG → 👘👘TEXTILE & MSME
�👘👘👘👘 Conclusion-Template? Textile / Leather industry has great potential to generate new jobs
especially for Indian women, & augment our income from exports. These industries can greatly help
achieving SDG Goal #1: End poverty, Goal #5: Gender Empowerment, Goal #8: Promote sustained,

inclusive and sustainable economic growth, Goal #10: Reduce inequality within India.
Aforementioned policy / scheme / initiative / challenges are crucial in that regard / must be
addressed on priority basis. मिहलाओं के �लए रोजगार- मिहला सश��करण, गरीबी �नवारण, �नयार्त म� बढ़ोतरी के �लए इस �ेत्र
क� सम�ाओं को ज� से/ अग्रता क्रम से �नपटाना ज�री.
44.1 👶👶👶👶 MFG & SERVICES → MSME → MINISTRY
44.1.1 � Conclusion-Template for MSME:

MSMEs contribute 45% to the manufacturing sector’s output and 40% nation’s exports.
They provide employment & entrepreneurship opportunities to weaker sections of the society. Thus
they play a pivotal role for both industrial development and human development of India. <+ the
SDG goals in Textile Template> Aforementioned Policy / Scheme / Act / Bill / Reform is important
to catalyse that role played by MSMEs. लघु उद्योग का भारत के सकल घरेलू उ�ादन तथा देश के �नयार्त म� प्रमुख योगदान है.
कमजोर वगर् को रोजगार के अवसर देता है. मानव �वकास के �लए और औद्यो�गक �वकास के �लए इनको मदद देना ज�री. इस�लए उ�
सुधार मह�पूणर् है या उ� सम�ाओं को अग्रता क्रम से सुलझाना ज�री.

45 �💿💿SERVICE SECTOR (सेवा �ेत्र) AND SDG
⇒ (DATA) Services sector’s accounts for more than 50% of GDP and 80% of total FDI inflows.
भारत का �ादातर सकल घरेलू उ�ाद और �वदेशी प्र�� नवेश सेवा �ेत्र से आता है
⇒ High FDI attracting sectors are Computer Software & Hardware, ‘e-Retail Trading’, ‘Education',
pharma-research service, etc. (मह�म �वदेशी �नवेश इन �ेत्रों म�)
45.1.1 🤩🤩 Service sector domination positive on SDG

⇒ many service sector jobs provide work from home opportunity / even in the office the work is
less physically demanding= which is a boon for women, mothers, elderly and physically
handicapped.
⇒ work from home jobs = ⬇ travel, communication, office electricity air conditioner requirement
= environment conservation, Global warming controlled.
⇒ Service sector requires less quantity of physical inputs → environment exploitation⬇
⇒ Service sector is less vulnerable to external shocks compared to manufacturing / agriculture e.g.
Ukraine war → expensive fertiliser, Corona: car-microchip crisis.
45.1.2 😥😥 Service sector domination negative / limitations on SDG

⇒ Majority of service sector jobs are white collar/ High level of education required. = inclusive
growth not always possible for those without degrees.
⇒ Geology/Jeans to Jets walli Economic Survey bolbachan from main handout.
⇒ Need to focus on low skill manufacturing jobs as well.

⇒ Private colleges degrees require lot of money→ debt trap / education loan crisis for many
student in USA
⇒ majority of the service sector jobs are located in the urban areas, forcing the villagers to migrate
causing a new set of challenges to urbanisation/slum/water-sanitation problems.
⇒ Service sector industry servers / computers→⬆electronic waste, ⬆Global warming through
increased use of electricity produced by thermal power plants.
⇒ Service sector jobs in Finance, consultancy, IT-BPO, Media-entertainment- person can carry the
work to home in the laptop.
⇒ This breaks the work life balance → excessive stress, demotivation, suicidal thoughts
45.2 🖱🖱🖱🖱 SERVICE SECTOR → E-COMMERCE (ई वा�ण� / ऑनलाइन �बक्र�)
Full handout contains enough points.
45.3 ECONOMIC SURVEY 10 YEARS (2012-22): MFG & SERVICES SECTOR

Make in India 2014
IPR Policy 2016
RERA Act 2016
4th industrial revolution 2018
Circular economy-NITI Paper 2019
New consumer protection act 2019
Assembled in India /PLI 2020
Labour Codes 2020
MSME Definitions Changed 2020
World Bank EoD report stopped Aug 2020
Pvt Cos Not spending enough on R&D 2021
⇒ 2012: labour law reforms required. Enforcement of contract require personal integrity and social
values
⇒ 2013: factor market reform (Capital Market, Labour Market, Land Market)
⇒ 2014: countries growth in 3 ways- “Geology/Jeans/Jets mfg” & Need for Skilling.
⇒ 2014: Pyramid of reforms: Ease of doing >> Schemes/Policies that give cheap credit and
subsidies >> Protectionism.
⇒ 2015: ‘regulatory cholesterol’ in EPFO. Startup vs valuation bubble and inclusivity. Textile
industry should shift to small towns.

⇒ 2016: Jeans in the literal sense (Focus on clothes & Shoes). India’s internal trade > external (due
to VAT-CST distortion/rate arbitrage.) so GST is required/justified (Will start from 1/Jul/2017).
⇒ 2017: Justice delay reduction- fill the vacancies of judges, SC shd ⏬ the vacation days, new all
India service for court administrators with common syllabus and standardized training, artificial
intelligence for traffic and cheque-fraud cases.
⇒ 2018: 1) MSME Dwarfism problem. 2) suggestion for minimum wages- zonal floors, gender
aspect, awareness & enforcement.
⇒ 2019-20: Assemble in India “network products”. → Govt trying thru product linked incentive
scheme (PLI) (2) Medical tourism to counter seasonality of the recreational tourism
⇒ 2019: Crony capitalism problem in India, China, Brazil. “Rent Seeking behavior”
⇒ 2020: Innovation/IPR: compared to other top 10 economies- 1) India’s R&D expenditure is low
2) Indian private sector’s jugaad-mentality: not spending on R&D, despite tax breaks and
subsidies given by Indian govt. Whereas in Germany case reverse.
⇒ 2020: TORA Act. Reduce the discretionary powers of bureaucrats. MSME Definition change.
⇒ 2021: PLI Scheme, V-Shaped recovery in manufacturing sector & IT-BPO sector, but the hotel
tourism are still suffering.
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: MSME loan schemes like ECGLS, CGTMSE to be updated. Ease of Doing
Biz 2.0, Circular economy, intl arbitration@GIFT city,
45.4 MAINS QUESTIONS- HANDPICKED FROM ECONOMICS OPTIONAL

1) What is ‘Crony Capitalism?’ How it compromises economic and social justice issues? Explain.
(2013) (Covered in Full Handout)
2) Comment on the new initiatives taken by the government to facilitate investment and ease of
doing business. (2014)
3) Examine the impact of globalization on Indian industries. (2003) भारतीय उद्योगों पर वै�ीकरण के प्रभाव क�
जांच क��जए। (2003)
4) Accelerated growth of tertiary sector during the past two decades in Indian economy has posed
multiple challenges. Discuss. (2013) भारतीय अथर्�व�ा म� �पछले दो दशकों के दौरान तृतीयक �ेत्र के ��रत �वकास ने
अनेक चुनौ�तयां खड़ी क� ह�।
5) While Indian economic growth in recent years is services-led growth and Chinese model is
manufacturing-led growth, show the implications of the two models for long-term sustainable
development (2015) हालांिक हाल के वष� म� भारत क� आ�थक वृ�द्घ सेवा आधा�रत वृ�द्घ है और चीनी मॉडल �व�नमार्ण
आधा�रत वृ�द्घ है, जो दीघार्व�ध सतत �वकास के �लए दोनों मॉडलों के �निहताथर् को दशार्यी।
45.5 ✍🎺🎺 MAINS QUESTIONS IN PREVIOUS GSM2 & GSM3
“The emergence of 4th Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e- 2020
Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (" चौथी औद्यो�गक क्रां�त (िड�जटल -GSM2
क्रां�त) के प्रादुभार्व ने ई-गवनर्� को सरकार का अ�वभा� अंग बनाने म� पहल क� है". )

Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive 2017
exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-
intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. पूंजी-सा� �नयार्त के क� अपे�ा अ�धक श्रम सा�
�नयार्त को बढ़ाने हेतु उपाय सुझाएँ ? Ans. Sp. Class
"Success of 'Make in India' programme depends on the success of 'Skill India' 2015
programme and radical labour reforms." Discuss with logical arguments. कौशल भारत क�
सफलता और श्रम कानून म� सुधार के �बना 'मेक इन इं िडया' सफल नहीं हो सकता - ता�कक �प से समझाइए
While we found India's demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of 2014
employability. What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India
desperately needs come from? Explain. भारत के पास जनसं �ा क� लाभांश तो है िकंतु रोजगार के दर कम
हो रही है. हमने नई नौक�रयां कहां पर खड़ी करनी होगी?
Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but 2014
India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge
growth of services vis-a-vis industry in the country? Can India become a developed
country without a strong industrial base? �ा भारत एक मजबूत औद्यो�गक �ेत्र के �बना एक �वक�सत
देश बन सकता है?
Examine the impact of liberalization on companies owned by Indian. Are the competing 2013
with the MNCs satisfactorily? �ा उदारीकरण के बाद भारतीय कं प�नयां ब�रा��ीय �नगमों से �धार् कर पा रहे
ह�?
Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of 2016
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? Suggest reforms? एलपीजी
सुधार के अनुसंधान म� सरकार ने और �ा-�ा करना चािहए?
45.5.1 ✍🎺🎺 Mock Questions for Mains
1) Discuss the significance of minimum wages in reaping India’s demographic dividend. जनसां��क�
लाभांश के �लए �ूनतम वेतन का मह�
2) Examine critically the problems in the present system of minimum wages in India & suggest
remedies. का वतर्मान �ूनतम वेतन �व�ा म� �ा सम�ाएं ह�?
3) Despite India’s outstanding growth in the last two decades, low pay and wage inequality remain
serious obstacles towards achieving inclusive growth. Suggest remedies to address this problem /
OR How does the Code on Wages 2019 address this? वेतन सं िहता भारत म� समावेशी �वकास म� कै से मदद कर
सकती ह�?
4) “Job creation in India suffers from policies that discourage small firms from growing large.”
Suggest remedial steps through which MSMEs’ efficacy in job creation and GDP growth rate can
be augmented further. भारत म� छोटे उद्योग को बड़ा होने म� हतो�ािहत करने वाली नी�तयों के चलते रोजगार सृजन नहीं हो पा
रहा. इसके �लए सुझाव दी�जए
5) “Pro-crony policies result in destruction of wealth whereas pro-business policies help in creation
of wealth.” Comment प�पाती पूंजीवाद वाली नी�तयों से रा��ीय धन क� तबाही जबिक �ापार वादी नी�तयों से धन �नमार्ण म�
मदद हो सकती है िट�णी क��जए
6) Examine critically the factors responsible for the uneven growth of Startup firms across various
regions of India. भारत के �व�भ� प्रादे�शक �ेत्रों म� �ाटर्अप क� असमान वृ�द्ध के कारकों क� समी�ा क��जए

7) Enumerate the steps taken under Atma-Nirbhar to revive the MSME sector in India, in the
aftermath of corona crisis. एमएसएमई उद्योगों को पुनज��वत करने के �लए आ� �नभर्र भारत अ�भयान म� उठाए गए क़दमों
क� सूची दी�जए
8) Examine the opportunities and challenges in India becoming pharmacy of the world. (भारत तो �व�
का औषधालय बनाने के �लए उपल� अवसरों और चुनौ�तयों क� जांच कर� )
9) While India has become a “knowledge based economy” it is yet to become a thriving “hub of
research and development”. Examine Critically. (हालाँिक भारत एक "�ान आधा�रत अथर्�व�ा" बन गया है, यह
अभी तक "अनुसंधान और �वकास का एक स�� क� द्र" बनना बाक� है। ग�ीर �प से समी�ा क��जए।
10) Indian administration suffers from over regulation. Explain how a Transparency of Rules Act
(TORA) can help improving ease of doing business in India? (भारतीय प्रशासन को अ�त-�नयमन से ग्र� है ।
समझाइए िक कै से �नयमों क� पारद�शता अ�ध�नयम (TORA) भारत म� �ापार करने म� आसानी म� सुधार म� मदद कर सकता है?)
📑📑Next Handout: 4C: NITI-PC, FYP, Macro-indicators: unemployment, GDP,

inflation, WPI, CPI, IIP etc.

�🧔🧔 PILLAR#4C: MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS- GDP,UNEMPLOYMENT,INFLATION
Table of Contents
46 �🧔🧔 Economic Planning & Economic Systems ............................................................................132
46.1.1 Capitalism not good for inclusive growth? .......................................................................133
46.2 �🧔🧔 Economic Planning: आ�थक योजना................................................................................134
46.3 � 📚📚 Economy Planning → After Independence ..........................................................135
46.4 �📚📚 Planning Commission → Five Year plans ..............................................................136
46.4.1 Planning- Gandhi vs Nehru.................................................................................................136
46.4.2 Which one is better for present India ................................................................................137
46.5 Planning commission failed – why? ...........................................................................................137
46.6 �🧔🧔 Planning Commission vs Niti Aayog: Structure .....................................................138
47 � Pillar#4C: Indicators → Unemployment................................................................................139
47.1.1 � Unemployment Major Reasons: (बेरोजगारी के प्रमुख कारण) ............................................139
47.2 Job Creation how to do? ...............................................................................................................140
47.3 �⏬⏬Why FEMALE LFPR Declined between 2004 to 2018? ........................................140
47.4 👷👷🧱🧱🧱🧱 Worker Types → Unorganized sector....................................................................142
47.4.1 👷👷⏳ Worker Types → Informal worker (अयथाव�ध/अनौपचा�रक मजदू र) ...........................142
48 🌽🌽⌚🎧🎧Pillar#4: Indicators → GDP ...............................................................................................143
48.1.1 GDP projections: Economic Survey vs NSO.....................................................................144
48.1.2 GDP growth why not high ...................................................................................................144
48.2 🌽🌽⌚🎧🎧🎧🎧 GDP → $5 Trillion → How to Achieve?: ES strategy ..................................145
48.2.1 Investment⏫ more imp than Savings⏫.......................................................................146
48.2.2 🌽🌽⌚🎧🎧🎧🎧 GDP → $5 Trillion → How to Achieve?: NITI strategy.................146
48.2.3 📔📔📔📔ES20 Vol1Ch1 on Wealth Creation (धन सृजन) ...................................................147
48.2.4 📙📙📙📙ES22: supply-side reforms to ⏫ GDP (आ�थक वृ�द्ध के �लए आपू�त �ेत्र के सुधार) ........149
48.2.5 👳👳🤕🤕 ES19: GDP growth harmed during Economic Policy Uncertainty .............150
48.2.6 📔📔📔📔 ES19: How to reduce Economic Policy Uncertainty .......................................151
48.2.7 � Conclusion: Policy Uncertainty ..............................................................................152
48.2.8 � Conclusion: 5 Trillion economy? ...........................................................................153
48.2.9 📐📐📐📐 Global Risk Report 2022- January (वै��क जो�खम �रपोटर्).....................................153
48.2.10 📐📐📐📐 Global Risk Report 2022- Short term risks for India .....................................153
48.3 👻👻👻👻⌚🎧🎧🎧🎧 GDP → $5 Trillion → Atma-Nirbhar Bharat .....................................153
48.3.1 📐📐Types of Nations : High Income, Low Income .....................................................154
48.3.2 📐📐India As A ‘Developed’ Country? ................................................................................154
48.3.3 📐📐Types of Nations : Advanced Economies (AE : उ�त अथर्�व�ाएं ) .............................155
Mrunal Mains Airpods: GSM3: Macro Indicators: GDP, Unemployment, Inflation → Page 131
48.3.4 📐📐Types of Nations : EMDEs (उभरते बाजार और �वकासशील अथर्तंत्र).....................................155
48.4 📐📐📐📐 GDP & Per Capita Income→ Criticism / Limitations ...........................................156
48.4.1 GDP → Economic Growth vs Economic Development ............................................156
48.5 inclusive Growth ............................................................................................................................157
48.6 Regional Imbalance in Growth ....................................................................................................158
48.7 2nd Gen Economic Reforms ..........................................................................................................158
49 🍅🍅Pillar#4C: Indicators → Inflation ..................................................................................................159
49.1 🍅🍅🍅🍅Inflation- politically unavoidable, socially harmful, economically useful? .........160
49.2 Combating inflation or deflation ............................................................................................161
49.3 🍅🍅🍅🍅 Inflation: Types based on causation (कारकता के अनुसार) ............................................162
49.4 🍅🍅🍅🍅 Effects on individuals ..................................................................................................163
49.4.1 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅: Inflation observations by 📙📙📙📙ES22............................................................163
49.4.2 🍅🍅🍅🍅American Inflation Impact on India? ...................................................................163
49.5 Last 10 years Economic Survey Observations (2012-2022) ....................................................164
49.6 Mock Questions .............................................................................................................................165
49.6.1 Handpicked from Economics Options ..............................................................................165
49.6.2 Mock Questions and PYQ from GS ...................................................................................166
46 �🧔🧔 ECONOMIC PLANNING & ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
46.1.1 Capitalism not good for inclusive growth?
46.2 �🧔🧔 ECONOMIC PLANNING: आ�थक योजना
Definition? It is the process through which Govt. prepares a list of socio-economic problems e.g.
mass poverty, inequality, low productivity in agriculture, lack of industrial and infrastructural
development etc.; and then Govt. sets goals / targets / plans to fix these problems. यह प्रिक्रया है �जसके
मा�म से सरकार सामा�जक-आ�थक सम�ाओं क� सूची तैयार करता है उदा। बड़े पैमाने पर गरीबी, असमानता, कृ �ष म� कम उ�ादकता,
औद्यो�गक और बु�नयादी ढांचागत �वकास क� कमी आिद; और उसे ठीक करने के �लए ल� / ल� / योजना �नधार्�रत करती है
46.3 � 📚📚 ECONOMY PLANNING → AFTER INDEPENDENCE
PC, NDC and NITI were / are neither Constitutional nor Statutory bodies. (सं वैधा�नक/वैधा�नक सं �ा नहीं)
46.4 �📚📚 PLANNING COMMISSION → FIVE YEAR PLANS
46.4.1 Planning- Gandhi vs Nehru

Q) Elaborate upon Gandhian versus Nehruvian vision of India’s development. Which one is better
in the present scenario? Give reasons. भारत के �वकास के गांधीवादी बनाम नेह�वादी ��कोण �व�ृत क��जए। वतर्मान
प�र�� म� कौन सा बेहतर है? कारण दे (Optional-Eco-2011)
(Origin) both Gandhi-ji and PM Nehru fought together for India’s independence, but their
economic visions had differences- as follows:
Leader Gandhi-ji PM Nehru

Centralised No. Decentralise village level Centralized five-year plans. License
economic planning quota inspector raj.
planning
Focus on No. Against industries and Yes. Especially second five-year plan
industries and machines- in Hind Swaraj Book. Mahalanobis model. However private
machines? industries also allowed. Mixed economic
model.
Self sufficiency / At village level- through reducing At national level thru import
Atma-Nirbhar the wants, respecting nature. substitution
Use natural Reduce your needs and wants. Yes, use mineral wealth, Basic goods
resources? industries heavy industries, coal, steel,
power, etc.
Companies? Trusteeship/cooperative society Public sector companies.
46.4.2 Which one is better for present India
⇒ SDG ke liye Gandhian values of reducing our needs and wants, reducing inequality through
promotion of village SHG etc. Moral degradation of society through mindless consumerism and
lavish lifestyle.
⇒ However this alone cannot sustain a large populations aspirations for jobs and country's
aspirations to be an economic and military superpower.
⇒ Economic growth Ke Liye Nehru vision not suitable at present - given the inefficiency of public
sector undertakings and license quota inspector raj and centralised five-year plans.
46.5 PLANNING COMMISSION FAILED – WHY?
46.6 �🧔🧔 PLANNING COMMISSION VS NITI AAYOG: STRUCTURE
47 � PILLAR#4C: INDICATORS → UNEMPLOYMENT
47.1.1 � Unemployment Major Reasons: (बेरोजगारी के प्रमुख कारण)
⇒ Slow Economic Growth vs Rapid Population Growth. आबादी क� वृ�द्ध के सामने आ�थक वृ�द्ध कम
⇒ Defective Educational System, Lack of skill / employability.[�श�ा प्रणाली, कौश� क� कमी]
⇒ Lack of Banking/Transport/Communication Infrastructure in some areas → people unable to
pursue educational and economic goals [ब�िकंग, सं चार, प�रवहन िक बु�नयादी अवसं रचना क� कमी- इस�लए कु छ
गरीब लोग �श�ा और आ�थक अवसर ढूँ ढ नहीं पाते]
⇒ Social Factors- discrimination against SC/ST/Women/PH. [कमजोर वगर् के �खलाफ़ भेदभाव]
⇒ (More in �Pillar#6: HRD- Education, Skill, Poverty)
47.2 JOB CREATION HOW TO DO?
47.3 �⏬⏬WHY FEMALE LFPR DECLINED BETWEEN 2004 TO 2018?

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � + �𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) = � � × 100
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 👧👧👧�👵👵
From 2004 to 2017, LFPR (Female: rural+urban) steadily declined ⏬ (from 45% to 17%) because-
 ⏫ women pursuing higher studies → their entry in the job market is delayed.
 ⏫ in income of (some) rural men → their wives have stopped working as labourer and just
playing domestic housewives role.[कु छ ग्रामीण मद� क� आमदनी बढ़ी तो प�ी क� नौकरी बं द करवाई]
 ⏫mechanization of agriculture & animal husbandry → ⏬ demand for female agri workers.
 ⏬ textile/leather exports due to US/EU protectionism → ⏬demand for female workers
 ⏬real estate sales → ⏬ construction of new buildings → ⏬female laborers
 Cultural factors, social constraints and patriarchal norms restricting mobility and freedom of
women. (सां�ृ�तक कारक, सामा�जक बाधाएं और �पतृस�ा�क मानदं ड के चलते मिहलाओं क� आजादी पर पाबं दी)
 Many rural / small-town girls don’t have require knowledge of computer and English to get jobs
in emergent startup sectors. (अंग्रेजी और कं �ूटर �ान क� कमी)
 NSO's Time Use Survey, 2019 reported that females spend relatively more time in unpaid
domestic and caregiving activities (7.5 hours) than in paid/employment activities (5.7 hours) per
day. (मिहलाएँ रोज़गार से �ादा समय घरेलू अवैत�नक काय� म� �बताती है)
 Examples of unpaid domestic activities = taking care of children, elderly in the household,
Cooking, cleaning home etc. (जैसे क� ब�े और बुजुग� क� देखभाल, रसोई, साफ़ सफ़ाई)
 Solution? Government should invest in child care / day care facilities, paid parental leave,
family-friendly work environment, and elderly care facilities, Equal pay and career progression
for women, medical and social security benefits for female workers. If these things are not
available then there will be more family pressure on the women not to do the job and take care of
the house. (सरकार ने ऐसी सु�वधाएँ प्रदान करनी चािहए जहाँ नौकरीशुदा मिहलाओं के ब�े और बुजुग� क� देखभाल क� �व�ा
हो, मिहलाओं के �लए वेतन तथा पदो��त म� पु�षों के समान अवसर उपल� हो, अ�था प�रवार क� तरफ़ से मिहला पर नौकरी क�
जगह घर क� देखभाल का बोझ का दबाव �ादा रहेगा)
Solution to improve LFPR? [कै से इज़ाफ़ा / बढ़ोतरी कर� ?]
⇒ Government schemes for skill development and entrepreneurship among women → �Ref:
Pillar6-HRD → Women empowerment. (मिहला सश��करण के �लए �व�वध कौशल �वकास योजनाएं )
⇒ Government should invest in child care / day care facilities, paid parental leave, family-friendly
work environment, and elderly care facilities, Equal pay and career progression for women,
medical and social security benefits for female workers.( नौकरीशुदा मिहलाओं के ब�े और बुजुग� क� देखभाल
क� �व�ा, मिहलाओं के �लए वेतन तथा पदो��त म� पु�षों के समान अवसर उपल� हो)
⇒ If these things are not available then there will be more family pressure on the women not to do
the job and take care of the house. (अ�था प�रवार क� तरफ़ से मिहला पर नौकरी क� जगह घर क� देखभाल का दबाव)
47.4 👷👷🧱🧱🧱🧱 WORKER TYPES → UNORGANIZED SECTOR
47.4.1 👷👷⏳ Worker Types → Informal worker (अयथाव�ध/अनौपचा�रक मजदू र)

⇒ = Person who is not in the formal records / contract of a firm. So he could be in unorganized
sector and he could be even in ‘organized sector’ e.g. driver / Security Guard / Chowkidaar /
gardener in Reliance ltd.
⇒ Non-Agri Sectors where large % of workers are Informal workers: Construction (>80% of its
workers), Mining (>30% of its workers) , Transport Hotel restaurant (>10% of its workers) ये ग़ैर-
कृ �ष �ेत्र है जहाँ के मज़दू रों म�, �ादातर अनौपचा�रक / अयथाव�ध मज़दू र है
⇒ They are usually deprived of Minimum wages, EPFO/ESIC's Insurance/pension/social security
=Cannot afford to stay in the city area during Corona uncertainty.
⇒ So they would quickly flee to the village home in panic.
⇒ Corona: more than 60 lakh migrant workers travelled through Shramik Special trains in May-
August 2020. = factory production / Supply ⏬⏬ (अयथाव�ध इन मज़दू रों को सामा� �प से �ूनतम वेतन,
तथा सामा�जक सुर�ा लाभों से वं �चत रखा जाता है इस�लए महामारी िक अ�न��तता के दौरान वे तुरंत वतन वापसी करते ह�. �जससे
फ़ै ��ी उ�ादन/ आपू�त म� �गरावट)
Table 1: Number of workers in Crores each category. Source: Latest Economic Survey 2022
So, basically, 1) workers in unorganized > organized. 2) workers in Informal > Formal.
Formalization of jobs = when proportion of formal workers ⏫ , in above table.
48 🌽🌽⌚🎧🎧PILLAR#4: INDICATORS → GDP
⇒ Gross Domestic Product= is the market value of all the goods and services produced within the
domestic territory of a country during a specified time period, usually one year. (िकसी देश के घरेलू
�ेत्र म� उ�ािदत सभी व�ुओ ं और सेवाओं का बाजार मू� को सकल घरेलू उ�ाद कहा जाता है)
⇒ Here, domestic territory = political frontiers of the country including its territorial waters, ships,
aircrafts, fishing vessels operated by the normal residents of the country; AND its embassies,
consulates located abroad. (as per NIOS textbook)
⇒ GDP potential= is the Highest or maximum output that a country can produce using the
available labour and capital (at a constant inflation rate). सं भा� जीडीपी = आपके देश म� उपल� सभी मजदू र
और पूंजी से जो मह�म उ�ादन हो सकता है.
⇒ GDP gap = difference between potential GDP and real GDP. जीडीपी अंतर / खाई = वा��वक और सं भा�
जीडीपी के बीच का अंतर
48.1.1 GDP projections: Economic Survey vs NSO
48.1.2 GDP growth why not high
48.2 🌽🌽⌚🎧🎧📈📈 GDP → $5 TRILLION → HOW TO ACHIEVE?: 📔📔📔📔ES STRATEGY
Savings It’s the Income excess of Consumption. Subdivided into Private Savings [by
बचत households & business firm] and Public Savings by Govt organizations.
⇒ It's the domestic Savings + foreign money WHICH IS put in Real (physical)
Assets like machines, tools, buildings, office spaces, storehouses, roads, bridges,
airports and unsold inventory (ऐसा सामान �जसका �नमार्ण �आ लेिकन �बका नहीं)
Investment
⇒ In an Open Economy Country, Investment may become higher than
�नवेश
(Domestic) Savings: - IF there is inflow of Foreign Capital.
⇒ In a Closed Economy, Investment EQUAL = Savings [with many conditions
like 0% taxes, etc. but that MA(Economics) is not IMP]
Gross Fixed Capital Formation Rate (सकल �न��त पूंजी �नमार्ण दर)
= INVESTMENT – DISPOSAL of assets (liquidation, condemnation).
GFCF
Thus, GFCF shows the net increase in physical assets. It IGNORES depreciation,
and land purchases.
48.2.1 💰💰Investment⏫ more imp than Savings⏫
📔📔📔📔ES18 had observed:
- Pre-Subprime crisis, above indicators were >30% of GDP. But then ⏬, then struggling zig-zag.
- Pre-subprime crisis our growth rate was in peak 9%, presently struggling in ~7% range (before
Corona). Some countries take as much as 17 years to come out of such crisis.
If we want to quickly recover, & bring our growth to 9% then we must ⏫investment → GFCF will
⏫ → then growth rate will automatically ⏫ → savings will automatically ⏫ Therefore,
✅Increasing Investment / GFCF: should be ✋Increasing / mobilizing savings is important

our urgent priority but should not be our urgent priority
Resolve TBS, encourage Make in India & PMJDY, Pension-Insurance schemes, Sovereign
Startup India, Reforms in Tax Laws, Labour Gold Bonds, Unearthing black money,
Laws, Environment Clearance, FDI approval Demonetization etc. They’re important but not
etc. �नवेश को बढ़ाना हमारी प्राथ�मकता होनी चािहए “URGENT” बचत को बढ़ाना प्राथ�मकता नहीं होनी चािहए
Similar theme is also reiterated by ES19 that private investment is necessary for boosting growth.
48.2.2 🌽🌽⌚🎧🎧🎧🎧 GDP → $5 Trillion → How to Achieve?: NITI strategy

2018: NITI’s Strategy for New India @ 75 has given following strategy for $5 Trillion
Target for 2022-23 Challenges?
⏫ the Gross Fixed To increase Public Sector / Government led-investment:
Capital Formation - Must ⏫ TaxtoGDP by combating tax evasion and tax avoidance.
(GFCF) (करचोरी और कर प�रहार को रोकना)
- Must ⏬ Revenue deficit by combating Subsidy leakage through
सकल ��र पूंजी �नमार्ण JAM-trinity. (स��डी का �रसाव बं द हो)
- Govt has to exit from loss making public sector enterprises. (घाटे म�
चलने वाले सरकारी �नगमों से सरकार हट जाए)
- PPP for Infrastructure. (सावर्ज�नक �नजी �ेत्र क� भागीदारी से)
To mobilize private households’ investment
- Greater coverage in Sovereign Gold Bond, Jan Dhan Account,
Pension-Insurance schemes etc. ;
Target for 2022-23 Challenges?
- Preventing Ponzy & Chit Fund scams...
To mobilize domestic & foreign companies’ investment
- Addressing the NPA crisis, reforms in the FDI policy, Ease of Doing
Biz etc. (अनजर्क प�रसं प��, प्र�� वदेशी �नवेश म� सुधार, �ापार म� सुगमता)
⏫ India’s growth For this we must ⏫ our ‘Exports’ so,
rate to 9-10%. - Address various bottlenecks in our agri and manufacturing sector.
Increase size of - Ease the complex labour and land laws. (श्रम और जमीन कानून म� सुधार)
Indian economy - Industrial Revolution 4.0, artificial intelligence, IoT etc.
(=GDP) - Skilling Youth, ⏫ female participation in labour force. (कौशल �वकास
to $5 trillion USD. मिहलाओं क� श्रमबल म� भागीदारी)
- Renewable energy to ⏬ crude oil import bill. (नवीनीकरण ऊजार्)
- Trade agreements with like-minded countries (समान �वचारधारा वाले �मत्र
देशों के साथ मु� �ापार समझौते) (More in 📑📑Pillar#3B)
48.2.3 📔📔📔📔ES20 Vol1Ch1 on Wealth Creation (धन सृजन)

⇒ Until the entry of Europeans, India has been the dominant global economic power.
⇒ Then our GDP growth started to ⏬ during British Raj and Nehruvian Socialism.
⇒ But since 1991’s LPG reforms, again we are back on track.
📔📔📔📔ES20 identified following benefits of wealth creation by private entrepreneurs:
Employees, suppliers, retailers → ⏫ income, jobs (रोजगार सृजन)
Government → ⏫ tax collection (राज� / कर आमदनी म� बढ़ोतरी)
Common citizen → ⏫ quality of roads, schools, hospitals created through the
आम नाग�रकों के �लए tax revenue (कराधान से सड़क, �श�ा, �ा� बेहतर क� जाए)
Then, CEA Subramanian K. talks about “wealth creation” in context of GDP. He uses ancient and
modern thinkers/economists to suggest how to ⏫ our wealth
Thinker How Economic Survey links their ideas with wealth creation
Kautilya ⇒ Kautilya’s Arthshastra book is centred around Varta (economic policy),
Dandaneeti (law and enforcement), Anvikshiki (philosophical and ethical
framework) and Trayi (cultural context)
⇒ Kautilya asked the King to remove all obstructions to economic activity and
provide economic freedom to the citizens. (आ�थक ग�त�व�ध म� सभी �कावट� हटाकर
आ�थक �तं त्रता प्रदान करना)
⇒ So, Modi should also focus on Ease of Doing Biz (�ापार म� सुगमता)
Thiruvalluvar ⇒ Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukural book advocates wealth creation through ethical
Tamil poet and means. (धन सृजन करना चािहए, िकंतु नै�तक तरीके से)
philosopher. ⇒ Govt should provide equal opportunity for new entrepreneurs, Modi should
avoid Pro-Crony policies of ManMohan. (Recall Pillar4B: mfg → EoD,
प�पाती पूंजीवाद से बचो)
⇒ There should be no shame in privatization (Strategic disinvestment) of the
govt companies, Because after privatization their profitability has ⏫.
(Recall 📑📑 Pillar#2:Disinvestment)
Adam Smith Adam Smith's book ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of
Father of Nations’ described “Invisible hand of the free market is instrumental in
Economics economic growth” (मु� बाजार का अ�� हाथ ही आ�थक वृध्धी िदलाता है).
⇒ But Govt intervention in free market often harms more than it helps.
(📑📑Recall Pillar4A: FCI procurement, Essential Commodities Act. (मु�
बाजार म� सरकारी दखल से लाभ कम नुकसान �ादा)
Thinker How Economic Survey links their ideas with wealth creation
David Hume, “We should assume every man is a knave (=dishonest person), his actions are
Scottish always driven by private interest. So, effective supervision required”. (सब लोग
Philosopher बेईमान और �ाथ� ही होते ऐसा सोचकर सरकार ने स� �नगरानी रखना ज�री.)
⇒ So, we’ve to regulate the Shadow banking sector (प्र�तछाया ब�क) more
vigorously. (📑📑Ref#1B)
⇒ We must deal with the wilful defaulters responsible for the high level of
NPA. → use Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning etc., create PSBN
network. (📑📑Ref#1B)
⇒ American Sharemarket regulators has 15x times employees than SEBI. So,
we also need to increase manpower in regulatory bodies. (📑📑Ref#1C)
Motivation ⇒ Abraham Maslow’s Motivational Pyramid: “Individuals are not driven just
प्रेरणा by physical / material needs, but also have needs of self-esteem & self-
actualization” (�� क� प्रेरणा का �ोत �सफर् भौ�तक सुख नहीं, ब�� आ�-स�ान और आ�-
प्रा�� भी होते ह�)
⇒ Confucius: “if Govt guides the people with penalties → they’ll shamelessly
evade the law. But if the Government guides them with virtue → people will
become upright.” (सरकार सद्गुण के साथ मागर्दशर्न करती है → लोग ईमानदार हो जाएं गे।)
⇒ Therefore we should use the ideas of behavioral economics to increase their
morale to (�वहार अथर्शा�, नै�तक �र बढ़ाएं )
⇒ 1) Give up subsidies and 2) honestly pay taxes (📑📑Ref: Pillar#2)
Trust Adam Smith’s book ‘The Theory of Moral Sentiments’ described, “while people
�व�ास are sometimes selfish, they also derive pleasure from seeing the happiness of
others. (हालांिक लोग कभी-कभी �ाथ� होते ह� लेिकन उ�� अ� क� खुशी देखकर भी खुशी �मलती है)
⇒ Absence of such mutual sympathy / trust (पर�र सहानुभू�त / �व�ास) can result in
financial disasters, as seen in Subprime Crisis, Global Financial Crisis,
India’s NPA & Wilful defaulters.
⇒ So, trust is a ‘public good (सावर्ज�नक व�ु)’ similar to ‘streetlight’- everyone
benefits from it. Govt & entrepreneurs should try to build trust with citizens
Further, “Assemble in India”, “Agri Exports” → ⏫Export → ⏫GDP etc= Ref: (📑📑Pillar#4A&B).
48.2.4 📙📙📙📙ES22: supply-side reforms to ⏫ GDP (आ�थक वृ�द्ध के �लए आपू�त �ेत्र के सुधार)
⇒ ��ES22 said - Govt has adequately tackled the corona crisis through “barbell strategy” and
“agile” framework (भारत सरकार ने "बारबेल रणनी�त" और "फु त�ली" �परेखा क� मदद कोरोना को ट�र दी है.)
⇒ What does it mean? Ans. REF Pillar6. Gist of his argument is- whatever govt did in the 3 phases
of Atma Nirbhar Bharat = really great. कु ल �मलाकर आ�थक सव��ण ये कहना चाहता है िक भारत सरकार ने
आ��नभर्र के तीन चरणों म� जो जो िकया गया वो ब�त महान/प्रभावी था।)
For ⏫GDP growth, ��ES22 suggested / appreciated following supply side reforms:
��Note: To understand the relevance of the following bullet points, you must have completed
the entire course- all pillars:
⇒ deregulation of numerous sectors and simplification of processes e.g. (�नयं त्रण को कम करना, प्रिक्रयाओं
का सरलीकरण)
o � Voluntary liquidation and cross-border insolvency (REF: Pillar#1B2)
o � TREDS / Factoring reforms for easier/faster loans to MSME. Changed definition of
MSME. (REF: Pillar#1C, 4B)
o � Using MSP for ⏫crop diversification
o � GeM portal for online procurement (REF: Pillar#4B)
o � Drone flying permission. (REF: Pillar#5)
o � Telecom Sector: Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) / FDI reforms. (REF: Pillar#5)
o �� Removal of legacy issues like ‘retrospective tax’ (Vodafone) (REF: Pillar#2B)
o � FDI relaxed in Defense, petroleum and insurance sector in recent years. (REF:
Pillar#3A)
o � production-linked incentives to ⏫supply of India-made goods. (REF: Pillar#4B)
o � Four labour codes’ implementation (श्रम सं िहता क़ानून REF: Pillar#4B)
⇒ Reducing the role of government in a sector/ in an activity. E.g.
o �Privatisation (Strategic disinvestment) of Govt companies in Non-strategic sector.
(ग़ैर रणनी�तक �ेत्रों म� सरकारी कं प�नयों का �नजीकरण REF: Pillar#2D)
o � Aviation: Govt to no longer owns Air India (नाग�रक उड्डयन REF: Pillar#2D)
o � Railways: Govt to allow private sector train operators. (REF: Pillar#5)
o 🛰🛰 Space-tech/ISRO: ⏫ the participation/involvement of the private sector companies.
(अवकाश �ेत्र म� �नजी �ेत्र क� कं प�नयों क� िह�ेदारी को बढ़ाना REF: Pillar#5)
⇒ � Creating physical infrastructure via PM-Gati Shakati. (भौ�तक बु�नयादी अवसं रचना REF: Pillar#5)
⇒ � Creating Social infrastructure - schools, toilets, hospitals, houses for poor etc. via various
schemes. (सामा�जक बु�नयादी अवसं रचना REF: Pillar#5)
��FAQ: but some of above reforms are not supply-side reforms, but they demand side
reforms!!!??? Ans. UPSC is unlikely to ask you critically examine in Mains-Exam ke “do u agree
that Economic Survey 2022’s supply side reforms are NOT supply side reforms but actually demand
side reforms?!”. Ans. UPSC unlikely to engage in that pedantry! तो िफर �ों बाल क� खाल �नकालनी है भाई?
48.2.5 👳👳🤕🤕 ES19: GDP growth harmed during Economic Policy Uncertainty
Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index (GEPU or EPU: आ�थक नी�त अ�न��तता सूचकांक) index Started
in 2016, by three US-based economists—Scott Ross Baker, Nick Bloom and Steven J. Davis.
− They capture countries’ newspapers’ headlines related to economic policy uncertainty, and then
rank the nation accordingly. (अखबार क� सु�खयों को देखकर पता करना के सरकारी नी�तयों म� अ�न��तता िकतनी है)
− 2011-12: economic policy uncertainty was the highest in India.
− 2G Scam, Coal allocation scam, Subprime Crisis, Global Financial Crisis.
− During this time, govt did not take the corporate friendly reform decisions or reverted its
original decisions fearing the media scrutiny, judicial scrutiny, protest by the labour unions.
− 2016-17: ⏫ due to Demonetisation, GST. But during this stage it was not as bad as the
uncertainty during 2011-12.
− From 2014 onwards India’s EPU has declined although in a zigzag manner with occasional
spikes during Demonetization - GST etc. Whereas Global EPU has ⏫ in zigzag manner- due to
the Policies pursued by Donald Trump, BREXIT, Iran, N.Korea, OPEC, Trade war between USA
and China etc. (हालांिक �व� म� आ�थक नी�त अ�न��तता बढ़ी लेिकन भारत म� उतनी �ादा नहीं बढ़ी)
− During high EPU: domestic investors hold up their decision to invest into financial market. They
prefer to invest in gold (=large BOP), land / real estate (=Black money). FPI inflows ⏬ during
are volatility of exchange rate. (अ�न��तता म� ब�कों म� बचत म� कमी और �वदेशी �नवेश म� कमी)
− However, the relationship between FDI growth and volatility of exchange rate is weak. Because
Foreign Direct Investors are entering a market for long term. They look at multiple factors
beyond just the exchange rate. They look at taxation, monetary policy, consumer sentiment etc.
all which are reflected by EPU.
− Low growth of FPI, FDI = Corporates are deprived of the new capital from the domestic and
foreign investors → it affect the factory expansion, job creation and GDP growth.
48.2.6 📔📔📔📔 ES19: How to reduce Economic Policy Uncertainty

⏬ economic policy uncertainty is critical for both domestic investment and foreign investment.
Therefore, ES19 suggested following reforms: (�नवेश म� बढ़ोतरी के �लए आ�थक नी�तयों म� �न��ता ज�री)
48.2.6.1 Make Policies predictable (पूवार्नुमान करने यो�)

Top-level policymakers must ensure that their policy actions are predictable. E.g.
⇒ From which date Bharat Stage emission norms will become effective?
⇒ From which date GAAR or E-Way Bill will become effective?
⇒ 2016-Budget proposed to impose income tax on the money withdrawn by subscriber from his
EPFO fund. Later, due to labour unions backlash it was reverted.
⇒ 2019-Budget proposed to hike surcharge on the income tax of super-rich, then due to a backlash
by foreign investors, it was reverted. (�वदेशी �नवेशक को के �वरोध के चलते �नणर्य वापस �लया)
⇒ 2021- Finance Ministry ⏬⏬ interest rates on various small saving schemes (Ref Pillar1D3)
But within a day, fearing public outcry (& Bengal election), they withdrew decision. [पहले लघु बचत
योजनाओं के �ाज दर म� कटौती क� घोषणा क� लेिकन िफर एक ही िदन म� �नणर्य को वापस �लया!]
48.2.6.2 Keep consistency in promises (वादों म� सामं ज� / �नरंतरता र�खये)
Government / Regulators should maintain broad consistency in actual policy with the forward
guidance. They should reduce ambiguity/arbitrariness in policy implementation. E.g.
− 2018-Dec: Monetary policy Committee keeping “Calibrated Tightening”. Means in the next
meeting they would either ‘hold', or 'increase' repo rate. No chance of cutting the repo rate. Yet
in 2019-Feb, they cut the repo rate.
− Similarly, Govt should avoid changing the goalposts and deadlines of Fiscal Responsibility and
Budget Management (FRBM) Act. (राजकोषीय घाटे के ल�ं को को भी बार-बार बदल िदया जाता है)
48.2.6.3 Policy implementations must be monitored (अ�वरल �नगरानी)

− “What gets measured gets acted upon”. Therefore, Government must monitor its performance
in the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index on a quarterly basis. We should construct India-
specific sub indices of economic uncertainty To monitor our performance.
− The actual implementation of policy occurs at the lower levels, where ambiguity gets created and
it compounds the economic policy uncertainty.
− Therefore, staff should be trained and implementation processes should be certified (by NITI
etc) before implementing a policy. (सरकारी कम�ऑ को नी�त �नमार्ण और उसके अमल क� तालीम दी जाए)
− Poorly drafted laws full of ambiguities, amendments, clarifications and exemptions = endless
litigation. E.g. Provisions related to Capital Gains Tax in the IT Act 1961: Vodafone-Hutch case.
48.2.6.4 Respect boundaries (एक दू सरे क� सीमाओं का स�ान क��जए)

 Judiciary, legislature and executive should respect each other's boundaries. Executive and
legislature should not create a vacuum which could encourage Judicial Overreach such as
firecracker ban, plastic ban, or no selling of liquor on highway hotels, which may create new
challenges in economy. (�ा�यक अ�त�व�ार के चलते उद्योगों म� अ�न��तता)
48.2.7 � Conclusion: Policy Uncertainty

 Indian faces economic uncertainty from many fronts which are beyond our control e.g. Poor
monsoon, BREXIT, OPEC Oil cuts, Geopolitical disturbance in the Korean Peninsula and
Western Asia (Iran), protectionism and tariff wars.
 While policymakers can not control above ‘economic and diplomatic uncertainties’, they can
definitely control economic policy uncertainty. (आ�थक और कू टनी�तक अ�न��तता को तो हम कम नहीं कर सकते
लेिकन नी�त क� अ�न��तता को कम करना ज�री- तभी �नवेश और आ�थक वृ�द्ध म� मदद होगी।)
 Successive economic surveys have found that greater private investment is necessary for
economic growth in India. EPU can spook investors and spoil the investment climate in the
economy, therefore Government must strive for 100% policy certainty on the economic fronts.
🎓🎓📘📘 📘📘 Homework: Economic Survey 2018-19 Vol1 Ch6 Read Introduction upto Bullet 6.2. Then,
read Conclusion from Bullet 6.22.
48.2.8 � Conclusion: 5 Trillion economy?
 Higher economic growth can help increasing employment avenues for citizens & tax revenues
for the Govts. उ� आ�थक वृ�द्ध दर से रोजगार सृजन और राज� आमदनी म� बढ़ोतरी होगी
 Collectively, this results in improved living standards through higher expenditure on health &
education by both the citizens and the State. �श�ा और �ा� पर �ादा खचर् से जीवन �र भी बेहतर होगा
 Therefore, we must leave no stone unturned to accomplish above targets / address above
challenges on priority basis. (अत: अग्रता क्रम से उ� चुनौ�तयों से लड़ना ज�री)
48.2.9 📐📐📐📐 Global Risk Report 2022- January (वै��क जो�खम �रपोटर्)
@global level following risks identified: (वै��क �र पे �न� जो�खम पाए गए)
48.2.10 📐📐📐📐 Global Risk Report 2022- Short term risks for India
− Fracture of interstate relations: e.g. (रा�ों के बीच बढ़ रहे तनाव)
o Dam & river water sharing e.g. Kerala vs TN over Mulla-Periyar dam (जल-�ववाद)
o Border disputes e.g. 1) Assam-Mizoram border clash-policemen killed. 2) Dispute
between Andhra and Odisha over Kotia region (रा�ों के बीच सीमा �ववाद)
o Trade of agri-commodities e.g. Telangana govt banning sale of UP-Potatoes to protect
local farmers. (कृ �ष उ�ादों के �ापार म� बढ़ रहे तनाव)
− Debt crises in Advanced Economies → repeat of 2007-08’s American subprime crisis → Indian
exports will suffer. Ref Pillar3A (उ�त अथर्तंत्र वाले देशो म� कज़र् क� सम�ा से भारतीय �नयार्तो पर जो�खम)
− Widespread youth disillusionment → unemployment/reservation related protests & social
unrest (नौजवानों म� �व�ासपतन: �जससे बेरोज़गारी / आर�ण के आंदोलनो म� बढ़ोतरी हो सकती है)
− Failure of technology Governance → Data privacy violation, cyber crimes (प्रौद्यो�गक� म� �वफलता के
चलते नाग�रकों का �नजी-डेटा लीक हो जाए, साइबर अपराध म� बढ़ोतरी हो)
− Digital inequality among rich vs poor, urban vs rural → in e-learning, jobs, etc. (िड�जटल असमानता
के चलते अमीर-ग़रीब, ग्रामीण बनाम शहर-�नवासीऑ के बीच क� �श�ा-रोज़गार के अवसरों म� बढ़ती खाई)
48.3 👻👻👻👻⌚🎧🎧🎧🎧 GDP → $5 TRILLION → ATMA-NIRBHAR BHARAT
⇒ (Origin) 2020-March: Government of India initiated nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread
of Corona/COVID-19 pandemic. (कोरोना महामारी के चलते देश�ापी तालाबं दी)
⇒ This lockdown affected the income and livelihood of everyone from corporate companies to
common citizens of India. (सबक� आजी�वका को हानी �ई)
⇒ Therefore, to revive economy, PM launched Atma Nirbhar Bharat stimulus package in 2020-
May to revive the Indian economy. (अथर्�व�ा को पुनजीवन / प्रो�ाहन का आ�थक पेकेज)
⇒ It’s centred on five pillars of – Economy, Infrastructure, System, Demand and Vibrant
Demography (�ू �तली जनसां��क�).
⇒ Refer to Win21/22 for this.
48.3.1 📐📐Types of Nations : High Income, Low Income

⇒ World Bank has publishes “World Development Report” annually since 1978.
⇒ 2020- theme: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains
⇒ 2021-theme : Data for better lives.
Type of country Defined in terms of per capita gross national income (GNI)
High Income (उ�) $12,696 or more e.g. Israel (>$40,000), USA (>6o,000)
Upper-Middle Income $4096 and $12,695 e.g. China (>$10,000)
(उ� म�म आमदनी)
Lower-Middle Income $1,046 and $4095; e.g. India (>$2000)
(�न� म�म आमदनी)
Low Income (�न�) $1,045 or less
⇒ Earlier, World Bank used above income classifications for analytical purposes only. But since
2018, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, Ref#3B) charges “extra
surcharge” on loan interest on high income countries. (�व� ब�क से कज़र् लेते व� उ� आय वाले देशों ने �ादा
�ाज दर चुकानी होगी।)
⇒ 2022-Jan: India has complained to WTO that China is an upper middle income country so it
should be given less relaxation/concessions in the trade agreements. (Ref#3B) (चीन उ� म�म आय
वाला देश है इस�लए उसे �व� �ापार सं गठन के �ापार सं �धयों म� कम �रयायत� �मलनी चािहए ऐसी भारत ने �शकायत क�)
48.3.2 📐📐India As A ‘Developed’ Country?

⇒ 15th August 2022: PM Modi Speech - Goal to become a developed country by 2047 when we
celebrates 100 years of independence.
⇒ While there is no unanimous commonly accepted definition of developed country. United
Nations, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the World Economic Forum use
their indicators to club developed and developing countries.
⇒ but some features of a developed nation are:
⇒ GDP is very high. Per capita gross national income (GNI) very high.
⇒ Standard of living and Human Development Index (HDI) - high performance.
⇒ Now what should India do, to become a developed country? Ans. recycle the points that we have
learnt in the GDP/agri/unemployment/inclusive growth ke mindmaps.
48.3.3 📐📐Types of Nations : Advanced Economies (AE : उ�त अथर्�व�ाएं )
It is a term used by IMF to describe "Developed nations" or "Mature economies who’ve :
1. per capita income level = high. प्र�त �� आय काफ़� ऊँ ची
2. export diversification = Exporting many types of goods and services. Not just single type of
good/service. So, If 70% of Kuwait export income just comes from crude oil then it is not
"diversified" = Kuwait Not advanced economy. �नयार्त म� �व�वधता
3. (3) Highly integrated into the global financial system= So it is more likely that they would be
members of the OECD group much before the 1990s. (e.g. USA,UK, Germany France, Japan etc)
वै��क �व�ीय प्रणाली इतने गहरे �प से सुग्र�थत
48.3.4 📐📐Types of Nations : EMDEs (उभरते बाजार और �वकासशील अथर्तंत्र)
It is a term used by IMF to describe Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs) = All the
other countries who are advanced economies (AE) yet.
EMDEs may be further sub-classified into two parts
1. Low Income Countries (LIC) e.g. Afghanistan Myanmar Nepal etc कम आमदनी वाले देश
2. Emerging market economies (EM) = neither "AE" nor "LIC" e.g. Brazil, India, China South
Africa Russia etc. उभरते बाज़ार अथर्तंत्र- ऐसे देश जो िक न तो उ�त अथर्�व�ा श्रेणी म� है, न तो कम आमदनी वाले देशों म� है
Then we had learned about how Bangladesh will be upgraded from LDC to a developing country and
how it impacts India. Ref to full course for more:
48.4 📐📐📐📐 GDP & PER CAPITA INCOME→ CRITICISM / LIMITATIONS
48.4.1 GDP → Economic Growth vs Economic Development
Figure 1: �ा इस ब�े को तैमूर �जतना अ�ा खाना और �श�ा �मलेगी?
Economic Growth Economic Development

📐📐आ�थक वृ�द्ध 📐📐+ 💊💊💊💊💊आ�थक �वकास
It measures the ⏫ in the production It measures whether economic growth has resulted in
of goods and services in a country. improving the quality of life & the socioeconomic
(�सफर् उ�ादन म� बढ़ोतरी) structure of the country? (जीवन �र म� सुधार)
Quantitative measurement: gross Qualitative measurements such as UNDP’s HDI
Domestic Product (GDP), (Human Development Index), life expectancy, 🤰🤰gender-
Consumption, Government Spending, related indices, infant mortality, �literacy etc.
Investment, Net Exports.
Economic Growth Economic Development
📐📐आ�थक वृ�द्ध 📐📐+ 💊💊💊💊💊आ�थक �वकास
NNP divided by total population = per It’ll focus on ‘Inequality of income distribution’ e.g.
capita income. obtained through World Bank Gini coefficient or Oxfam
NGO’s Inequality report.(More in 📑📑Pillar#6)
In pillar#4 our focus is economic growth (GDP), whereas in pillar#6 we will be focusing on
Economic Development (Human aspect) and Sustainable Development (सतत �वकास) i.e. development
that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
48.5 INCLUSIVE GROWTH
48.6 REGIONAL IMBALANCE IN GROWTH
Q) Why has the planning process failed in reducing regional disparities in India? Give reasons. (भारत
म� �ेत्रीय असमानताओं को कम करने म� योजना प्रिक्रया �ों �वफल रही है? कारण दे।)(Optional-Eco-2001)
⇒ Intro Define: Regional disparity / inequality = a situation GSDP, per capita income, economic
opportunities, infrastructure availability are not similar among regions/States.
⇒ Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu
same to perform well on above indicators compare to other regions. Due to following reasons:
⇒ Coastal States = the British developed railway line, ports, highways, banking network, import
export opportunities.
⇒ Punjab- Haryana = benefited greatly from the Green Revolution.
⇒ Eastern states, Sp. Cat States, NE = infra problems, inflexible labour laws,
⇒ good governance harmed by aid-curse, resource curse.
⇒ law and order issues / gunda raj / LWE / terrorism extremism = have discouraged investment
and entrepreneurship.
⇒ Weak education system - skilled labour force.
⇒ Natural disasters / annual floods / cyclones - Assam, Bihar, Odisha etc
⇒ population control measures in Kerala vs population explosion in some states.
⇒ influx of refugees in Eastern India.
⇒ creation of smaller states for more decentralised planning = not materialised. Rather increase the
political instability e.g. Uttrakhand.
⇒ Conclusion: Yes required to get 5 Trillion GDP by 2025 and to become developed nation by 2047
and to reap India’s demographic dividend, and to prevent social unrest. SDG goal 10: reduce
inequality within country.
48.7 2ND GEN ECONOMIC REFORMS

⇒ Q) Second generation economic reforms are crucial for raising the growth rate of the economy.
Throw light on these dimensions. (अथर्�व�ा क� �वकास दर को बढ़ाने के �लए दू सरी पीढ़ी के आ�थक सुधार मह�पूणर्
ह�। इन आयामों पर प्रकाश डा�लए।) (Optional-Eco-2014)
⇒ (intro: origin) Post BoP-crisis: 1991 LPG reforms. Write a few lines from Pillar4B and explain the
features of LPG.
⇒ PM Modi- We should become developed nation by 2047. Economist Bibek Debroy, Chairman,
of Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) says for this purpose we need
to have economic growth of 7-8%
⇒ So, following second generation reforms necessary:
⇒ focus on sunrise sectors artificial intelligence, 5g, drones, semiconductors, space technology,
genomics, pharmaceuticals and clean technologies- electric vehicles etc.
⇒ Focus on knowledge-based industries- ICT, Pharma, Biotech, Space-Tech,
⇒ Focus on environmentally sustainable economy - circular economy, resource- jute, bamboo,coir
⇒ resolution of NPA
⇒ Removal of pain-points in Taxation: Direct tax code, GST, fiscal federalism
⇒ model acts for agriculture, contract farming, shop establishment, land leasing, etc.
⇒ AI-Blockchain techology, central bank digital currency adoption of digital economy less cash
economy etc. chikni-chupdi baatein likho.
⇒ ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) platform for empowering the small retailers to
compete in the e-commerce.
⇒ infrastructure push through PM Gati Shakti, National monetisation pipeline, national
infrastructure pipeline.
⇒ Conclusion: Yes required to get 5 Trillion GDP by 2025 and to become developed nation by 2047
and to reap India’s demographic dividend.
49 🍅🍅PILLAR#4C: INDICATORS → INFLATION

 Inflation is the rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a
period of time. (व�ु और सेवाओं क� सामा� क�मतों म� होने वाली बढ़ोतरी को महंगाई या मुद्रा��त कहते ह�)
 Deflation is inverse of above definition. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0%
(मुद्रा अव��त- महंगाई जब 0% से भी कम हो जाए)
Aggregate Demand (AD)
= Consumption(C) + Investments(I) + Govt Purchases (G) + Exports (X)- Import (M)
🍅🍅🍅🍅 Inflationary Gap 🍅🍅🍅🍅Deflationary Gap
(मुद्रा��तकारी अंतर ) (अव��तकारी अंतर )
It could have occurred because of It could have occurred because of
1. ↑ Money supply 1. ↓ Money supply
2. ↑ Propensity to consume, 2. ↑ Propensity to SAVE / Consumer delaying
3. ↑ Investment expenditure purchase with hopes of further fall in prices.
4. ↑ Fiscal deficit 3. ↓ Investment expenditure,
5. ↑ NET exports 4. ↑ Fiscal consolidation
6. High growth → higher Aggregate demand 5. ↓ NET exports
→ could lead to inflation. 6. Depression / Recession that results into
falling ‘Aggregate demand’.
🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅 Inflationary Spiral 📉📉📉📉📉📉Deflationary Spiral
(मुद्रा��त म� उ�रो�र वृ�द्ध) Fall in prices → lower profit to firm → lower
When inflation increases, workers demand production, lower wages / workers laid off →
higher wages to keep up with the cost of living lower demand → lower prices → ...
→ firms pass these higher labor costs on to
their customers → higher prices → more
inflation → …...
49.1 🍅🍅🍅🍅INFLATION- POLITICALLY UNAVOIDABLE, SOCIALLY HARMFUL,
ECONOMICALLY USEFUL?
Q) “Inflation is economically useful, socially harmful and politically unavoidable in India today.”
Elucidate. "मुद्रा��त आज भारत म� आ�थक �प से उपयोगी, सामा�जक �प से हा�नकारक और राजनी�तक �प से टाली न जा सके
एसी है।" (Optional-Economics-2001)
⇒ CPI inflation has crossed 7% which is outside the comfort zone of 2 to 6%. Reasons
⇒ Russia Ukraine war- hardening of the commodity prices- crude oil, fertiliser, coal, metal, edible
oil
⇒ US Fed Tapering → FPI Exit → Rupee weakened → imports expensive.
⇒ Heatwave → vegetables and food production⏬
⇒ RBI MPC Committee will have to send a report to the government for failure to keeping CPI
under 2-6% range for consecutive quarters i.e nine months.
49.2 COMBATING INFLATION OR DEFLATION
🍅🍅🍅🍅Fighting inflation 🍅🍅🍅🍅 Fighting deflation

RBI Tight / dear / Hawkish Monetary Policy to Cheap / Easy / Dovish - to make loans
🍅🍅🍅🍅Fighting inflation 🍅🍅🍅🍅 Fighting deflation
🐯🐯 make the loans expensive cheaper
Govt - 🍋🍋 Tax deduction / exemption / - 🍋🍋 Tax deduction / exemption /
🦁🦁 subsidy benefits towards producers to subsidy type benefits to consumers to
decrease the cost of production. encourage purchase / consumption. (e.g.
- Curtailing Fiscal Deficit. cut GST on Television, Computers,
- Curtailing schemes/subsidies that Cars) खरीदारी को प्रो�ाहन देने के �लए कर-
⏫money in the hands of beneficiary छू ट/स��डी
without increasing production. - Increasing the expenditure on public
- 🗃🗃 Ordering RBI to issue inflation projects e.g. highway, dam etc. to boost
Indexed Bonds, Sovereign Gold Bonds demand in steel / cement industry →
- Essential commodities act, Stock workers get money → demand →
limits, Minimum Export Price, FCI’s towards inflation. बु�नयादी अवसं रचना पर
Open Market Sale Scheme, Operation सावर्ज�नक खचर् को बढ़ाया जाए
Greens for TOP, Price stabilization
fund, Offering higher MSP to farmers
to ⏫ cultivation of a particular crops
49.3 🍅🍅🍅🍅 INFLATION: TYPES BASED ON CAUSATION (कारकता के अनुसार)
49.4 🍅🍅🍅🍅 EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUALS
49.4.1 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅: Inflation observations by 📙📙📙📙ES22

⇒ Corona Un-lockdown → demand in 1st world ⏫→ inflation ⏫
⇒ OECD group ⏬oil supply & geopolitical crisis (Ukraine) → ⏫ oil prices.
⇒ During Corona-2020- Number of home sales ⏬ but price of home is not declined (meaning,
sellers were not willing to reduce prices) (कोरोना म� मकानों क� ख़रीदारी तो कम �ई थी लेिकन भाव कम नहीं �ए)
⇒ Post-Corona-2021: Banks ⏬ home loan interest rates + Union Govt is giving home loan
subsidy + State govts have ⏬ the stamp duty tax on home buying → Housing demand ⏫ →
so housing prices are ⏫ (अभी वापस बैंक लोन सस्ते होने के कारण, तथा कें द्र और राज्य सरकारों क� योजनाओ ं के चलते मकानों
क� िबक्र� बढ़ रही है, माँग बढ़ रही है और उसके चलते मकानों के दाम बढ़ रहे हैं )
⇒ We should sign long-term import agreements / memorandum of understandings (MoUs) with
other nations for purchase of pulses and edible oils. (अ� देशों के साथ लं बी अव�ध के क़रार पर द�ख़त िकया
गया है िक वे हम� �नय�मत �प से दाल और खाद्य तेल बेचते रह�, ताक� भारत म� उन चीजों क� क़�मत� �नयं त्रण म� रहे।)
⇒ Rest of the Chapter is mostly timepass about onion and tomato seasonal inflation, which we have
already studied in Pillar4A. (�ाज़ टमाटर के दाम बढ़ जाते ह� वो सब बोल ब�न हम पहले भी पढ चुके)
49.4.2 🍅🍅🍅🍅American Inflation Impact on India?

2021: USA inflation at 6.2% (highest in 30 years). It may have following negative consequences for
India (Note: following bullets requires prior knowledge of Pillar 1A1, 1A2, 2B & 3A)
− 😥😥 1) US Feds will ⬆ repo to combat American inflation. US Feds will reduce bond purchase
program (=Fed-Tapering) → ⏫loan interest rates in India → Foreign Portfolio Investors
(FPI-who invest upto 10% in a single Indian company’s shares)- those FPIs may pullout money
from India to give it as loans in American market → Indian share market ⬇. → Indian investors
also lose money → Indian investors flock towards gold, real-estate & cryptocurrency for better
returns → new set of problems related to tax evasion that we learned in Pillar2B.
− 😥😥 2) When FPI pullout money from Indian sharemarket → Rupee weakens →⬆ imports
become more expensive →⬆ inflation → RBI forced to ⬆ repo to combat inflation = expensive
loans will harm India’s post-Corona economic revival.
− 😥😥3) Imported goods and services from America will become expensive for India.
− However, 📙📙📙📙ES22 said consumer price inflation in India remained under moderate level
compared to many other nations- like USA (7%), UK, Brazil, Turkey, Argentina (50%) etc.
(अमरीका म� महँ गाई/मुद्रा��त �पछले 30 वष� म� सबसे �ादा अ�धक पाई गई है इससे लड़ने के �लए अमे�रक� क� द्रीय ब�क जो क़दम
उठाएगी उसके प�रणाम��प �वदेशी पोटर्फो�लयो �नवेशक- भारतीय शेयर बाज़ार से भाग जाएं गे। �जससे भारतीय �पया कमज़ोर
होगा,भारत म� क�ा तेल और अ� आयात महँ गे होंगे, िफर भारत म� भी महँ गाई दर बढ़ेगा। उस भारतीय महँ गाई से लड़ने के �लए भारतीय
�रज़वर् ब�क लोन क� �ाज दर महँ गे करेगी तो कोरोना प�ात भारतीय अथर्�व�ा को पुनज��वत करने म� सम�ा/िद�त� आ सकती है)
49.5 LAST 10 YEARS ECONOMIC SURVEY OBSERVATIONS (2012-2022)

Planning commission dissolved 2014
NITI Aayog Born 1 Jan 2015
GDP Baseyear Change 2015
PLFS Started 2019
GDP 4.2% 2019
Economic policy uncertainty 2019
GDP -7.3% 2020
Wealth Thinkers 2020
Thalinomics 2020
Atma Nirbhar Phase1 May 2020
GDP 9.2% 2021
E-Shram Portal Aug 2021
GDP Target $5Tn 31 Mar 2025
Bangladesh Exit LDC 2026
⇒ 2012: Fiscal stimulus → inflation. negative real interest rates → gold rush.
⇒ 2013: "Productivity commission" generate report cards on outcomes→ NITI ayog.
⇒ 2013: [El Nino → Food] & [Geopolitical reasons → Oil]
⇒ 2014-15:
o CSO shifted GDP base year from 2004 to 2011. Both CEA & RBI governor not convinced
with mfg. growth (IIP was telling different story).
o Declined oil prices → . WPI is negative zone. So, government could benefit from hiking
Excise to comply with FRBM targets.
⇒ 2015: Fear of ”7th PC → inflation”: unfounded, except may be a little in House Rents.
⇒ 2016: Demonetization & GST: short term challenges to GDP growth but, long term gains.
⇒ 2016: USA did not give voting rights to women and minority; East Asian giants don't have real
democracy- hence they're developed.
⇒ 2018: Economic Policy Uncertainty affects Investment. Need to monitor the EPU, training of
the bureaucrats for proper implementation, is due care in drafting the laws to prevent litigations
in future (e.g. Vodafone, Cairn CGT)
⇒ 2019: Startup/New firms improve the jobs and GDP of a District. Startups less in Eastern India
due to illiteracy, infrastructure and rigid labour laws. Suggested privatization of college
education in eastern India.
⇒ 2019: LFPR women declining because they are pursuing higher education and rurbanization
reducing agri-jobs.
⇒ 2019: 1) Is India’s GDP growth rate overstated? No! 2) Thalinomics.
⇒ 2019: Wealth Creation using the ideas of ancient thinkers – Kautilya, Thiruvalluvar, Confucius
and modern thinkers such as Adam Smith, Abraham Maslow.
⇒ 2020-21: V-Shaped recovery after vaccination.
⇒ 2021-22: problem of imported inflation. WPI-CPI Wedge. Reforms undertaken by govt for
combating inflation e.g. Oilseed promotion scheme, Stock limits under essential commodities act
49.6 �MOCK QUESTIONS
49.6.1 �Handpicked from Economics Options

1) Is Privatisation a boon or a bane in India? Discuss.
2) “Inflation is economically useful, socially harmful and politically unavoidable in India today.”
Elucidate. (2001)
3) Elaborate upon Gandhian versus Nehruvian vision of India’s development. Which one is better
in the present scenario? Give reasons. (2011)
4) Explain the nature of causes of inflation in India. Critically appraise the measures adopted by the
authorities to control it. (2007)
5) Second generation economic reforms are crucial for raising the growth rate of economy. Throw
light on these dimensions. (2014)
6) What were the economic and non-economic rationale for adopting mixed economy model in
India? (2016)
7) Why has the planning process failed in reducing regional disparities in India? Give reasons.
(2001)
8) Make an appraisal of economic reforms in India. What has been their impact on GDP growth,
employment and poverty. (2004)
9) India is a paradoxical case of low growth rate despite high rate of saving and investment.
Comment and account for low growth rate briefly.(2001)
10) How the setting-up of NITI Aayog has changed the planning perspective in India? (2018)
11) Mixed economy is an outcome of the compromise between laissez-faire capitalism and socialist
state control of resources. “Elaborate. Mention its salient features. (2013)
12) What were the major hurdles to development as experienced in India during first decade after
independence? Discuss them and what steps were taken to remove them? (2016)
13) Comment on the trends of savings and capital formation in India. What reasons account for slow
growth-rate in spite of high savings?
14) Do you think that a combination of moderate inflation, low interest rates and healthy capital
markets has set the Indian economy on the path of accelerated growth? Give reasons for your
answer. (2006)
15) What are the causes of inflation in India? Suggest appropriate policy-mix to keep prices in check.
(2006)
16) Do you think Gandhian vision of development is still relevant in India? Explain with reasons.
(2014)
17) Write on second-generation economic reforms in India. (2017)
49.6.2 Mock Questions and PYQ from GS

1) Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. भारत म�
मिहलाओं के सश��करण क� प्रिक्रया म� '�गग इकोनॉमी' क� भू�मका का प�र�ण क��जए।
2) The nature of economic growth in India in described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this
view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. भारत क� आ�थक वृ�द्ध, "रोजगार-रिहत/बेरोजगार यु�" आ�थक
वृ�द्ध है.�ा आप इससे सहमत ह�? Ans. Many points similar to 2017 Qs on we failed to create labour
intensive exports. Ref: Sp.classs
3) How are the principles followed by the NITI Aayog different from those followed by the
erstwhile Planning Commission in India? नी�त आयोग द्वारा अपनाए गए �सद्धांत योजना आयोग से अलग कै से
4) “Atma Nirbhar Bharat� is not just a mere fiscal stimulus package but also a set of reforms for
ease of doing business and ease of availing credit” Elaborate (�सफर् राज� प्रो�ाहन नही, ब�� ापार और
ऋण मे सुगमता भी है।)
5) “�ATMANI Economic package is a mix of supply-side and demand-side measures.” Justify.
(मांग और आपू�त दोनों को बढ़ावा देने का �मश्रण है)
6) Discuss in the brief, the significance of the agriculture reforms ushered by �ATMANI package.
(आ��न* द्वारा कृ �ष �ेत्र मे �लए गए सुधारो के मह� क� चचार् करे।) Similar question for
MSME/infrastructure/Banking etc.
7) “Atma Nirbhar Bharat� aims to revive Indian economy by targeting land, labour, liquidity and
laws”. Illustrate. (जमीन, श्रम, तरलता और कानून म� सुधार द्वारा अथर्�व�ा को पुनज��वत करना चाहता है)
8) Suggest reforms in addition to �ATMANI for revival of Indian Economy. (आ� �नभर्र भारत के
अलावा और �ा-�ा सुधार करने चािहए अथर्�व�ा को पुनज��वत करने के �लए?)
9) Compare and Contrast the ideas of PM Nehru and PM Modi on the India’s economic self-
reliance. (भारत क� आ�थक �नभर्रता के सं दभर् म� नेह� और मोदी के �वचारों म� समानता और भेद पर चचार् कर�. )
10) “Creation of national wealth through ethical means will help us in a long way to achieve SDG.”
Illustrate. नै�तक तरीकों से रा��ीय धन का �नमार्ण करने से हम� सतत �वकास ल� हा�सल करने म� मदद होगी. समझाइए
11) Discuss briefly the challenges associated with achieving the five trillion dollar economy for India
by 2025? 5 िट��लयन डॉलर अथर्�व�ा का ल� हा�सल करने म� चुनौ�तयां
12) “Reducing economic policy uncertainty is critical for both domestic investment and foreign
investment.” Suggest ways for accomplishing this. घरेलू एवं �वदेशी �नवेश को बढ़ावा देने के �लए आ�थक नी�त म�
अ�न��तता को कम करना ज�री है
13) Explain the difference between computing methodology of India's gross domestic product
(GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (150 words) भारत क� सकल घरे लू उ�ाद (जी. डी. पी.)
के वषर् 2015 के पूवर् तथा वषर् 2015 के प�ात प�रकलन �व�ध म� अंतर क� �ा�ा क��जए।
14) Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced a V-shaped recovery? Give
reasons in support of your answer. (250 words) �ा आप सहमत ह� क� भारतीय अथर्�व�ा ने हाल ही म� V-
आकार के पुन��ान का अनुभव िकया है? कारण सिहत अपने उ�र क� पु�� क��जए ।
15) Both of above Qs. Solved in Free Special Class
16) (GSM3) Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been
inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (सं भा� स.घ.उ.(जी.डी.पी.) को प�रभा�षत क��जए तथा उसके
�नधार्रकों क� �ा�ा क��जए l वे कौन-से करक ह�, जो भारत को अपने सं भा� स.घ.उ.(जी.डी.पी.) को साकार करने से रोकते रहे ह�?)
Ans. Solved in FREE Special Class
17) (GSM3) Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the
Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. �ा ��र वृ�द्ध दर तथा कम
मुद्रा��त ने भारत क� अथर्�व�ा को अ�� आकार म� रखा है? अपनी दलीलों को कारणों के साथ �� क��जए Ans. Solved in
FREE Special Class
18) (GSM2) ‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is
expected to make operations cost effective and remove many implementation blockages.’-
Discuss. [�वकास के �लए आयोजन के नव-उदारवादी प्र�तमान के सं दभर् म�, ब�-�रीय योजना द्वारा प�रचालन लागत को प्रभावी
बनाने और कई �कावटों को दू र करने क� उ�ीद है। — चचार् क��जए ]
19) Among several factors for India’s potential growth, savings rate is the most effective one. Do you
agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? भारत के �वकास दर म� बचत दर एक अ�त
मह�पूणर् कारक है �ा आप इससे सहमत है? Ans. Solved In FREE Special Class
20) The nature of economic growth in India in described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this
view? Give arguments in favour of your answer.
21) भारत क� आ�थक वृ�द्ध, "रोजगार-रिहत/बेरोजगार यु�" आ�थक वृ�द्ध है.�ा आप इससे सहमत ह�?
22) Capitalism has guided the world economy to unprecedented prosperity. However, it often
encourages shortsightedness and contributes to wide disparities between the rich and the poor.
In this light, would it be correct to believe and adopt capitalism driving inclusive growth in
India? Discuss. पूंजीवाद ने �व� अथर्�व�ा को अभूतपूवर् समृ�द्ध के �लए �नद��शत िकया है। हालांिक, यह अ�र अदू रद�शता
को प्रो�ािहत करता है और अमीर और गरीब के बीच �ापक असमानताओं म� योगदान देता है। इस प्रकाश म�, �ा भारत म� समावेशी
�वकास को िकया��त करने के �लए, पूंजीवाद को अपनाना सही होगा? चचार् कर�?
23) (GSM3-2019) Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the
Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. �ा ��र वृ�द्ध दर तथा कम
मुद्रा��त ने भारत क� अथर्�व�ा को अ�� आकार म� रखा है? अपनी दलीलों को कारणों के साथ �� क��जए? Ans: In this
Special Class: https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-upsc-gsm3-2019-model-answers-part-1-
economy-agriculture/2UI0ZJNR (�Unlock Free content with Code: 'Mrunal.org')
📑📑Next: Pillar#5- Infrastructure
Mains Eco Airports: Pillar#5A: INFRASTRUCTURE Part#1- Bijli, Paani, Sadak
Table of Contents
50 🧱🧱 Infrastructure → Meaning & Characteristics .............................................................................170
50.1 Infrastructure and inclusive growth ...........................................................................................170
50.1.1 Infrastructure helps in inclusive growth how? .................................................................171
50.1.2 Infrastructure vs inclusive growth - continuous process: how? ....................................171
50.2 Mining Infra- fodder .....................................................................................................................172
50.3 🔥🔥 Mining → Coal (कोयला) ...........................................................................................................174
50.3.1 🔥🔥🔥🔥 Coal Crisis/Shortage in 2021-Oct ..........................................................................174
50.3.2 🔥🔥 📔📔📔📔 Coal Energy: Economic survey suggestions / observations:.........................175
51 🔌🔌Infra → Energy → Electricity (ऊजार् → �वद्युत) ...............................................................................175
51.1 🔌🔌✝☪🕉🕉 Electricity → One Nation-One Grid ..................................................................176
51.2 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌Electricity → Truckload of Schemes ......................................................................176
51.3 🔌🔌🔌🔌:🧔🧔🧔🧔Electricity: DISCOMMS making losses WHY? ..............................................176
51.3.1 🔌🔌✍Conclusion: yes electricity access is imp. ..............................................................177
51.4 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘ Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Energy Efficiency.......................................................177
51.5 🔌🔌♻ Infra → Energy → Renewable (नवीकरणीय ऊजार्) .............................................................178
51.6 🧯🧯🍽🍽 Infra → Energy → LPG Cooking (रसोई के �लए) ...............................................................179
52 🌧🌧 Infra → Water & Sanitation (जल व् ��ता) ....................................................................................180
52.1 🚽🚽🚽🚽🚽🚽 Infra → Sanitation→ Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM: 2014) ..............................180
52.1.1 📔📔📔📔Why do we need SBM? Economic surveys observed: ..........................................180
52.1.2 📔📔📔📔 Swatchh Bharat: What more can we do- Eco Survey19 Suggestions? ..............181
52.1.3 🚽🚽✍🏻🏻Conclusion: Summary: Yes SBM is important ........................................................181
52.2 ✍Mains Questions in past UPSC exams .................................................................................181
53 🛶🛶Infra → Transport → H20 → Inland Waterways......................................................................182
53.1.1 ⚓�Ports → Challenges in India बं दरगाह म� चुनौ�तया ......................................................183
53.1.2 ⚓ 🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra → Transport → H20 → Blue economy Policy 2021 ......................184
53.1.3 ⚓ 🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra → Transport → H20 → Maritime Vision 2030 ..............................184
54 🚕🚕 Infra → Transport → Road (सड़क) ...............................................................................................184
54.1 ⛽↘: 🧔🧔🧔🧔 TRANSPORT→ ⏬Fossil Fuel Use ...............................................................185
54.2 ⛽↘: 🚕🚕🚕🚕 TRANSPORT→ ⏬ Fossil Fuel USE→ Electric Vehicle...........................185
54.2.1 🚕🚕🚕🚕✍ EV-Conclusion: .................................................................................................186
55 🚝🚝 Transport → Railway (अ�ीरथ) .......................................................................................................187
55.1.1 (🚝🚝 🧔🧔:👲👲) 👿👿✋ Challenges in allowing private trains (चुनौ�तयां) ...........................187
55.1.2 (🚝🚝 🧔🧔:👲👲) ✍Private Trains → Conclusion- welcome this reform .......................187
Mrunal Mains Airpods: GSM3: Pillar#5: Infrastructure → Page 167

55.1.3 🚝🚝 National Rail Plan for India – 2030 [भारत के �लए रा��ीय रेल योजना - 2030] ...................188
55.1.4 🚝🚝 Transport → Metro Rail...............................................................................................188
55.2 ✈ Transport → Aviation (उड्डयन / हवाई यात्रा) ...............................................................................188
55.2.1 ✈ Transport → Cheap flights to Small Towns → UDAN ...........................................189
55.2.2 ✈ Transport → Challenges to aviation sector (चुनौ�तयां) .................................................189
55.2.3 ✈ Transport → Drone Regulation (ड�ोन �व�नयमन) & GARUD Portal .............................190
55.2.4 ✈ Transport → Drones in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 ...............................................................190
55.2.5 ✈ Transport → Drone Challenges....................................................................................191
55.3 🗽🗽Tourism & Museum Infrastructure (प्रवासन व सं ग्रहालय) ........................................................191
55.4 ✍Mains Questions in past UPSC exams .................................................................................191
56 Infrastructure → 🏬🏬 URBAN (शहरी बु�नयादी अवसं रचना).......................................................................192
56.1 🏬🏬 URBAN → ..............................................................................................................................192
56.2 🏬🏬 URBAN → AMRUT Mission (2015) → 500 cities ..........................................................192
56.3 🏬🏬 URBAN → Smart Cities Mission (2015) → 100 cities ....................................................193
56.3.1 🏬🏬 👿👿 Smart Cities → Criticism / Challenges (आलोचना / चुनौ�तयाँ) ...............................194
56.3.2 ✍ Urbanization conclusion (शहरीकरण: �न�षर्) .................................................................194
56.4 (🏠🏠) Infra → (Urban and Rural) → Housing for all by 2022 ...............................................194
57 Infra → Rural (🏞🏞) .................................................................................................................................195
57.1.1 👻👻🏞🏞 📐📐 Land Assets registration- Swamitva scheme for land survey (2020) .........196
57.1.2 🏞🏞 📐📐 Land Assets registration- ULPIN in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 ...................................196
57.1.3 🏞🏞 📐📐 Land Assets registration- Case Studies from Bihar & Kerala ............................196
57.1.4 🏞🏞 ��💪💪Model Panchayat Citizens Charter framework (2021) .................................197
57.2 🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞 RURAL → MPLADS (1993) ........................................................................................197
57.2.1 🏞🏞 🤧🤧 MPLADS Suspended (योजना को ��गत करना) ..........................................................197
57.3 🏞🏞 RURAL → Border Area Development Programme (BADP). ..........................................198
57.3.1 🏞🏞 Border infra & Backward Regions Infra → 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 ..............................198
57.3.2 🏞🏞 Border infra and Shekatkar Committee (सीमा �ेत्रों म� बु�नयादी अवसं रचना) ......................199
57.3.3 ✍ 🎺🎺 Mains previous years’ questions from these topics ..........................................199
58 📡📡Infrastructure → Communication (सं चार) ....................................................................................200
58.1 ☎� ⚔� Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) .......................................................................200
58.1.1 ☎� ⚔� : AGR: Way forward/Conclusion .............................................................201
58.2 💻💻 Communication → IT → Digital India programme.......................................................201
58.3 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Communication → IT → 5G revolution in India ........................................202
58.3.1 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Challenges and Opportunities in of 5G (इसे अपनाने म� चुनौ�तयां+अवसर ) ...202

58.4 📔📔 📔📔 💾💾 ES19: Public Data: For the people, by the people..................................................203
58.4.1 💾💾Types of Government Data ...........................................................................................204
58.4.2 💾💾 ✍🏼🏼Conclusion: Public Data (सावर्ज�नक डेटा) ....................................................................204
58.5 🔭🔭🔭🔭SPACE TECH Infrastructure (अवकाश �ेत्र) ....................................................................205
58.5.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻Space Tech: Atma-Nirbhar ...............................................................................205
58.5.2 📙📙📙📙ES22: using cartography and geospatial data to track development ..................205
59 🧱🧱🧱🧱 Infra → GSM3: Investment Models (�नवेश के तरीके ) ...............................................................207
59.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev.→ PPP (Public Private Partnership) .....................................................207
59.2 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev. → PPP (Greenfield) Models ...........................................................209
59.2.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev. → PPP (Brownfield) BLT & ToT ...........................................209
59.3 🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵 🛡🛡 Infra.Dev. → Non-PPP → GOCO for Indian Army ......................................210
59.3.1 🛡🛡GoCo: Pros and Cons.......................................................................................................210
59.4 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) = mix of PPP + NonPPP..............................211
59.5 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔Infra.Dev → Misc. Topics ..........................................................................................212
59.5.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔Viability Gap Funding (VGF: �वहायर्ता अ�र फं िडंग)..........................................212
59.6 💰💰💰💰 Infrastructure Funds ..........................................................................................................212
59.6.1 💰💰💰💰 National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF: 2015)..............................212
59.7 💰💰💰💰 Infra Finance → National infrastructure pipeline (NIP) ...........................................213
59.8 💰💰💰💰 Infra Finance → NIP, NMP, GATI Shakti ...................................................................213
59.8.1 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Others reforms ............................................................................................214
59.8.2 💰💰💰💰 👜👜 Budget-2021: National MONETISATION Pipeline 2021 ..........................214
59.9 💰💰💰💰:� Infra Finance: Gati Shakti Plan 2021 [₹100 lakh cr].................................................215
59.9.1 (💰💰💰💰:�) PM GatiShakti — National Master Plan Digital Portal ..............................215
59.9.2 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 on Infra Finance .................................................................................215
59.10 (🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔)😰😰PPP challenges (चुनौ�तयां) ................................................................................216
59.11 Economic Survey of last 10 years (2012-22) .........................................................................216
59.12 🧱🧱✍Infra → Conclusion (सार / �न�षर्) ...............................................................................218
59.13 ✍Mains Questions in past UPSC exams .............................................................................219
59.13.1 Economics Optional ke handpicked Qs ............................................................................219
59.13.2 Mains Mock Questions from these topics .........................................................................219
59.13.3 ✍ 🎺🎺 Mains previous years’ questions from these topics ..........................................220

50 🧱🧱 INFRASTRUCTURE → MEANING & CHARACTERISTICS
Definition: Infrastructure is the set of basic facilities that help an economy to function & grow such
as Energy, Irrigation, Roads, Railway & Telecommunication. (बु�नयादी सं रचना / अवसं रचना- वो �ूनतम सु�वधाएँ
ह� जो एक अथर्तंत्र को कायर्रत रखने, और �वक�सत करने म� मदद करती है- जैसे क� �बजली पानी सड़क प�रवहन सं चार.)
👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- We’ll give “infrastructure” status to Data Centres, Energy Storage Systems,
grid-scale battery systems, EV charging infra → so they can benefit from tax/subsidies/schemes
benefits meant for other infrastructure sectors. (डेटा स�टर ऊजार् सं र�ण इ�ािद �ेत्रों को इं फ्रा��र क� सं �ा/दजार् दीया
जाएगी तािक उ�� भी वही टै�, स��डी, लोन क� �रयायत�/छू ट �मल� जो अ� इ�फ्रा��र उद्योगों को �मलती है.)
50.1 INFRASTRUCTURE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
Q) “The link between infrastructure and development is not a once for all affair. It is a continuous
process.” Elucidate (Optional-Eco-2001) (“बु�नयादी ढांचे और �वकास के बीच क� कड़ी एक बार के �लए नहीं है। यह एक
सतत प्रिक्रया है।" �� क��जए।)
- Definition: Infrastructure is the set of basic facilities that help an economy to function & grow such
as Energy, Irrigation, Roads, Railway & Telecommunication. (बु�नयादी सं रचना / अवसं रचना- वो �ूनतम
सु�वधाएँ ह� जो एक अथर्तंत्र को कायर्रत रखने, और �वक�सत करने म� मदद करती है- जैसे क� �बजली पानी सड़क प�रवहन सं चार.)
- Definition: Inclusive growth is economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates
opportunities for all. समावेशी �वकास एक एसी आ�थक वृ�द्ध है जो पूरे समाज म� उ�चत �प से �वत�रत िक जाती है, और सभी के
�लए अवसर पैदा करता है।

50.1.1 Infrastructure helps in inclusive growth how?
INFRA How helps in Inclusive growth?
energy (power stations, oil else daughter time wasted collecting firewood instead of school. If
and gas pipelines) electricity is not available 24/7→ teacher absenteeism in village
schools. Hospital Oxygen / ventilator problems → deaths.
Transportation (roads, connectivity to rural area provide economic opportunity for farmers
railways, ports, airports) and villagers.
Patient can be transported quickly. Life expectancy of snake-bite
victim⬆
market infrastructure economic opportunity for farmers and villagers.
(APMC, Market place E-
commerce)
communication (telecom, e-learning, democratic enlightenment →SC/ST/Women ke against
internet) discrimination mentality ⬇.
Education→⬆ economic empowerment.
Water & irrigation (dams, else daughter time wasted collecting water instead of school. Farmer
canals) income improvement.
irrigation→Food production⬆→ food inflation⬇→ affordable
nutrition for everyone.
Financial infrastructure economic empowerment of weaker section thru savings, loans,
(Bank, NBFCs) insurance, investment opportunities.
ELSE poor man savings lost in Ponzi-scams.
Social Infrastructure education (schools and colleges), health (hospitals, PHC) and
housing (homes, drinking water, sanitation) → daughters and
mothers well-being ensured.
housing + drinking water, sanitation,LPG → Air
Pollution/Waterborne Disease/Disasters/Crime. ⬇
50.1.2 Infrastructure vs inclusive growth - continuous process: how?
- if we have build one school/hospital/road= it does not mean that our mission is over FOREVER.
- continuously we have to build new type of infrastructure to meet generational demand and new
value sets.
- every generation & technological leap requires new type of infrastructure for inclusive growth. e.g.
Area why infrastructure continuous process
Education 90s: physical school enough. 2020s: e-learning infra required.
Demographic transition: once we needed primary schools → now kids grown
up →we require MORE ITI/colleges than primary schools.

Population less population = fewer roads, fewer hospitals, fewer power plants were
enough. = now we need more infra.
SBM Earlier open defecation was not considered to be a big problem. now it is linked
with Malnutrition, morbidity (illness) and women safety.
building one toilet not enough. Need to keep it clean and functional. So, solid
waste management, sewerage management infra.
Climate change earlier thermal power plant was enough. Now we need to develop clean energy
and renewable energy walla infra.
E-commerce new set of infrastructure for communication, supply chain management etc.
Entreprenurship Focus on individual entrepreneurship / startup: earlier SHG-Bank-Linkages
was considered to be panacea. But with e-commerce: New set of digital
infrastructure, financial infrastructure required.
E-governance earlier Panchayat building construction was enough. Now require broadband
infrastructure / BHARAT NET.
Healthcare Earlier General Hospital enough. Now pandemic wards, senior citizen wards
required because of the new realities.
NE-JK Earlier NE-JK infrastructure from security angle = now focus on bringing
inclusivity / commerce / economic connectivity.
- Conclusion: Thus, infrastructure plays an important role in achieving inclusive growth. Need of the
hour is to have a continuously proactive approach to develop infrastructure that can fulfil our
dream to become developed nation tag by 2047.
- investment in the capital assets /infrastructre creates a multiplier effect on the A) GDP growth and
B) job creation. Both of them are necessary for providing livelihood opportunities for the weekend
and marginalised communities.
- Recognising this benefit economic survey 2020-21 had recommended the government of India to
pursue a part of countercyclical fiscal policy and increase allocation towards Capital part of the
budget.
50.2 MINING INFRA- FODDER

Hydrocarbon Energy Minerals (Coal, Lignite, Petroleum & Natural Gas 4 types
Atomic Minerals (Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Uranium, And Monazite) 5 types
Metallic 10
Non-Metallic 21
Minor Minerals. 55
Total number of products 95 types
- Environmental activism, mining bans by SC/NGT. Corruption in coal mine allocation.
- Illegal mining in connivance with local politician and bureaucracy. Sand mining mafia attacking
/murdering the officers.
- Need a high-end technology and machinery for efficient mining. FDI/foreign investment need to
attracted. But foreign players discouraged because of the economic policy uncertainty / mining
bans / high level of taxation.
- Problems related to captive mining restrictions on coal.
⇒ Resource Curse / Paradox of Plenty: Venezuela is #1 oil reserves in OPEC group yet food riots.
Because of 'Dutch Disease'. (सं साधनों का अ�भशाप)
⇒ Resource Curse in context of India: Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand = large mineral wealth → mining
mafia, Naxalite, politician nexus → bribery, corruption, ransom, rent-seeking → high level of
poverty, malnutrition. (ख�नज सं प�ी के चलते भ्र�ाचार िफरौती गरीबी, कु पोषण)
⇒ Need efficient utilisation of the byproducts of mining- example red mud, fly ash etc. to prevent
soil / air pollution.

50.3 🔥🔥 MINING → COAL (कोयला)
⇒ Top five largest coal reserves: USA > Russia > China > Australia > #5: India. (प्राकृ �तक भं डार)
⇒ Although India is the world's 2nd largest coal producer (उ�ादन) but our requirements are higher
than production, so, we import >₹1.50 Lcr coal, annually.
⇒ Coal is used in many industries such as electricity, steel, cement, paper, brick-kilns, etc
50.3.1 🔥🔥🤲🤲🛒🛒 Coal Crisis/Shortage in 2021-Oct

While India has the world’s fifth-largest coal reserves. But Govt company Coal India's capacity is
limited.In 2021-Oct: nearly 80% of India’s coal based electricity power-plants had less than eight
days of coal supplies left: ( �बजली घरों म� �सफ़र् आठ िदनों तक �बजली पैदा हो सके उतना ही कोयला बचा था.)
⇒ 1) Coal India does not have the technology for mining in the rainy season (वैसे तो भारत म� कोयले के
आर��त भं डार �वपुल मात्रा म� है लेिकन सरकारी कं पनी कोल इं िडया के पास बा�रश म� खनन करने क� अ�� टे�ोलॉजी नहीं है.)
⇒ 2) Coal India’s profits are not reinvested in expansion of the mining activities/research but
rather to give as dividend (so as to help government in its welfare schemes and Fiscal deficit
management. Ref Pillar2D) (सरकारी क�नी को जो भी मुनाफ़ा होता है उससे से कोयला खनन क� नई नई टे�ोलॉजी और
मशीनरी ख़रीदी चािहए। लेिकन वे �ादातर मुनाफ़ा लाभांश/िड�वड�ड के �प म� सरकार को देती है, तािक सरकार का राजकोषीय घाटा
कम हो सके , चुनावों के �लए ग़रीब क�ाण योजना चला सके । )
⇒ 3) so we have to rely on imported coal but China and Australia coal mining activities have facing
problems by the foreign environment activists like Greta Thurnberg. → Those foreign coal
mining company is required to invest in the green technology, which is increasing their cost of
production → expensive coal import for India. (चीन और ऑ��े�लया म� भी कोयला खनन पर �व�वध पयार्वरण
�नयमों के चलते भारत के �लए आया�तत कोयला महँ गा �आ है)
⇒ 4) Corona-lockdown: supply chain issues. (तालाबं दी के चलते आपू�त �ं खला म� िद�त�)

50.3.2 🔥🔥 📔📔📔📔 Coal Energy: Economic survey suggestions / observations:
51 🔌🔌INFRA → ENERGY → ELECTRICITY (ऊजार् → �वद्यतु )
- (Origin) Electricity is a key element in modern day life. Right from running irrigation pumps to
charging mobile phones, electricity is a prerequisite for agricultural growth and digital
connectivity. (�बजली है आधु�नक जीवन का अ�नवायर् िह�ा - चाहे कृ �ष �संचाई हो या मोबाइल फोन सं चार)
- (Significance) Greater access to energy improves both economic growth & human development
of a country. If India wants to improve its Human Development → we must ⏫ per capita
energy consumption by 4xtimes. (मानव �वकास को बेहतर करने के �लए प्र�त �� ऊजार् खपत बढ़ानी होगी)
- (DATA) India’s per-capita energy consumption of only ~1/3rd of the global average. OR
Though India accounts for ~18% world’s population, it uses only around 6%of world’s energy.

51.1 🔌🔌✝☪🕉🕉 ELECTRICITY → ONE NATION-ONE GRID
51.2 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌ELECTRICITY → TRUCKLOAD OF SCHEMES
51.3 🔌🔌🔪🔪:🧔🧔🧔🧔ELECTRICITY: DISCOMMS MAKING LOSSES WHY?

During UPA/Congress-raj, DISCOMs were suffering losses because: 😰😰

1. Floods and cyclones, environmental activism by NGT/SC, scams in coal allocation → coal
mining ⏬ → Coal became expensive😰😰 → Thermal electricity production became expensive.
(बाढ़ चक्रवात, पयार्वरणीय अ�त सतकर् ता, कोयला खदान आवं टन म� धांधली)
2. 20% of the electricity is lost wasted during the transmission and distribution. But electricity
companies do not have enough money to upgrade their network/equipment. (नए उपकरण/ साधन
ख़रीदने के �लए पैसा निह, इस�लए पुरानी/जजर्�रत लाइनों म� सं चार के दौरान २०% �बजली बबार्द हो जाती है)
⇒ 😰😰To keep farmers happy, agri electricity will be subjected to lower tariffs. But State Govts not
releasing subsidies on time to electricity companies. (िकसानो को स�े / मु� म� �बजली दी जाती है। हालाँिक
�बजली कं पनी को �ए नुक़सान क� स��डी- रा� सरकार �नयत समय पर चुकाती नहीं है)
⇒ 😰😰Electricity thefts rampant but State Govts ignore it for vote bank politics. (लोकलुभावन के �लए
िकसानों को स�े म� �बजली, तथा सरकारों क� �बजली चोरी के �खलाफ लड़ने म� उदासीनता के चलते �बजली कं प�नयां घोर नुकसानी म�)
⇒ 😰😰DISCOM were making huge losses → Modi launches a scheme to help them called, ‘Ujwal
Discom Assurance Yojana’ (UDAY).
51.3.1 🔌🔌✍Conclusion: yes electricity access is imp.
 Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy increases the ease of living, improves education
and human development. Therefore, India required to provide it to all, under SDG Goal #7
 Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be
addressed on a priority basis. ��, �व�सनीय और स�ी ऊजार् तक प�ंचने से जीवनयापन म� आसानी होती है, �श�ा और
मानव �वकास म� सुधार होता है. इस�लए उ� चीजों पर अग्रता क्रम से �ान देना ज�री
51.4 🔌🔌💡💡↘ ELECTRICITY → USE ‘LESS’ → ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The term energy efficiency means using lesser amount of energy to produce a given amount of
output. E.g, a light-emitting diode (LED) light bulb requires ⏬energy than an incandescent light.
Thus LED is more energy efficient than incandescent lights. (ऊजार् द�ता: कम ऊजार् से �ादा प्रकाश या उ�ादन)
Notable schemes already given in previous mindmap.

🔌🔌 💡💡↘ ✍ Energy Efficiency Conclusion? Under the Paris agreement, India has pledged to ⏬
emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030. Energy efficiency is a crucial factor in this.
Aforementioned initiatives will help in a long way to achieve our promises under Intended nationally
determined contributions (INDC: रा�ी� य �र पर �नधार्�रत योगदान) under UNFCCC’s Paris agreement. (सकल
घरेलू उ�ाद क� उ�जर्न तीव्रता कम करने क� भारत ने पे�रस सं �ध म� प्र�त�ा ली है उसम� उ� योजनाओं से काफ� मदद �मलेगी.)
51.5 🔌🔌♻ INFRA → ENERGY → RENEWABLE (नवीकरणीय ऊजार्)

- Notable schemes is already given in the earlier mindmap.
- Problem area: solar / wind intermittent (not 24/7). Requires large size of land. Wind turbines
causing noise pollution / bird-hits.
- Renewable energy more expensive to purchase for the DISCOMMs. Govt purchase quota
hurting profitability.
- Battery storage research required. Availability of critical minerals for battery technology.
✍🏽🏽Conclusion? Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy increases the ease of living, improves
education and human development. Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important
in that regard / need to be addressed on priority basis. ��, �व�सनीय और स�ी ऊजार् तक प�ंचने से जीवनयापन म�
आसानी होती है, �श�ा और मानव �वकास म� सुधार होता है। इस�लए अग्रता क्रम से �ान देना ज�री

51.6 🧯🧯🍽🍽 INFRA → ENERGY → LPG COOKING (रसोई के �लए)
- 🤩🤩+Ve – air pollution control, reduces the drudgery of women in collection of firewood
collection. Prevents the version of cylinders.
⇒ 😥😥-ve: subsidy burden on the government, lately Govt has stop releasing the subsidy amount.
⇒ This has saved >₹25,000 crore subsidy bill for the government but caused hardship for the
middle class families.
Way forward: need to give subsidy to poor, but need to reduce the burden
Present Suggestion
Annual Cylinder 12 cylinders reduce to 8-10. ES said Most families don’t
Quota need more than 10 cylinders per year.
Who Gets Those be taxable income Reduce this limit. E.g. those with Taxable
Subsidy? more than 10 lakh will NOT income more than 5 lakh will NOT get.
get
Logistics cylinders install pipelines to ⬇ Cost of cylinder
transport.
Energy Source LPG gas explore possibility of biogas/gobargas etc.
✍🏼🏼 Conclusion? Energy is the prerequisite for development of any society. Energy improves the
access to healthcare, education and overall wellbeing. SDG Goal#7 requires India to provide
affordable, reliable and modern energy services to all by 2030. Aforementioned Scheme/ Challenge
need to be addressed on priority basis….. �व�सनीय और स�ी ऊजार् िकसी भी समाज क� �श�ा �ा� खुशहाली और
�वकास के �लए अ�नवायर् होती है. इस�लए सतत �वकास ल�ों म� भी इसे �ान िदया गया है. ऊकत योजना/ चुनौ�तयों पे �ान देना ज�री

52 🌧🌧 INFRA → WATER & SANITATION (जल व् ��ता)
Ref: pillar4A: Agri for irrigation and drinking water schemes
52.1 🚽🚽🚽🚽🚽🚽 INFRA → SANITATION→ SWACHH BHARAT MISSION (SBM: 2014)

- (Introduction) While ancient Indus valley civilization accorded
prime importance to sanitation by integrating sanitation
systems into town planning. But over the ages this domain
received less attention of the policy makers. As a result, even in
2012, more than 50% Indian, still practiced open defecation.
- 2012: PM Manmohan launched Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan →
2/10/2014 Modi restructured as SBM
- Boss? Originally, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation (So
Now Jal Shakti Ministry).
-
52.1.1 📔📔📔📔Why do we need SBM? Economic surveys observed:

⇒ The lack of access to toilet facility → Girls reduce food & water intake to avoid going during day
time → malnutrition and anaemia. (कु पोषण और र� क� कमी).
⇒ Open defecation → infections among pregnant women → Maternal mortality ratio (मातृ मृ�ु
अनुपात), Infant Mortality Rate (�शशु मृ�ु दर) chances increase.
⇒ Intestinal infection (enteropathy: आंत्र�वकृ �त) in children → Even if child given good food their
body will not absorb nutrients fully → ⏬brain development → educational outcomes⏬
⇒ Every household in an open defecation free village saved about ₹ 50,000 per year due to lower
chances of disease, time saved due to a closer toilet → ⏫economic productivity
⇒ Open defecation & municipal waste eventually contaminate the water bodies- and harm the
flora-fauna. (खुले म� शौच और शहरी नगरीय कचरे से जल प्रदू षण �जससे वन��त तथा पशु प��यों पर भी खतरा)

52.1.2 📔📔📔📔 Swatchh Bharat: What more can we do- Eco Survey19 Suggestions?
1) Some rural males still don’t use toilets. Even in urban areas, people keep their homes clean but
litter in public places. So, we have to inculcate a behavioral change.[लोगों के �वहार/बतार्व म� सुधार ज़�री]
2) Water crisis so we’ve to adopt eco-friendly water conservation in toilets. e.g. Bio toilets, dual
flush toilets. जैव शौचालय, दोहरी �श शौचालय
3) Clean India should also be pollution free India, so we should focus
a. industrial effluent, plastic menace, controlling air pollution etc. (औद्यो�गक अप�श�, �ा��क
क� चुनौती, वायु प्रदू षण)
b. bioremediation, river surface cleaning, river front development. (जैव-उपचार, निदयों के तल क�
सफाई, �रवर फ्रंट का �वकास)
c. afforestation and biodiversity conservation. (वृ�ारोपण तथा जैव �व�वधता का सं र�ण)
4) To do above things, we need to get ₹₹ via: Micro-financing (सू� �व�पोषण), Concessional Loans
(�रयायती दरों पर लोन/ ऋण ), Corporate Social Responsibility (कॉरपोरेट का सामा�जक उ�रदा�य�),
Crowdfunding (जनसमूह के द्वारा �व�पोषण), Public Private Partnership (सावर्ज�नक-�नजी भागीदारी)
52.1.3 🚽🚽✍🏻🏻Conclusion: Summary: Yes SBM is important
 Sustainable Development Goal number 6: “By 2030, achieve sanitation and hygiene for all, and
end open defecation, paying special attention to women, girls and those in vulnerable
situations”. (धारणीय �वकास ल� #6: सबके �लए समतु� ��ता, मिहला, बा�लका और �वकट प�र��त म� रहने वाले लोगों
का खास �ाल रखा जाए) OR
 Sanitation for all ensures social, environmental and economic gains for all. OR
Mahatma Gandhi once said, “Sanitation is more important than independence.” Therefore, only a
Clean, Health and Beautiful India can be our fitting tribute to Gandhi’s 150th Birth anniversary.
(“��ता �तं त्रता से भी अ�धक मह�पूण,र् ग�रमा पूणर् जीवन के �लए ज�री है-गांधी” इस�लए एक �� और सुंदर भारत बनाकर
ही हम अपने रा��पता को स�ी श्रद्धांज�ल दे सकते ह�).
 So, aforementioned reforms are necessary, need to be pursued on a priority basis or war footing.
52.2 ✍MAINS QUESTIONS IN PAST UPSC EXAMS

Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at world leaders Summit of the 2021
COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glassgow in November, 2021. When was this
idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (Answer in 150 words)
नव�र,2021 म� �ासगो म� �व� के नेताओं के �शखर स�ेलन म� सी. ओ. पी. 26 सं यु� रा�� जलवायु प�रवतर्न स�ेलन म�,
आर� क� गई ह�रत �ग्रड पहल का प्रयोजन �� क��जए। अंतरार्��ीय सौर गठबं धन (आई एस ए) म� यह �वचार पहली बार कब
िदया गया था? ✅ANS. Solved in Free Sp.Class
With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy 2018
Programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. परमाणु ऊजार् के साथ जुड़े
�ए त� और भय�ान

Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve 2018
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comment on the progress made in India in this
regard. सतत �वकास ल�ों (एसडीजी) को प्रा� करने के �लए स�ी, �व�सनीय, िटकाऊ और आधु�नक ऊजार् एक
अ�नवायर् चीज है -इसम� सरकार ने �ा कदम उठाए ह� Ans. Mrunal’s Web Article
Pillar#5B: Infrastructure- Sadak (Transport), My City, Village & Home
53 🛶🛶INFRA → TRANSPORT → H20 → INLAND WATERWAYS
Inland Waterways Transport (IWT: अंतद�शीय जलमागर् प�रवहन) has following benefits →
 Lower CO2 emissions & fuel in transporting per tonne of cargo than Rail / Road.
 IWT requires very little land acquisition (भू�म अ�धग्रहण) than Rail / Road.
 IWT eases traffic congestion (यातायात जमाव/क� भीड़) on Road/Rail networks.

53.1.1 ⚓�Ports → Challenges in India बं दरगाह म� चुनौ�तया
1. While India made great success in metro rails and airport infra, But shipping infrastructure has
neglected. We suffer from ageing fleet, manpower shortage, we do not have world class ports.
Large sized ships are unable to enter our ports so their goods are first offloaded in Sri-Lanka,
then sent to India in smaller ships. [जहाज़ पुराने/ जजर्�रत ह�, कु शल मानव बल क� कमी, �व� �र क� बं दरगाह� नहीं।
बड़े जहाज़ क� पा�कग मु��ल]
2. Port congestion, delay in turnaround, takes lot of paperwork to load/unload cargo, customs
clearance / inspection is slow,
3. inadequate roadrail connectivity with the hinterland (आंत�रक इलाके ).

4. Privately owned minor ports are more efficient, whereas major ports suffer from labour unions
and politicization of the Board of Directors. [मजदू र सं घ व् राजनी�तकरण के चलते प्रभावहीन �व�ापन]
5. Problems of land acquisition and environmental clearances while setting up new ports.
6. Desi Shipping companies buy / hire foreign ships at higher cost bcoz domestic shipbuilding
industry is underdeveloped. (भारत क� �ा�नक कं प�नयां अ�े जहाज बना नहीं पाती.हमने �वदेशों से खरीदने पड़ते ह�)
53.1.2 ⚓ 🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra → Transport → H20 → Blue economy Policy 2021

⇒ Blue Economy deals with sustainable use of ocean resources for Job creation and GDP. [नीला
अथर्तंत्र= सामुिद्रक सं साधनों का सतत् �ववेकपूणर् उपयोग रोज़गार सृजन तथा सकल घरेलू उ�ाद म� बढ़ोतरी के �लए िकया जाए]
⇒ India has a coastline of nearly 7500 kms. 12 Major ports, 9 Coastal States, 1300+ islands, 2
million Square kilometre + Exclusive economic zone
⇒ India has both type of ocean resources a) living (Algae, fish, prawns etc) and b) non-living (Oil,
gas, polymetallic nodules). सजीव और �नज�व दोनों िक़� के सामुिद्रक सं साधन ह� भारत के पास
⇒ Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has launched the Draft Blue Economy policy for India 2021.
Major features- [पृ�ी �व�ान मं त्रालय ने �नली अथर्तंत्र नी�त बनायी]
⇒ Fisheries, Marine food processing, deep sea mining, Offshore energy, Research, skill
development etc to achieve United Nation sustainable development goal number #14 i.e.
Sustainable use of ocean resources for sustainable development. [म� खाद्य प्रसं �रण, गहरे समं दर म�
खनन, अपतटीय ऊजार्, सं शोधन नवाचार �वकास, कौशल तालीम]
Misc. Topic: Sethusamudram project (1997) to create a shipping canal between Palk bay & Gulf of
Manner to reduce time & fuel consumption. But case pending in SC-PIL that it’ll hurt marine
biodiversity & Ram Sethu’s religious sentiments.
53.1.3 ⚓ 🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra → Transport → H20 → Maritime Vision 2030

⇒ Fancy talk similar to above Blue economy policy. (ऊपर के टो�पक म� आपने देखी- वही सब �चकनी चुपड़ी बात�।)
⇒ We’ll improve our ships, ports, export, create 7-10 lakh jobs etc.
54 🚕🚕 INFRA → TRANSPORT → ROAD (सड़क)
(Intro) A good road network is an essential requirement for the rapid growth of the economy. Roads
provide connectivity to remote areas, open up backward regions and facilitate access to markets,
trade and investment. सड़क प�रवहन का देश क� आ�थक वृ�द्ध म� मह�. �पछड़े इलाकों म� �ापार/�नवेश को प्रो�ाहन
(Data) Largest road network in world #1 USA (66 lakh kms) #2 India (64 lakh kms)

54.1 ⛽↘: 🧔🧔🧔🧔 TRANSPORT→ ⏬FOSSIL FUEL USE
- Ethanol blending
- Hydrogen mission
- odd-even rule, more taxes on 2nd vehicle, vehicle scrapping policy.
- Bharat Stage emission norms.
- 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- Electric vehicle battery swapping policy to solve the space shortage. (शहरों म�
जगह क� िक़�त को देखते �ए गाड़ी को चाजर् करने क� जगह इसक� बैटरी ही बदल दी जाए ऐसी नी�त)
- 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- shift to use of public transport in urban areas. (शहरों म� �नजी वाहनो से �ादा
सावर्ज�नक प�रवहन मा�म जैसे बस रेल इ�ािद को बढ़ोतरी द�गे)
- 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- special mobility zones with zero fossil-fuel policy,and EV vehicles. (कु छ
इलाकों को जीवा� �धन मु� घो�षत िकया जाए, यानी वहाँ पर पेट�ोल डीज़ल नहीं के वल इले��क वाहन चल�गे।)
- E-Vehicles
🤩🤩Conclusion? Appreciative step that will help saving Rs 30,000 crore of fuel import bill per year,
energy security/self reliance, lower carbon emissions, better air quality, use of damaged/rotten
foodgrains productively, increasing farmers' incomes, employment generation. [सरकार का प्रशं सनीय क़दम
�जससे �धन आयात �बल/ चालू खाता घाटा/वायु प्रदू षण कम होगा। ऊजार् सुर�ा/ ऊजार् आ��नभर्रता / िकसानों क� आमदनी / रोज़गार
बढ़े। �बगड़ा �आ सड़ा �आ अनाज भी �धन बनाने म� काम आएगा।]
54.2 ⛽↘: 🚕🚕🚕🚕 TRANSPORT→ ⏬ FOSSIL FUEL USE→ ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Figure 1: Elon Musk is renowned for his Tesla brand of Electric cars
- (Definition) Electric vehicle (इले��क वाहन) is an automobile that is propelled by the energy stored
in rechargeable batteries. Such vehicles are further classified into
- (Origin of the problem) In India, transport sector is the second largest contributor to CO2
emissions after the industrial sector. Electric vehicle can help reducing it.

- (Data) Currently, the market share of electric cars is less than 1% in India, compared to
compared to 2% in China and nearly 40% in Norway.
- Why encourage? 1) less import of crude oil import = less CAD 2) India can emerge as a hub for
manufacturing for EVs. This can provide employment opportunities and earning of foreign
exchange through exports. रोजगार व �वदेशी मुद्रा कमाने का साधन बन सकता है
54.2.1 🚕🚕🚕🚕✍ EV-Conclusion:

Electric vehicles represent the next generation in sustainable mobility. India must emphasize on
them to reduce its GHG emissions, and to provide new avenues for employment and export
earnings. Aforementioned initiatives / reforms are important in this regard/need to be addressed on
priority basis. (प्रदू षण म� कमी, रोजगार सृजन, �नयार्त म� बढ़ोतरी)
✍ Conclusion? Good connectivity is a fundamental requirement equitable industrial growth in all

regions. SDG Goal #9 requires India to build resilient infra including all weather roads connecting
all villages. Aforementioned scheme / policy / challenges….(सभी इलाकों म� सं तु�लत ओधो�गक �वकास के �लए
अ�� प�रवहन सु�वधा ज�री। सतत �वकास ल� के अनुसार गांव गांव तक सभी मौसमों म� कायर्रत हो ऐसी सड़कों का �नमार्ण)

55 🚝🚝 TRANSPORT → RAILWAY (अ�ीरथ)
⇒ 1853: First railway from Mumbai to Thane (34kms). Governor General Dalhousie
⇒ 1921: Acworth Committee recommends separation of rail budget from General budget; practice
started from 1924-25, ended in 2017 by PM Modi 🧔🧔.(More in 📑📑Pillar#2D)
⇒ Today, Indian railways 4th largest network (>65,000 route-km) after US, China,Russia.
⇒ 2019-20: Railways carried >8 billion passengers = Largest in the world
55.1.1 (🚝🚝 🧔🧔:👲👲) 👿👿✋ Challenges in allowing private trains (चुनौ�तयां)
1. Apprehension among railway employees about job-loss, if Govt ⏬number of Govt trains.
2. Coordination / ego-tussle (सम�य / अहं-तु��) between private crew running the train and railways
Govt officials operating the track & signal system.
3. Fixing responsibility / insurance claims during train accidents. [नुक़सान/बीमा-दावों क� �ज़�ेदारी]
4. To keep their operational costs low, Private airlines not doing regular service-maintenance of
aircrafts- which endangers passenger security (यात्री सुऱ�ा). Similar danger in private railways.
5. In the aviation sector, Jet Airways et al engaged in Predatory Pricing (= selling tickets at deep
discount) to kill rival companies. Eventually all suffering from losses. Similar crisis in mobile
service providers (Jio vs others). So, fair competition & price regulatory mechanism required.
(सरकार ने �� प्र�तयो�गता एवं क�मत �नयं त्रण सु�न��त करना होगा)
6. If private player imports railway from foreign country, its repair parts / mechanic may not be
easily available in India…. <We can find 500 such faults but not imp.>
55.1.2 (🚝🚝 🧔🧔:👲👲) ✍Private Trains → Conclusion- welcome this reform

⇒ Entry of private train operators will bring greater investment, innovation, employment and
pleasant travelling experience for the passengers.
⇒ So, the Govt has taken an appreciative step, provided the aforementioned challenges are kept in
check (ये एक सराहनीय कदम है यिद, उपरो� चुनौ�तयों को काबू/�नयं त्रण म� रखा जाए).

55.1.3 🚝🚝 National Rail Plan for India – 2030 [भारत के �लए रा��ीय रेल योजना - 2030]
⇒ freight transport- ⏫ Railways share by 45% and ⏫ avg speed by 50kmph. (माल वाहन ने रेलवे क�
िह�ेदारी और रेलवे क� ग�त को बढ़ाना)
⇒ 100% electrification of engines (रेल इं जनों को डीज़ल क� जगह �वद्युत/ �बजली से चलाना)
⇒ ⏫ speed to 160 kmph on Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes
⇒ Identify new Dedicated Freight Corridors and High Speed Rail Corridors.
⇒ Develop more railway stations, improve track safety etc (रेल अड्डे और सुर�ा)
55.1.4 🚝🚝 Transport → Metro Rail

Metro Rail is a Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS: सामूिहक द्रत� प�रवहन प्रणाली) for daily commuters.
It runs on electricity & usually confined within a given city.
- At present, India has operational metro rails at Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai etc.
- City Roads = very congested, slow, accident prone, air pollution. While metro rails provide relief
in daily commuting. [मेट�ो रेल सड़कों पर वाहनो क� भीड़ को कम करेगी, वायु प्रदू षण कम करेगी]
- 😰😰However, metro trains are not panacea for India because they need more capital and
technology than ordinary public bus/local railways. They require dedicated tracks, underground
tunnels and bridges → problems in land acquisition and remodelling of existing urban road
infrastructure. (�ादा पूंजी और तकनीक� प्रौद्यो�गक�, अलग से जमीन सं पादन, सड़कों का पुनगर्ठन करना पड़ता है)
- 😰😰Since metro rails cater urban middle class commuters, so, fares can’t be raised beyond a point
for faster recovery. So it takes a very long time to recover investment. [�नवेश िकया पैसा मुनाफ़े के साथ
�नकालने म� काफ़� व� लग जाता है, �ोंिक म�म वग�य प�रवार पर सरकार रेल िकराया ब�त �ादा बढ़ा नहीं सकती]
55.2 ✈ TRANSPORT → AVIATION (उड्डयन / हवाई यात्रा)

Civil Aviation Policy 2016: Highlights →
1. More airports and flights for North East & small towns to improve regional connectivity.
2. Making the air travel more affordable for middle class [म�म वगर् के �लए हवाई यात्रा स�ी करवाएँ गे]
3. Improving Airplanes’ Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) operations.
55.2.1 ✈ Transport → Cheap flights to Small Towns → UDAN
55.2.2 ✈😰😰 Transport → Challenges to aviation sector (चुनौ�तयां)

- 😰😰ATF-Taxes: Airlines spend ~50% of the revenues on Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF). India’s
ATF excise & VAT are among the highest in world = profitability hurt :-( (�धन पर ब�त टे� लगता है)
- 😰😰Predatory Pricing: deliberately selling product below the cost price, to eliminate rival
companies. AirDeccan, Spicejet etc. accused of this. It’s bad for economy because in long term,
either the firm will collapse or it’ll establish monopoly by eliminating rivals. (प्र�त�ध� कं प�नयों का धं धा
ठ� करवाने वा�े कु छ �वमान क��नयां जानबूझकर ब�त स�े म� िटकट बेचती थी, �जससे उसका ख़ुद का धं धा चौपट हो गया।)
- 😰😰Passenger Safety Compromised: Due to higher operating costs, Indian Airlines not doing the

regular service & maintenance of the aircraft. [मुनाफ़े क� लालच म� यात्री सुर�ा को नज़रअंदाज़ िकया जाता है]
- 😰😰Govt. owned Air India is making losses → 2021: Sold to Tata Sons ltd @approx ₹18,000 cr.
[घाटे म� चल रही एयर इं िडया को सरकार ने टाटा को बेचा]
- 😰😰Jet-Airways, a pvt sector airline, was shut down (in 2019) due to heavy losses.
55.2.3 ✈ Transport → Drone Regulation (ड�ोन �व�नयमन) & GARUD Portal

- Boss? Civil Aviation ministry designed the rules effective from 31/12/2018.
- India’s airspace classified into (भारतीय वायु �ेत्र को तीन िह�ों म� �वभा�जत िकया गया है)
- Red Zone (flying not permitted),
- Yellow Zone (controlled airspace),
- Green Zone (automatic permission).
- Drone-User will have to do one-time-registration with Digital Sky Platform app (पं जीकरण)
- Then for every flight, Drone user must ask permission from mobile app. Based on the zone &
GPS location its system will automatically permit / deny.
- Any drone without a digital permit will not be able to takeoff. Thus, it has “no permission, no
takeoff” (NPNT) mechanism.
- 🤧🤧 😷😷 2020: Garud Portal: DGCA to give fastrack permission to Govt agencies for COVID-19
related drone operations.
- 📙📙📙📙ES22: Ministry of Civil Aviation has ⏬ the drone registration fees, ⏬ the numbers
documents for registration, ⏬ the penalties. So we should explore similar process simplification
in other sectors as well. (आ�थक सव��ण म� पाया िक सरकार ने ड�ोन पं जीकरण म� लगने वाले द�ावेजों और फ़�स क� मात्रा म�
कटौती क� है. इसी प्रकार का प्रिक्रया-सरलीकरण अ� �ेत्रों म� भी करना चािहए.)
55.2.4 ✈ Transport → Drones in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022

⇒ ‘Kisan Drones’ for digitization of land records, crop assessment, spraying of insecticides, and
fertilizers. (भू�म सव��ण और खेतीबाड़ी के �लए िकसान-ड�ोन)
⇒ ‘Drone Shakti’: Drone-As-A-Service (DrAAS). HOW? Not disclosed, but probably related to
‘renting’ drones by paying daily/weekly/monthly fees. (ड�ोन एक सेवा के �प म�/ िकराए पे लेने के �लए )
⇒ Drone training in ITIs (industrial training institutes) (ड�ोन-उड़ान, ड�ोन-मर�त के �लए आईटीआई म�
�श�ा/तालीम)
⇒ ✋Drone import banned except for R&D & defence. This will help domestic / swadeshi drone
industry. ( ड�ोन का आयात �आ प्र�तबं �धत- �सवाय के सं शोधन नवाचार या र�ा के �लए �वदेशी ड�ोन ख़रीदना हो। तािक �देशी
उद्योग को प्रो�ाहन �मले)

⇒ Drone sector identified as a sunrise sector will be given various benefits in taxation subsidies.
(सूय�दय �ेत्र के �प म� कराधान और स��डी म� �रयायत�/ लाभ/ छू ट दी जाएगी।)
55.2.5 ✈ Transport → Drone Challenges

- 2019: Iran-backed Yemenis Houthi rebels used drone to destroy oil refineries in Abqaiq, Saudi.
2022: they drone-attacked oil company in UAE’s Abu Dhabi. (आतं क� ग�त�व�धयों म� �आ इ�ेमाल)
- 2019: USA used drone to kill Iran’s military General Qassem Soleimani.
- So, we need to have strict supervision to prevent misuse of drones. (ग़ैर क़ानूनी ग�त�व�धयों म� ड�ोन का
इ�ेमाल न हो इस वा�े स� �नगरानी ज़�री)
55.3 🗽🗽TOURISM & MUSEUM INFRASTRUCTURE (प्रवासन व सं ग्रहालय)
- World Economic Forum’s Travel & Tourism Competitive Index: India’s rank improved from
#64(2014) → #34(2019) → 2020 yet to be announced
- In India, tourism sector is a major contributor to GDP growth, foreign exchange earnings and
employment. However, Covid-19 pandemic had a debilitating impact on world tourism. (आम
िदनों म� प्रवासन उद्योग से आ�थक वृ�द्ध, �वदेशी मुद्रा क� कमाई, तथा रोज़गार म� बढ़ोतरी �मलती है. िक�ु कोरोना महामारी के चलते-
पूरे �व� और भारत म� प्रवासन उद्योग को भुगतना पड़ा भारी नुक़सान।)
- Medical Tourism: Ref Pillar4B – Make in India. [�चिक�ा प्रवासन पर �ान िदया जाए]
- MICE Tourism: Meetings, incentives, conferences & exhibitions’ Tourism. 🤩🤩Benefit? (1) Biz
investment / Import export deals (2) Soft Diplomacy & Development loans: e.g. African
Development Bank (AfDB)'s annual summit held in Mahatma Mandir, Guj (2017). (3)
People2People connect (4) Income from event management. [समारोह प्रवासन]
⇒ 2015: Ministry of Tourism launched the Swadesh Darshan Scheme to develop circuits having
tourism potential e.g. Tourist reception Centres, Solid Waste Management, Streetlight,
Landscaping, parking etc. where the Private Sector is not willing to invest.
⇒ To facilitate international tourism, India introduced the e-Tourist Visa online application
system. 2016: Government renamed e-Visa scheme with five sub-categories i.e. ‘e-Tourist Visa’,
‘e-Business Visa’, ‘e-Medical Visa’, ‘e-Conference Visa’ and ‘e-Medical Attendant Visa
⇒ 📈📈 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index by World Economic Forum (WEF)- India
ranked 34th (2019).
1) GS1 Syllabus Topic: Urbanization: problems and remedies
2) GS3 Syllabus Topic: Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, airports, railways); Investment models
How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic 2019
development of India? द� और िकफायती शहरी सावर्ज�नक प�रवहन िकस प्रकार से भारत के द्रत� /��रत आ�थक
�वकास क� कुं जी है?
National urban transport policy emphasizes on moving people instead of moving vehicles. 2014
Discuss critically the success of various strategies of the Govt in this regard. रा��ीय शहरी
प�रवहन नी�त म� वाहन नहीं इं सानों का प�रवहन करने क� बात क� गई है इस अनुसंधान म� सरकार ने �ा-�ा कदम उठाए ह�

(GSM3: Environment-Pollution) Identify the prospects and constraints in adoption of Mock
electric vehicles in India and provide suggestions in this regard. भारत म� �बजली द्वारा चलने वाले
वाहनों को अपनाने म� आकषर्ण और चुनौ�तयां. तथा इस अनुसंधान म� सुझाव दी�जए
(GSM3: SciTech) write a short note on the application of drones, what has been done by Mock
Govt. of India for the development of this sector. (ड�ोन के �व�वध उपयोग बताइए और इसके �लए सरकार
ने �ा िकया?)
56 INFRASTRUCTURE → 🏬🏬 URBAN (शहरी बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)
2011 2030
Urban population 31% 40% (and 50% by 2050)
Contribution to GDP 63% 75%
Introduction (Data): Urban areas support >30% of India’s population and contribute to more than
60% of India's GDP. These figures are expected to grow to 40% and 75% respectively by 2030. देश क�
आबादी और सकल घरेलू उ�ाद का एक बड़ा िह�ा शहरी इलाकों से आता है
56.1 🏬🏬 URBAN →
56.2 🏬🏬 URBAN → AMRUT MISSION (2015) → 500 CITIES

2005: Manmohan launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
→ 2015: Modi repacked it as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).
- 🕵🕵 Boss? Urban Development Ministry. Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union.
- Covering 500 cities with population of 1 lakh /> people

- Validity? 2015 to 31/3/2020. It’s a five-year SUNSET scheme Then later on govt renewed for
another 2 years, till 31/3/2022. योजना क� अव�ध को बढ़ाया गया
- Aims to improve basic infrastructure - public transport, water supply, sewerage, storm-water
drains, green spaces and parks. (सावर्ज�नक प�रवहन, जल आपू�त, गटर, बा�रश के पानी क� ना�लयां, बाग़-बगीचे)
56.2.1.1 🏬🏬 AMRUT 2.0 [2021-Oct]

⇒ Primary objective: “WATER SECURE” Cities [“जल सुर��त” शहरों का �वकास इसका उद्दे� है]
⇒ 100% connectivity for water-sewage to all households in 4700 urban local bodies. [नगरपा�लका �व�ार
के सभी घरों को पानी और गटर क� सु�वधा �मले]
⇒ Focus on circular economy for water management, with latest global technology. [जल प्रबं धन के �लए
वै��क �र क� प्रौद्यो�गक� तथा प�रक्रामी अथर्तंत्र के �सद्धांतों का उपयोग िकया जाएगा] (More on circular economy in
📑📑Pillar#4B)
56.3 🏬🏬 URBAN → SMART CITIES MISSION (2015) → 100 CITIES
Definition: It is a city with smart physical, civic and economic infrastructure. It provide smart
technology, utility & mobility to its residents through 0% bureaucratic hassles & 100% use of
Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Although ICT/computerization itself is not
the ‘end goal’ of a smart City. The end goal is to improve quality of life, ease of living, economic
growth and sustainable development. (ऐसा शहर जहा पर भौ�तक, नगरपा�लका और आ�थक बु�नयादी ढांचे '�ाटर्' होते है.
इस शहर म� 0% नौकरशाही / लाल-फ�ताशाही, तथा १००% और सूचना और सं चार प्रौद्यो�गक� (ICT) के 100% उपयोग होता है. इसका
अं�तम ल� - जीवन �र म� सुधार, आ�थक वृ�द्ध और सतत �वकास है)

56.3.1 🏬🏬 👿👿 Smart Cities → Criticism / Challenges (आलोचना / चुनौ�तयाँ)
1. 😰😰 India is a country of poor people and rural people. So, instead of spending ₹ 1000 crore x 100
big cities, it would have been better to spend ₹ 10 crores each on 10,000 towns and villages where
people are struggling for basic amenities like water and electricity. �सफर् कु छ बड़े शहरों का �वकास
2. 😰😰 Excessive reliance on ICT in city administration makes us more vulnerable to hacking &
cyber warfare. City will completely stop functioning if electricity gone during natural disasters /
nuclear attacks. प्राकृ �तक आपदा / परमाणु/ साइबर हमले- म� शहरों क� भेद्यता बढ़ जाएगी.. जनजीवन एकदम ठ� हो सकता
3. 😰😰 Nothing will be free except the Wi-Fi because the SPV company will charge user-fees on
everything from water, sanitation, education and healthcare. हर चीज पर फ�स.कु छ भी मु� नहीं �मलेगा
4. 😰😰 Soul of the city & sense of the community will be lost. It will become an artificial jungle of
concrete and internet cables. People will become Digital-Zombies where nobody has time for
anybody except their electronic gadgets. समुदाय क� भावना और शहर क� आ�ा चली जाएगी हर आदमी मोबाइल
कं �ूटर का िड�जटल गुलाम बन जाएगा।
5. IT data centres require centralized air conditioning (AC) to keep the server infrastructure cool.
But large number of such AC units turn the city into an ‘urban heat island‘ (गम� ब�त बढ़ जाएगी)
6. Wi-Fi, Internet and mobile telephony generates elector-magnetic radiation, which is harmful for
birds, insects and small animals. (�वद्युत-चु�क�य तरंगों से इं सान, पशु प��यों को ख़तरा)
✋Counter-argument? Smart city will improve the quality of life & create economic opportunities.
And looking at such best cities, even the voters in the small cities will become more assertive in
demanding better quality of city administration from their municipal corporators → then even small
towns will become more clean and comfortable to live. �ाटर् शहरों क� सु�वधा देखकर छोटे शहर के वोटर भी अपने
�ा�नक नेताओं से अ�� शहरी बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं क� मांग कर�गे �जससे िक पूरे भारत म� जीवन �र म� बढ़ोतरी होगी
56.3.2 ✍ Urbanization conclusion (शहरीकरण: �न�षर्)

India is a fast urbanizing country and is witnessing a steady increase in migration from rural areas to
urban centers. This poses stress on the already overburdened infrastructure of the cities. SDG Goal
11 requires India to work towards Sustainable cities and communities. Aforementioned scheme /
policy / challenges need to be addressed in war footing/priority basis.
भारत म� ब�त तेजी से शहरीकरण हो रहा है गांव क� आबादी भी �ानांतर कर शहरों क� तरफ आ रही है �जससे शहरी बु�नयादी अवसं रचना
अ�ा�धक बोझ महसूस कर रही है। सतत �वकास ल� प्रा�� के �लए इन चुनो�तयो से लड़ना ज�री/ अग्रता क्रम से सुधार आव�क
56.4 (🏠🏠) INFRA → (URBAN AND RURAL) → HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022

- 1985: Indira Awas Yojana for rural areas gave money to poor families to build homes,
- 2008: Rajiv Rinn Yojana for urban areas gave home loan Interest subsidy to poor.
- 2015-16: Modi restructured them into Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
- It’s a Centrally Sponsered Scheme → Core Scheme = NOT 100% funded by Union. States also
need to contribute money. (क� द्र द्वारा प्रायो�जत → मह�पूणर् योजना)
- Target: Housing for all by 2022. PMAY has two components.
🏠🏠 ✍ Conclusion Housing? A homeless family is more vulnerable to crime, disease & disasters.
SDG Goal #11 requires India to provide safe and affordable housing to all by 2030. Aforementioned
scheme / policy / challenges….. अपराध, बीमारी और आपदाओं म� एक बेघर प�रवार क� भेद्यता अ�ो से अ�धक होती है. सतत
�वकास ल� : सभी को सुर��त और िकफायती आवास उपल� कराना ज�री
57 INFRA → RURAL (🏞🏞)

+Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban mission.
57.1.1 👻👻🏞🏞 📐📐 Land Assets registration- Swamitva scheme for land survey (2020)
⇒ Ministry of Panchayati Raj → launched on pilot basis in 6 states. (प्रायो�गक तौर पर चु�नदं ा रा�ों म� ही)
⇒ Rural inhabited lands will be survey with drones and technology. (जमीन का सव��ण)
⇒ It will help getting clarity over property rights → Land revenue collection, Bank loans
application approval, Settlement of Title Disputes (जमीन मा�लक क� के कोटर् �ववादों का �नपटान)
57.1.2 🏞🏞 📐📐 Land Assets registration- ULPIN in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022

⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 announced Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN).
⇒ This could be linked to Aadhaar-number of the land plot owner. (ज़मीन के �ॉट को एक यू�नक नं बर िदया
जाएगा जो आधार काडर् के साथ �लंक िकया जाएगा
⇒ 🤩🤩 Identification of farmers for welfare schemes, Settling legal-disputes. (�जससे ज़मीन मा�लक िक के
क़ानूनी �ववाद और िकसानों को �व�भ� सरकारी योजना का लाभ देने म� सु�वधा रहे।)
⇒ Govt to provide facility for transliterating the land records in any language - to break the
linguistic barriers in land records & property deals. e.g. Property buyer from Maharashtra should
conveniently get access to land records of Tamil Nadu in his Marathi language. (इसके अलावा ज़मीन
के द�ावेजों को �व�वध भाषाओं म� अनुवािदत करने क� भी सु�वधा क� जाएगी।)
57.1.3 🏞🏞 📐📐 Land Assets registration- Case Studies from Bihar & Kerala
Bihar ⇒ BIHAR HAS become the first state in the country to introduce the concept of a
dynamic map for villages
⇒ Map will get updated every time land ownership changes hands. This will
reduce legal disputes. (�बहार म� �जतनी बार ज़मीन को बेचा जाएगा उतनी बार मा�लक� के न�ों को
अपडेट िकया जाएगा- ताक� ज़मीन �ववादों म� कमी हो)
Karnataka ⇒ Bhoomi project → digitize all land records.
⇒ Dishaank app to enable citizens to avail the information about the land and its
ownership as recorded in the Bhoomi database.
(कनार्टक म� सभी ज़मीन द�ावेजों का भू�म प्रोजे� के अंतगर्त िड�ज-करण िकया गया है। आम नाग�रक भी ये
सारी जानकारी अपने मोबाइल पे देख सके इस�लए िदशांक नाम क� एप बनायी गई)

57.1.4 🏞🏞 ��💪💪Model Panchayat Citizens Charter framework (2021)
⇒ [introduction] Copypaste definition of Citizen charter from Pillar2D: Tax Payers’ Charter.
⇒ [Origin] In 2021, Model Panchayat Citizens Charter framework Created by Ministry of
Panchayati Raj (MoPR) with National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
(Hyderabad). [पं चायतों के �लए नाग�रक अ�धकार पत्र बनाया गया है]
⇒ Individual panchayats will adopt/copy this model template to design their own individual
Panchayat Citizen Charter- and post it in their office / website. Charter will outline the
services provided by Panchayat, including its time limit, and the grievance redressal
mechanism. for example[�जसम� यह जानकारी दी जाएगी क� नाग�रक को कौन सी सेवाएँ िकतने समय म� उपल� क�
जाएं गी और �शकायत �नवारण के �लए कहाँ पर सं पकर् करना है]
⇒ 3 Days deadline for issuing: birth/ marriage / death certificate, repairing the streetlights
⇒ 7 Days deadline for repairing public toilets [सात िदनों के भीतर सावर्ज�नक शौचालय क� साफ़ सफ़ाई मर�त]
⇒ 15 days deadline for issuing MGNREGA job card, enrolling a beneficiary in govt skill
development programmes (More in 📑📑Pillar#6: Poverty & Skill Development)
⇒ 30 days deadline for repairing Village Road, fixing panchayat Wi-Fi connectivity issue etc.
⇒ if the required work is not completed within the time limit the citizen can complain to
panchayat secretary/Patwaari → Pradhan/Sarpanch → Block development officer on XYZ
Address /phone number /email ID. [व� पर पं चायत क�मयों ने काम नहीं िकया तो इधर �शकायत कर�]
🤩🤩Conclusion? Appreciable step by the government for improving transparency, accountability,
good governance at grassroot. SDG Goal#16: will help building effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels. [प्रशं सनीय क़दम- ज़मीनी �र पर पारद�शता, जवाबदेही, और सुशासन को बेहतर करेगा]
57.2 🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞🏞 RURAL → MPLADS (1993)
57.2.1 🏞🏞 🤧🤧 MPLADS Suspended (योजना को ��गत करना)

2020-April: To save the money for fighting Corona, Government announced two measure
⇒ MP salaries will be cut by 30% वेतन म� कटौती

⇒ MPLADS scheme will suspended for two financial years i.e. 2020-21 and 2021-22#. Govt
justified it, “every rupee was needed to bolster the resources available to our nation as we address
the impact of Covid-19”

⇒ #2021-Dec: Govt has restored MPLADS. Each MP to get ₹ 2cr for 2021-22. Then from 2022
onwards: Each MP to get ₹5 cr per year. जो कोरोना म� ��गत क� गई थी,लेिकन िफर वापस शु� क� जाएगी)
✅Arguments favouring suspension ✋Opposing scheme suspension
योजना ��गत करना= सही कदम योजना ��गत नहीं करनी चािहए थी
⇒ Nepotism: Politicians' relatives will be ⇒ 2010 Court judgement has held that the
given the contracts. (भाई भतीजावाद) MPLADS scheme is not unconstitutional. कोटर् ने
⇒ Corruption: District administration भी इसे असं वैधा�नक नहीं माना है
will get the bribes, Substandard quality ⇒ All members of parliament cannot become
of assets developed- as per CAG ministers. But if they have some funds at their
⇒ Appeasement: Assets generally be disposal they can do some important work for
developed in area with high their constituency and voters, depending on
concentration of a particular local needs. सांसद को अपने इलाके म� अ�े काम करने के
caste/religion who gave large number �लए अवसर �मलता है.
of votes to the said MP. (तु��करण) ⇒ Every government scheme has instances of
⇒ 16th Lok Sabha: 55% of the members corruption, nepotism and sub standard quality
have not even used the funds allotted work. It doesn’t justify that we should stop the
from their quota. Usually MP spend ₹₹ scheme, rather we should fix those loopholes.
only in the last year Before election for धांधली तो हर योजना म� होती है िकंतु इसका उपाय यह नहीं योजना
media-limelight. But such "election बं द कर दी जाए ब�� योजना क� खा�मयों को दू र करना चािहए
rush"= Work done in a haphazardly.
⇒ भाई भतीजावाद, भ्र�ाचार, तु�ीकरण, चुनाव से पहले
ज�बाजी म� ढेर सारी रकम और प्रोजे� जारी करना-
लेिकन गुणव�ा पूणर् सं प��यों का �नमार्ण नहीं
57.3 🏞🏞 RURAL → BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (BADP).

− Boss? Ministry of Home Affairs → Dept of Border Management. 100% funded by Union.
− सीमा �ेत्र �वकास कायर्क्रम (BADP) covers 17 states/UT which people living within 50 kilometres of the
International Border. Funding for roads, bridges, school, hospital etc.
− Eligible states are: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.
− RELATED event: Seemant Vikasotsav @Dhordo, Kutch to sensitize the border population about
their role in national security and development.
57.3.1 🏞🏞 Border infra & Backward Regions Infra → 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022

PMDevINE ⇒ Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region
(उ�र पूवर् के रा�ों के (PMDevINE): for infrastructure development in Northeast.
�वकास �लए मुिहम) ⇒ It will be implemented through the North-Eastern Council (it is a statutory
body made in 1971 under Ministry of Development of North Eastern
Region)

Vibrant ⇒ for Border villages on the northern border: infrastructure, housing, tourist
Villages centres, road connectivity, provisioning of decentralized renewable energy,
Programme ⇒ access for Doordarshan and educational channels, and support for
(उ�र भारत के livelihood generation. (टीवी पे �श�ा कायर्क्रम रोज़गार सृजन)
सीमावत� गांव)
Aspirational to focus on 112 Aspirational Districts’ (Ref:4B-NITI) → most backward blocks
Blocks → on key sectors such as health, nutrition, financial inclusion and basic
Programme: infrastructure. (सबसे �पछड़े-यानी िक आतं क� �ज़लों के सबसे �पछड़े �ॉक/तहसील के �वकास के �लए)
57.3.2 🏞🏞 Border infra and Shekatkar Committee (सीमा �ेत्रों म� बु�नयादी अवसं रचना)
2015: Defense ministry setup Lt General D B Shekatkar Committee to enhance combat capability
and rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces. 2020-May: Defence ministry announced
we'll implement it suggestions related to border infrastructure namely,
⇒ Border Roads Organisation (BRO)'s road construction work → Outsource to private players via
Engineering Procurement Contract (EPC), if costing more than ₹100 cr= faster and more
professional building of roads.
⇒ BRO to be given high-tech machines for snow clearance on Himalayan roads. Use Geo-Textiles
for soil stabilisation, to prevent landslide damage to roads. सड़क से बफर् हटाने और भू�लन से नुकसान रोकने
के �लए अद्यतन मशीन और तकनीक�
⇒ Field officers to be given more financial and administrative powers. �ानीय अ�धका�रयों को �ादा �व�ीय
और प्रशास�नक स�ाई दी जाएं गी तािक ज�ी कम हो सके
⇒ Reforms for land acquisition and environmental clearance. भू�म अ�धग्रहण और पयार्वरणीय मं जूरी।
⇒ 🤩🤩? Socio economic development & ⏫security in border areas. सामा�जक आ�थक �वकास और सुर�ा
✍Conclusion? SDG Goal #8 requires India to provide decent work and economic growth
opportunities to all. Since majority of Indians reside in rural areas, the rural infrastructure
development is the lynchpin factor in this regard. Aforementioned scheme / policy /… सतत �वकास
ल�: सभी लोगो को काम और आ�थक �वकास के अवसर देना । चूंिक अ�धकांश भारतीय आबादी ग्रामीण �ेत्रों म� �नवास करते ह�, इस�लए
ग्रामीण बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं का �वकास अ�ाव�क है.
57.3.3 ✍ 🎺🎺 Mains previous years’ questions from these topics

What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT 2021
industries in major cities of India? भारत के प्रमुख शहरों म� आई. टी. उद्योगों के �वकास से उ�प� होने वाले
मु�ा सामा�जक-आ�थक प्रभाव �ा ह� ? (250 words) Ans. mrunal.org/2018/08/upsc-model-answer-
gsm1-it-bpo-cities.html
What are ‘Smart Cities? Examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it 2016
increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA

and RURBAN Mission. �ाटर् शहर �ा ह�? भारत म� शहरी �वकास के �लए उनक� प्रासं �गकता का परी�ण कर�। �ा
इससे ग्रामीण-शहरी म� होने वाले अंतर म� बढो�री होगी ? �ाटर् गांवों के �लए PURA एवं RURBAN �मशन के प्रकाश म�
तकर् द� |
Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in the 2015
backdrop of rural urban integration. “भारत म� �ाटर् शहरों का अ�� ाटर् गांवों के �बना नहीं है |” ग्रामीण
शहरी एक�करण क� पृ�भू�म म� इस कथन पर चचार् कर�।
With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and 2016
strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme’. भारत म� शहरी जीवन क� �वशेषताओं क� सं �� पृ�भू�म के साथ,
'�ाटर् �सटी प्रोग्राम' के उद्दे�ों एवं इससे सं बं�धत रणनी�त को प्र�ुत कर�।
The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing 2013
connectivity. Comment. ग्रामीण �ेत्रों म� PURA के आधार पर शहरी सु�वधाएं प्रदान करने का उदे� 'स�द्धता'
�ा�पत करना है । िट�णी कर� |
MRUNAL’S ECONOMY PILLAR#5C: INFRASTRUCTURE: Communication, IT, PPP, NIP etc
58 📡📡INFRASTRUCTURE → COMMUNICATION (सं चार)
58.1 ☎� ⚔� ADJUSTED GROSS REVENUE (AGR)

58.1.1 ☎� ⚔� : �AGR: Way forward/Conclusion
[सरकार को भी क�ाणकारी योजना के �लए ढेर सारा पैसा चािहए तो सं पूणर् �प से तो AGR माफ़ नहीं कर सकती लेिकन अ�ायी �प से
एक प्रशं सनीय म�मागर् �नकाला है- वरना टेलीकॉम कं प�नयों और ब�कों का िदवा�लया �नकल जाता।]
- govt needs large amount of funds for India’s social economic development & Post Corona
economic revival. So, govt cannot forgo the entire AGR dues.
- But, at the same time, the health of telecom and banking sector is also crucial for economic
growth. So govt has taken an appreciable middle path in the AGR dilemma.
- However, even after this (temporary) relief, Telecom companies are still in huge debt & losses.
Telecos will have to raise prepaid & postpaid tariff to increase ARPUs (average revenue per user).
- Telecos may have to issue additional shares/bonds to arrange the money. Then, hopefully in the
long run Telecos will be able to come out of this crisis.
58.2 💻💻 COMMUNICATION → IT → DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME
- 1977: National Informatics Centre (NIC) to develop websites, softwares, ICT services for govt
- 2006: Manmohan’s National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

- 2014: Modi’s Digital India Mission by restructuring above things:
Boss? Ministry of Electronics & IT. Central Sector Scheme = 100% Funded by Union.
58.3 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 COMMUNICATION → IT → 5G REVOLUTION IN INDIA

Fifth generation (5G) of wireless technology = 2 to 20 Gbps speed, which is much higher than
present 4G which gives 6-7 Mbps speed. (एक अद्यतन बे-तार तकनीक जो 4g के मुकाबले ब�त ही �ादा तेजी से डाटा
प�ंचा सकती है)
5G Spectrum Frequency Band Coverage Area Max Speed

Low Frequency 🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩(largest among 3) 😰😰 (100Megabits per sec)
Mid Band 🤩🤩🤩🤩 (middle) 🤩🤩🤩🤩 (middle level)
High Band 😰😰 (smallest area covered) 🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩(20Gigabits per sec)
 Latency is the amount of time taken by data to travel between its source and destination. 5G has
very low latency. (स्रोत और ल� के बीच डाटा प�ंचाने म� ब�त ही कम �वलं ब होता है)
 Network slicing (नेटवकर् के टुकड़े करना): mobile operators to create multiple virtual networks within a
single physical 5G network. Provide faster data to tele-surgery in rural areas, driverless car, etc.
 Thus, 5g is useful in Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communications,
CCTV surveillance, drones, real time data analytics, industrial revolution 4.0.
58.3.1 💻💻💻💻💻💻💻💻 Challenges and Opportunities in of 5G (इसे अपनाने म� चुनौ�तयां+अवसर )

 😰😰China already enslaving the small Nations through cheap infrastructure loans in its 'One belt
one road'. Now, China providing 5G technology & equipment to Nepalese Tourism Industry.
Later China may also supply 5G to the militaries of small nations. This poses grave economic and
strategic challenges to India. (Related Topic D10 club Ref: in 📑📑Pillar#3B) (चीन भारत से आगे)

 😰😰5g signals tend to deteriorate faster over long distances than lower-frequency signals. So,
more number of towers may be required than 4g, to cover same geographical area (�ादा टावर)
 😰😰5g signals may create interference to aeroplane’s altimeter device. Altimeter is a device to
gauge the altitude and the distance covered by an aircraft, spacecraft or missile (एक हवाई जहाज़
िकतनी ऊँ चाई पर ��त है वो नापने के �लए अ�ीमीटर नाम के उपकरण का इ�ेमाल होता है। हालाँिक वो �जस फ़्री�� सी/आवतर्न पर
काम करता है उसी पर 5G टे�ोलॉजी के साथ कु छ �व�ेप/िद�त� आ सकती है)
 750 million Internet users in India but 300 million still trapped in 2G speed. 5G’s faster internet
required for e-learning, e-medicine, e-judiciary etc.
 🤩🤩When People upgrade their devices to use 5G → Make in India, employment opportunities.
 Considering these benefits, USA, China, S. Korea are working on war-footing to implement 5g.
Our Department of Telecom too had setup A.J.Paul Raj Committee, it prepared a roadmap for
rollout of 5G telephony in India by 2020.
 Govt wants to auction 5G spectrum [8300MHz] at a reserve price of ₹5 Lcr. (Reserve price नीलामी
म� आर��त रकम = minimum this amount required to participate in the auction.) But,
Airtel,Vodafone unable to afford. Only Reliance-Jio may buy 5G= monopoly = not in the best
interest of consumers. (मुकेश अंबानी के के हाथ म� 5g का एका�धकार होने का भय)
✍🏼🏼 Conclusion: SDG Goal #9 (infrastructure) requires India to provide universal telephone and
internet connectivity to all. Above scheme / policy helps in digital access, digital inclusion, digital
empowerment and bridging the digital divide. Thus, it’ll play an important role in transforming
India into a knowledge-based economy and digitally empowered society.
सबको सावर्�त्रक �प से टेलीफोन और इं टरनेट क� सु�वधा मुहैया कराएं गे तभी िड�जटल समावेशन -सश��करण होगा। अमीर गरीब
ग्रामीण शहरी के बीच िड�जटल खाई/�वभाजन कम होगा- सतत �वकास ल� को हा�सल करने के �लए अग्रता क्रम से यह सब करना ज�री
58.4 📔📔 📔📔 💾💾 ES19: PUBLIC DATA: FOR THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE

(Define) Data is a set of factual information stored in digital form. (िड�जटल �प म� सं ग्रहीत त�ा�क जानकारी)
(Origin) When people conduct their day-to-day activities online, they leave digital footprints- in
chatting, searching google, buying on amazon, file taxes, posting on social media etc. While doing
these activities online, people produce data about themselves which is stored on public and private
servers. [इं टरनेट पर रोज़ाना �व�वध ग�त�व�धयों के चलते ह� लोग �यं ही ख़ुद का डेटा सावर्ज�नक और �नजी सवर्र म� जमा करवाते ह�]
58.4.1 💾💾Types of Government Data

1) Administrative data (प्रशास�नक डाटा): Birth-death records, pensions, tax records, marriage records,
crime reports, land-property registrations, vehicle registrations etc.
2) Survey data (सव��ण): Census data, National Sample Survey data about employment, education,
literacy, nutrition etc. [जनगणना रोज़गार �श�ा सा�रता पोषण]
3) Transactions data (लेनदेन सं बं धी): e-National Agriculture Market data, Taxes, User-fees such as
railways etc.
4) Institutional data (सं �ागत): Public school data on pupils, public hospital data on patients, etc.
Most such data are held locally, predominantly in paper based form.
58.4.2 💾💾 ✍🏼🏼Conclusion: Public Data (सावर्ज�नक डेटा)

 If scattered public data is integrated, it’ll bring greater transparency, accountability in public
services and improve targeting in welfare schemes. (�बखरे �ए सावर्ज�नक डेटा को एक�कृ त िकया जाए-
पारद�शता जवाबदेही योजनाओं क� असरकारकता बढ़ेगी)
 Therefore, just like highways, government needs to view data as a public good and important
infrastructure. Govt should make necessary investments & regulations for it, while protecting
data privacy. (सरकार ने �नवेश करना ज�री �नयं त्रण करना ज�री िकंतु नाग�रक क� �नजता का स�ान करना चािहए)
 In the spirit of the Constitution of India, data “of the people, by the people, for the people” must
therefore become the mantra for the govt. [लोगों के डेटा का लोगों द्वारा लोगों के �लए इ�ेमाल हो]

58.5 🔭🔭🔭🔭SPACE TECH INFRASTRUCTURE (अवकाश �ेत्र)
58.5.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻Space Tech: Atma-Nirbhar

⇒ 2020-Jun: Govt setup Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe),
an independent agency under ISRO.
⇒ IN-SPACe will help private companies to use Indian space infrastructure for developing /
launching satellites / space tourism etc. (�नजी �ेत्र क� कं प�नयों को अवकाश �ेत्र क� सरकारी बु�नयादी सु�वधा उपयोग
के �लए अवसर)
Year 2019-20 data from 📔📔📔📔ES21 India USA China
Amount spent on space programs $1.8 billion 10 times India 6 times India
Number of satellites launched 5-7 satellites 19 satellites 34 satellites
⇒ 😰😰At present, India accounts for only about 2% of the space economy, much behind the major
players – USA and China. (अवकाश अथर्तंत्र म� भारत क� िह�ेदारी मु��ल के २% है)
⇒ 😰😰 hardly 75 Indian startups out of total 60,000+ Indian registered startups are working in
Space technology sector. (ब�त कम भारतीय �ाटर्-अप इसम� काम करते है।)
58.5.2 📙📙📙📙ES22: using cartography and geospatial data to track development

⇒ Cartography = The art and science of graphically representing a geographical area on a flat
surface such as a map or chart. (मान-�चत्रकारी यानी एक भौगो�लक �व�ार को सपाट सतह जैसे िक काग़ज़ी-नक़्शे पर
अंिकत करने क� कला और �व�ान)
⇒ Geospatial data = Geospatial data is information that describes objects or events with a location
on surface. e.g. tracking location of Amazon / Flipkart delivery package or Google maps showing
traffic jams. (भू-�ा�नक डेटा यानी एसी जानकारी जो िकसी व�ु या घटना को नक़्शे क� सतह पर अंिकत करती है, जेसे क�
ट�ािफ़क-जाम, कु �रयर िडलीवरी।)

⇒ 📙📙📙📙ES22 Vol1Ch11 showed many competitive maps to track the development of India
example. Map of Airports in India showing 2016: 60+ airports → 2021: 130 Airports. Thus, the
number of airports have increased in India
⇒ Similarly, national highways, bank branches, metros, etc. increased.
⇒ India’s night-time luminosity map → more urbanisation has taken place, access to electricity has
improved. (रा�त्र के नक़्शे म� �वगत वष� के मुक़ाबले वतर्मान समय म� भारत का �ादा इलाक़ा प्रका�शत िदखता है यानी िक
शहरीकरण बढ़ा है �बजली क� उपल�ता बढ़ी है.)
⇒ Tracking the Kharif and Rabi crop sowing cycles and crop stubble burning (फसलों का बीजारोपण और
पराली जलाना)
⇒ so we can use such Geospatial data for planning, SDG goals, tracking scheme implementation,
deciding property tax rates, deforestation, disaster management etc. (इस प्रकार के भू-�ा�नक डेटा का
आ�थक आयोजन, सतत् �वकास ल�ों क� �नगरानी, सं प�� के कर तय करना, -वृ�छे दन/पैड-कटाई को रोकना, आपदा प्रबं धन
इ�ािद अनेक �ेत्रों म� इ�ेमाल कर सकते ह�)

59 🧱🧱🧱🧱 INFRA → GSM3: INVESTMENT MODELS (�नवेश के तरीके )
Origin: Infrastructure projects require large amount of investment. Govt alone can’t finance it due to
fiscal deficit targets. राजकोषीय घाटा �नयं त्रण ल� के चलते सरकार बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं म� खुद अके ले पूरा �नवेश नहीं कर सकती
- Such projects also require the level of technical expertise, management skills and professionalism
that may not be available in the traditional bureaucratic apparatus. (तकनीक� �वशेष�ता, प्रबं धन कौशल
और �ावसा�यकता)
- Therefore, Infrastructure investment / development has to be done through:
I. PPP: BoT, BOOT
II. Non-PPP: such as EPC, Outsourcing (Contracting-Out)
III. Or a mixture of both using Hybrid Annuity Model
59.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 INFRA.DEV.→ PPP (PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP)
- Definition: is a long-term contract between a public sector organization (Union/State/Local
Body/PSU) and a private sector company (सावर्ज�नक-�नजी �ेत्र क� भागीदारी - सरकारी और �नजी �ेत्र क�
इकाइओ बीच एक लं बी / दीघर् अव�ध का समझौता है)
- to build a public infrastructure (highway, ports etc.) or सावर्ज�नक अवसं रचना
- to provide public utility service (electricity, gas, water, transport, etc.). सावर्ज�नक सु�वधा

- In such PPP contract the ownership, risks & rewards are shared in some fashion. Unlike
privatization where it's completely transferred from public sector to private sector. मा�लक�/�ा�म�,
धं धे के जो�खम और मुनाफे /लाभांश क� िह�ेदारी होती है
- PPP can be :
A. for a Greenfield project (ग्रीनफ�� प�रयोजना) e.g. GMR group building fresh new airport in
Hyderabad. OR
B. for a Brownfield project e.g. Private companies upgrading the existing airports at Delhi and
Mumbai. [जहाँ पर पहले से ही कोई इमारत ��त थी, उसे और बड़ा/बेहतर बनाया जा रहा है]
- PPP can be :
A. Done by govt forming a Joint Venture (सं यु� उद्यम 50:50) or Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV:
�वशेष उद्दे� से बनाई गई कं पनी) company with equity from public and private sector. OR
B. Done by Govt granting ‘Concession / lease / licence / permit’ (a legal right) to private
company (=Concessionaire) to design, develop, finance, construct, operate, maintain a
greenfield / brownfield infrastructure asset. [सरकार �नजी कं पनी को अनु�ा पत्र देकर बनवा सकती है]

59.2 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 INFRA.DEV. → PPP (GREENFIELD) MODELS
59.2.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔 Infra.Dev. → PPP (Brownfield) BLT & ToT

59.3 🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵 🛡🛡 INFRA.DEV. → NON-PPP → GOCO FOR INDIAN ARMY
Army’s Central Ordnance Depot (COD) & Army Base Workshops (ABWs) are responsible for mfg
& warehousing, maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO: �व�नमार्ण और भं डारण, रखरखाव, मर�त) of
⇒ Weapons, Ammunition, Tanks, Trucks, Radars, Air defense system etc.

⇒ Clothing, footwear, headgear, tent & camping gears, kitchen equipment etc.
But,😰😰
⇒ 2015: CAG audit found them to be overstaffed, inefficient and slow.

⇒ 2016: Defence Ministry’s Lt. Gen. DB Shekatkar (Retd.) committee to “enhance combat
capability and re-balancing defence expenditure.” → recommended GOCO Model.
59.3.1 🛡🛡GoCo: Pros and Cons

😍😍Benefits? फायदे 😪😪Challenges? चुनौ�तयां
⇒ ⏬salary bill for Govt वेतन खचर् कम होगा ⇒ Private operators may not have the
⇒ Private operators can easily go into expertise to deal with military equipment;
partnership with Original Equipment

😍😍Benefits? फायदे 😪😪Challenges? चुनौ�तयां
Manufacturer (OEM) for service, repair ⇒ Private companies interested in bidding
and spare parts. आसानी से पुज� का इं तजाम कर mostly for workshops/Depots that handle
सकता है Combat Tanks because they can easily
⇒ Private firms will not have to invest in land, charge Rs 8-9 crore for tanks’
infrastructure, machinery. Because repair/services/spareparts every time.
Government already built that. �नजी �ेत्र के Whereas not much profit in
�खलाड़ी का जमीन मशीनरी इ�ािद म� �नवेश का पैसा बच clothing/kitchen utensils/cooking stove
जाएगा, �ोंिक सरकार पहले से ही बना चुक� है। related work. �नजी �खलािड़ओ को �सफर् ट�क क� फै ��ी
म� िदलच�ी है �ोंिक वहां पर मुनाफे के अवसर �ादा है
⇒ Strategic / Security challenges: what if pvt
player sells the tank/radar blueprints to
Pakistan/China? साम�रक चुनो�तया: दु�न देश को
सेना क� गु� जानकारी बेच दी तो ?
59.4 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🤵🤵HYBRID ANNUITY MODEL (HAM) = MIX OF PPP + NONPPP
2016: सं कर वा�षक� मॉडल Introduced for highway projects in India.
Suppose the cost to build a new highway is ₹ 100, then.
- ₹ 40: Govt pays in phased manner (as road construction progresses).

- ₹ 60: private player arranges from his pocket and / or market borrowing.
- Once the highway is finished, Govt (NHAI) starts collecting toll → pay the private player at
regular interval (=annuity) till the private player recovers ₹ (60+some profit).
59.5 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔INFRA.DEV → MISC. TOPICS

59.5.1 🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔Viability Gap Funding (VGF: �वहायर्ता अ�र फं �डंग)
59.6 💰💰💰💰 INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDS

59.6.1 💰💰💰💰 National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF: 2015)

59.7 💰💰💰💰 INFRA FINANCE → NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PIPELINE (NIP)
59.8 💰💰💰💰 INFRA FINANCE → NIP, NMP, GATI SHAKTI

NAME Announced Objectives
National 2019-Aug ⇒ Over ₹100 lcr worth infrastructure investment in the next
Infrastructure by PM five year (2019-20 to 2024-25). This funding will be spread
Pipeline across Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), Railways
(13%), Irrigation (7%) etc.

NAME Announced Objectives
⇒ Sources of Funding/investment? Centre 39% + Private 21%
+ State 40%=100% funding.
⇒ Learned in above section
National 💼💼Budget- To mobilise money by above thing by selling/renting
Monetisation 2021 Government companies’ assets to mobilze ₹2.5 lakh crores
Plan Given in Next Section →
Gati Shakti 2021-Aug National Master Plan worth ₹100 trillion to improve transport/
by PM speed of transport (rail, road, airway, waterway etc)
Given in Next Section →
59.8.1 💰💰💰💰 NIP → Others reforms

1. Monetization of land assets owned by Govt. (सरकारी भू�म को बेचना/िकराये पर देना)
2. Market based pricing mechanisms (बाजार आधा�रत मू� �नधार्रण तं त्र) to increase user fees on
infrastructure. (e.g. if electricity price increased by x% then raise metro-train-fares by y%)
3. Technical guidelines for uniform quality, disaster resilient roads, buildings, etc. (e.g. x% cement
with y% sand etc.)
4. Training and capacity building for legal and financial experts so they can frame better type of
PPP contracts → less chances of project delays or disputes or NPA.
5. Legal reforms so PPP contract disputes can be settled through arbitration outside courts. (कोटर् के
बाहर ही म��ता से समाधान/सुलह)
59.8.2 💰💰💰💰 👜👜 Budget-2021: National MONETISATION Pipeline 2021

सरकारी सड़क, मालगाड़ी के �ड�े, रेलवे �ेशन, �बजलीघर, खेलकू द �े�डयम इ�ा�द चीजों का सरकार मुद्रीकरण करेगी अथार्त -
इ�� बेचकर/िकराए पर देकर सरकार पैसा जुटाएगी। इस कायर्क्रम क� �परेखा बनाने क� �ज�ेदारी नी�त आयोग को दी गई है.
Govt planning to sell/lease assets including Roads, Railway Wagons, Railway Station, Electricity
stations, Telecom Towers, Jawaharlal Nehru Sports Stadium etc. These assets will be sold/leased in
following models-
1) Toll operate transfer

2) InvITS (Infrastructure investment trusts, Ref Pillar#1C)
3) Operation and maintenance contract
4) Operation management development agreement (ODMA)
NITI tasked to prepare National MONETISATION pipeline i.e. how to accomplish above things in
systematic manner. Target ₹2.5 lakh crore. Out of them majority will come via Roads (27%),
Railways (25%), Power (15%), oil & gas pipelines (8%) and Telecom (6%).
(सरकारी सड़क, मालगाड़ी के िड�े, रेलवे �ेशन, �बजलीघर, खेलकू द �ेिडयम इ�ािद चीजों का सरकार मुद्रीकरण करेगी अथार्त -
इ�� बेचकर/िकराए पर देकर सरकार पैसा जुटाएगी। इस कायर्क्रम क� �परेखा बनाने क� �ज�ेदारी नी�त आयोग को दी गई है.)

59.9 💰💰💰💰:🚗🚗🚊🚊✈⛵ INFRA FINANCE: GATI SHAKTI PLAN 2021 [₹100 LAKH CR]
वतर्मान म� रेलवे, राजमागर्, वायुमागर् और जलमागर् से सं बं �धत मं त्रालय अलग अलग िक़ले/सूबे के ��प म� अपनी नी�तयां और योजनाएं
बनाते ह�। ग�त श�� योजना इन सब प�रवहन माग� को को एक�कृ त ��प म� आयो�जत कर- भारत के आम आदमी और उद्योगप�तयों
को तेज़ प�रवहन क� सु�वधा देना चाहता है
- Presently all transportation modes (rail, road, airway, waterway) etc are treated in silos while
Individual ministries design their schemes and policies.
- GATI Shakti plan will integrate them for faster connectivity with a ₹100-trillion [=100 lakh
crore]– as per PM’s 15th Aug 2021 speech.
- 😰😰How govt will mobilize ₹100 lakh cr? Critiques argue that PM Modi just renaming the same
100 lakh cr-walla National Infrastructure Pipeline (2019) again as “GATI Shakti”. But details
not announced to difficult to say whether both [NIP vs GATI] are same or different?
- Common man will be able to travel at a faster speed.
- Biz man will be able to receive raw materials and send finished goods at a faster speed
- It will help creating new (special) economic zones for exports, synergy with make in India,
assemble in India, production linked incentive scheme.
- Thus, our local manufacturers will become globally competitive → ⏫ Jobs, GDP. [यह तेज प�रवहन
योजना द्वारा भारत के �व�नमार्णकतार् अंतररा��ीय �र पर दू सरे �नयार्तकों को �धार्/ट�र दे पाएं गे �जससे भारत म� रोज़गार और
आ�थक वृ�द्ध दर म� बढ़ोतरी के अवसर होंगे]
59.9.1 (💰💰💰💰:🚗🚗🚊🚊✈⛵) 💻💻📡📡 PM GatiShakti — National Master Plan Digital Portal

− (2021-Oct)Digital portal to connect 16 ministries — Roads and Highways, Railways, Shipping,
Petroleum and Gas, Power, Telecom, Shipping, and Aviation etc
− NODAL? Dept for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT) under Commerce Ministry.
− Portal developed by? Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics
(BISAG, Autonomous Scientific Society under the MeitY Ministry).
− Benefit? for better coordination in planning and project approval.
− E.g. if new railway line is to be constructed → i) environment ministry can give faster clearance
and ii) power ministry can lay down electricity cables for the railway in a faster manner.
− Portal would officers in different-different ministries to be constant touch in real time. [ग�त श��
वेब पोटर्ल जहाँ पर अलग अलग 16 मं त्रालय के बीच प्रभावी �प से सम�य िकया जा सके । जैसे िक रेलवे क� पटरी �बछाते व� तुरंत
ही पयार्वरण मं त्रालय से अनुम�त �मले और ऊजार् मं त्रालय तुरंत ही रेलवे-इं जन के �लए �बजली क� लाइन� �बछा द� इ�ािद.]
59.9.2 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 on Infra Finance

⇒ Blended Finance: We will set up new fund of fund. (FoF) with 20% govt share and 80% by
private fund managers. (Similar to NIIF model). This FoF will focus sunrise sectors such as
Climate Action, Deep-Tech, Digital Economy, Pharma and Agri-Tech
⇒ We'll issue sovereign Green Bonds to arrange money for green infrastructure. (ह�रत बु�नयादी
अवसं रचना �नमार्ण के �लए पैसा जमा करने के �लए सं प्रभु ह�रत बॉ� जारी िकए जाएं गे।)

⇒ National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) has been setup (Ref:
Pillar-1B1)
⇒ National Land Monetization Corporation (NLMC) has been setup (Ref: Pillar-2A1)
59.10(🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔🧔)😰😰PPP CHALLENGES (चुनौ�तयां)

While the PPP-led infrastructure sector witnessed boom before the American-Subprime Crisis
(2007-08) but afterwards facing following challenges:
1. Environment groups / Civil society protest / PILs → land acquisition difficult. जमीन सं पादन मु��ल
2. Fall in demand post subprime crisis → less cargo traffic in highways / seaport / airports etc. so
those developers wanted extension of toll collection period / loan restructuring / extra money to
finish remainder of projects but UPA’s coal scam, 2G scam and subsequent ‘policy paralysis’
where ministers, IAS & public sector bankers avoided taking decisions on any file due to fear of
media & courts → Time & cost overruns for the infra-developers → NPA problems. अलग-अलग
घोटालों के चलते ब�कों के कजर् वापस करने म� सम�ा
3. Crisis/Scams in IL&FS & other NBFCs in the infrastructure finance sector. �व�ीय घपले
4. In PPP projects the fees paid by the users may be higher than when the project was government
operated. Excessive reliance on PPP may eventually result in exclusion of poor persons from
infrastructure facilities. हर सु�वधा के �लए नाग�रक ने पैसा देना पड़ता है. गरीब आदमी को लाभ नहीं �मलता
5. Private players providing substandard services / construction material to keep bigger profit
margin. Solution? Performance / service audit. सड़क/हवाई अड्डे के �नमार्ण के दौरान मुनाफा �ादा रखने के �लए
घिटया िक� क� सामग्री
6. PPP not appropriate for small sized projects e.g. building a school.
7. In India, PPP model projects confined mostly to airports & highways. In other sectors, growth is
either mostly private sector led (e.g. Telecom / ICT) or mostly public sector led (e.g. Railways &
atomic energy) even though there is lot of scope for synergy. भारत म� कु छ �ेत्रों तक ही सी�मत है
8. Allegations of political connivance / crony capitalism where some firms given large number of
airports, without sufficient history / experience in this business. (प�पाती पूंजीवाद: गौतम अदाणी को हवाई
अड्डे चलाने का लं बा अनुभव नहीं है िफर भी उसको ब�त सारे प्रोजे� दे िदए गए ह�- एसा �वप� का आरोप)
59.11ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LAST 10 YEARS (2012-22)

Digital India 2014
Swachh Bharat Mission 2 Oct 2014
Smart cities, Amrut, PM-Aawas 2015

NIIF Fund 2015
MMDR Act 2015
UDAY Bonds 2015
DD Gram Jyoti 2015
PAHAL LPG 2015
Sagarmala 2015
PPP-Hybrid Annuit, GOCO 2016
PM Ujjwala LPG 1.0 2016
PM-Saubhagya 2017
Bharatmala Highway 2017
UDAN Airline 2017
Gram Swaraj Abhiyan 2018
Kusum Solar Pump 2019
National Mineral Policy 2019
MOTOR VEHICLE AMENDMENT ACT 2019
Nat Infra Pipeline Thu 15 Aug 2019
Pvt Rail Oct 2019
Swamitva Land Survey 2020
Mineral Laws (Amendment) 2020
MPLADS Suspend Apr 2020
BS-6 Emission Norms Wed 1 Apr 2020
PMAY-Rental Housing May 2020
Space Tech (IN-SPACe) Jun 2020
Panchayat Citizen charter 2021
PM Ujjwala LPG 2021
Vehicle Scrappage Policy 2021
National MONETISATION Pipeline Mon 1 Feb 2021
Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme Jun 2021
PM Gati Shakti Wed 15 Sep 2021
AGR Reform Oct 2021
Ordnance Factory Corporatized Oct 2021
AMRUT 2.0 Oct 2021
Urban areas to hv 40% pop & 75% GDP of India 2030
Glasgow target 500GW Renewable 2030
⇒ 2012: many paragraphs devoted to policy paralysis & project delays.
⇒ 2013: Carbon space and development space → 2016v2: “carbon imperialism"

⇒ 2013: 1) PPP renegotiations. Separate firms shd give used for construction vs maintaining/
running of the project. 2) Natural resources: % revenue sharing programs is better than profit
sharing.
⇒ 2014: Mines minerals auctioning process.
⇒ 2015: UNFCCC and Indian initiatives. Smart cities, Amrut, Hriday.
⇒ 2016: Appreciated oil excise as= “carbon tax”, but shied away from suggesting excise cut to boost
economy.
⇒ 2016: 1) “Proprietary cities” such as GIFT city and Jamshedpur (Tatanagar) have better services
than ULBs.2) Satellite imagery: Bangaluru and Jaipur ULBs are receiving less property tax than
the buildup area. (ES-2022- Similar GIS/GPS mapping focused again) 3) Directly elected mayor
less effective.
⇒ 2018: Inclusive Growth requires Affordable, Reliable and Sustainable Energy. (although in 2021-
changes the tone: Solar powered irrigation pumps it cause groundwater exploitation)
⇒ 2018: Data "Of the People, By the People, For the People". Integration of scattered public data
can help in crime detection, bogus beneficiaries elimination, timely prediction of rural distress.
Even suggested selling board exam result data to private coaching classes for targeted
advertisement.
⇒ 2018: From Swachh Bharat to Sunder Bharat via Swasth Bharat- behavioural change required for
continued use of toilets in rural area. Idea of cleanliness need to grow beyond “garbage & toilets”
to water, air and soil pollution. Crowdfunding and public private partnership necessary for
financing such initiatives.
⇒ 2019 & 2020: just the usual data about Highway railway etc & need to promote electric vehicle.
⇒ 2021-22: appreciation of initiatives like, 5G-AGR reform, national infrastructure pipeline (NIP),
national monetisation pipeline, PM Gati Shakti. NABFID
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: 1 railway station one product. Unified logistic platform ULIP. Carbon
neutral economy 5-7% biomass pellets, 280GW Solar, battery swapping for EV, Parvatmala
Ropeway. PMDevINE, vibrant village on northern borders, BharatNET PPP, blended finance
similar to NIIF
59.12 🧱🧱✍INFRA → CONCLUSION (सार / �न�षर्)

Infrastructure is a critical determinant of economic development. It has a direct bearing on
investment, manufacturing sector, logistics and productivity. Infrastructure is equally important for
social sectors - be it education or health. Therefore SDG Goal #9 focuses on building resilient &
sustainable infrastructure. [बु�नयादी अवसं रचना िकसी भी देश के आ�थक �वकास का एक मह�पूणर् �नधार्रक है। इसका सीधा
असर �नवेश, �व�नमार्ण �ेत्र, रसद आपू�त श्रृंखला, और उ�ादकता पर पड़ता है। सामा�जक �ेत्रों के �लए भी ये मह�पूणर् है - चाहे वह
�श�ा हो या �ा�। अत: सतत �वकास के �लए यह करना ज�री]
A. Aforementioned scheme / policy / initiative is important in that regard. OR

B. Aforementioned challenges need to be addressed on priority basis. OR अग्रता क्रम से
C. While the aforementioned XYZ, PPP-investment model may not be the panacea in every case
but it can surely help improving our infrastructure. - रामबाण इलाज नहीं लेिकन उपयोगी है

- GS1 Syllabus Topic: Urbanization: problems and remedies
- GS2 Syllabus Topic: Welfare Schemes (centre, states; performance, mechanisms)
- GS3 Syllabus Topic: Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, airports, railways); Investment models
59.13.1 Economics Optional ke handpicked Qs

1) “The link between infrastructure and development is not a once for all affair. It is a continuous
process.” Elucidate and comment briefly on the adequacy of infrastructural facilities in India.
2) Point out the critical elements in typical Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) agreements in the
infrastructure projects to safeguard he interests of the public.
3) What policies would you suggest to combat negative environmental externalities?
4) Discuss the recent initiatives for augmenting power generation in India.
59.13.2 Mains Mock Questions from these topics

1. “Construction of toilets is only “one part” of the solution for a clean India.” Elaborate. ("शौचालय
�नमार्ण, �� भारत के �लए समाधान का के वल एक ही िह�ा है।" �व�ृत �ा�ा कर� |)
2. Discuss the significance of Panchayat Citizen Charter and Tax Payers Charter in furthering good
governance in India. [पं चायत नाग�रक अ�धकार पत्र और करदाता अ�धकार पत्र का सुशासन म� मह�]
3. Discuss the significance of Rental homes in providing affordable housing to all in urban areas.
What has been done by government in this regard in the recent years? शहरी �ेत्रों म� सभी को िकफायती
आवास प्रदान करने म� िकराये के घरों के मह� पर चचार् कर� . हाल के वष� म� इस सं बंध म� सरकार द्वारा �ा िकया गया है
4. "India stands to gain a lot from the global 5G revolution." Elaborate (“भारत,वै��क 5 जी क्रां�त से ब�त
कु छ हा�सल करने के �लए प�रप� है। ”�व�ृत �ा�ा कर� | )
5. Mobile Telecom industry in India has been facing challenges in recent times. What has been
done by government of India to address their grievances? [भारत का मोबाइल टेलीकॉम �ेत्र कु छ सम�ाओं से
जूझ रहा है, उसके �नपटान के �लए सरकार ने �ा िकया है?]
6. “Aggregation of public data holds a variety of applications for good governance.” Substantiate
with examples.("सावर्ज�नक डाटा का सम�यन- सुशासन के �लए कई प्रकार क� उपयो�गता रखता है।" सउदाहरण अपने कथन
क� पु�� कर� | )
7. “Public data is as important for good governance as national highways are for economic
growth.” Discuss. ("सावर्ज�नक डाटा सुशासन के �लए उतना ही मह�पूणर् है �जतना िक रा�ी� य राजमागर् आ�थक �वकास के
�लए है ।" चचार् कर�।)
8. Discuss the significance of National Infrastructure Pipeline, National Monetisation Plan and Gati
Shakti in augmenting the infrastructure development of India. [बु�नयादी अवसर इतना �नमार्ण म� इन तीनों का
मह�]

59.13.3 ✍ 🎺🎺 Mains previous years’ questions from these topics
"Investment in infrastructure is essential for a more rapid & inclusive economic growth." 2021
Discuss in the light of India's experience. (250 words) "तीव्रतर एवं समावेशी आ�थक सं वृ�द्ध के �लए
आधा�रक-अवसं रचना म� �नवेश आव�क है।" भारतीय अनुभव क� प�रप्रे� म� �ववेचना क��जए। Ans. Ans. Free
Special Class
Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss 2020
the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public
entity and a private entity. (एक अथर्�व�ा म� पूँजी �नमार्ण के �प म� �व�नयोग के अथर् क� �ा�ा क��जए. उन
कारकों क� �ववेचना क��जए, �जन पर एक सावर्ज�नक एवं एक �नजी �नकाय के म� �रआयत (कॉनसेशन एग्रीमे�) तैयार
करते समय �वचार िकया जाना चािहए) Ans. Free Special Class
Explain how private public partnership agreements, in longer gestation infrastructure 2014
projects, can transfer unsustainable liabilities to the future. What arrangements need to be
put in place to ensure that successive generations’ capacities are not compromised? �नजी-
सावर्ज�नक भागीदारी,समझौते (तथा), दीघर्कालीन अवसं रचना प�रयोजनाए, भ�व� मे देनदा�रयों को कै से �ानांत�रत कर
सकती ह�। भावी पीिढ़यों क� �मताओं से समझौता न िकया जाए इसे सु�न��त करने के �लए �ा �व�ा करने क�
आव�कता है ? समझाए ? (Ans. Similar to 2020-walla Q given above)
Adaptation of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free 2013
from criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model.
देश के बु�नयादी ढांचे के �वकास के �लए �नजी-सावर्ज�नक भागीदारी / पीपीपी मॉडल का अंगीकरण आलोचना से मु� नहीं
�आ है। पीपीपी मॉडल के प� एवं �वप� पर आलोचना�क चचार् कर�।
Examine the developments of Airports in India through Joint Ventures under Public- 2017
Private Partnership(PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this
regard. (�नजी-सावर्ज�नक भागीदारी (पीपीपी) मॉडल के अ�गर्त सं यु� उद्यम के मा�म से भारत म� होने वाले हवाई
अड्डों के �वकास का परी�ण कर�। इस सं बंध म� प्रा�धका�रयों को िकस प्रकार क� चुनौ�तयों का सामना करना पड़ रहा है?)
📑📑Next Pillar6: Human Resource Development (HRD)

ECONOMY MAINS AIRPODS PILLAR#6A-DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND HUNGER
Table of Contents
60 Selected Model Answers.................................................................................................................... 225
60.1 Human capital formation ............................................................................................................. 225
60.1.1 Human capital factors affecting .......................................................................................... 225
60.1.2 Importance of Human Capital in Economic development: ........................................... 226
60.2 Poverty Program fail- why? ......................................................................................................... 226
60.3 Subsidies for inclusive growth ..................................................................................................... 228
60.4 Economic growth yes but inequality also high.......................................................................... 229
60.4.1 Features of inclusive growth: ............................................................................................... 230
60.4.2 Inter-generational inequality @Pollution (प्रदू षण) ............................................................. 231
60.4.3 Inter-generational inequality @family (एक पीढ़ी से दू सरी पीढ़ी के बीच) ................................... 231
60.4.4 Parents' Property and wealth (Economic Capital) मां-बाप क� आ�थक पूंजी .......................... 231
60.4.5 Inequality @Sp Cat & NE States .......................................................................................... 231
60.4.6 Inequality (within similar age) → Gender ........................................................................ 232
60.4.7 Inequality@world (Sweden versus Nigeria) ...................................................................... 232
60.4.8 Conclusion- Preamble, SDG ............................................................................................... 232
60.5 Economic development: complementary role of market versus State .................................. 233
61 👫👫HRD → Population Census (जनगणना) ...................................................................................... 235

61.1 👫👫👫👫Demographic Indicators (जनसां��क� सं केतक)................................................................... 235
61.1.1 💊💊💉💉💉💉 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) ....................................................... 235
62 💊💊 HRD → Health (�ा�) .............................................................................................................. 236

62.1.1 �💊💊💉💉 [YEARBOOK] Ministry of Health And Family Welfare ............................ 237
62.2 💊💊 → Mother & Child Healthcare (🤰🤰🤰🤰).............................................................................. 237
62.2.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS-1975) .................... 238
62.2.2 🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰 → WCD Ministry’s 3 Umbrella Schemes in 2021 ................................. 239
62.2.3 Saksham Anganwadis in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 ................................................................... 239
62.3 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → Ayushman Bharat & PMJAY ₹ 5 lakh insurance ............................................ 239
Mrunal Mains Airpods: GSM3: Pillar#6: HRD → Page 221

62.3.1 💸💸💸🍽🍽15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (�ेत्र-�व�श� अनुदान)-Health ....................... 240
62.4 🤒🤒ES21vol1Ch5 on Healthcare problems-Solutions .............................................................. 241
62.5 📙📙📙📙ES22 Barbell strategy/Agile Response vs Waterfall strategy ........................................ 241
62.5.1 💊💊✍→ Conclusion-Template-Health? (�न�षर्) .......................................................... 241
62.6 🍴🍴 HRD → Health → Hunger, Malnutrition, Food Security ................................................. 242
62.6.1 🍴🍴 �[YEARBOOK] Min. of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution ........... 243
62.6.2 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → National Food Security Act 2013 (खाद्य सुर�ा कानून) .............. 243
62.6.3 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯:💳💳 → Hunger → NFSA → One Nation One Ration Card......................... 243
62.6.4 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → Food distribution reforms taken by Govt.................................... 244

62.6.5 Fortification of Rice (चावल क� िकलेबंदी) ................................................................................ 244
62.6.6 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → NFSA → ES20 says ⏬number of beneficiaries ....................... 244
62.6.7 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)- free grains
in Corona ................................................................................................................................................. 245
62.6.8 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Corona: other initiatives for cooking / hunger? ................................ 245
62.6.9 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Poshan Abhiyaan (2018) ............. 245
62.6.10 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021) .......... 246
62.6.11 🍴🍴🍴🍴 → Ranking: Global Hunger Index (GHI: वै��क भूख/�ुधा सूचकांक) ......................... 247
62.6.12 🍴🍴🍴🍴 ✍→ Conclusion-Template-Hunger? (�ुधा - �न�षर्) .......................................... 247
63 📐📐HRD → Education (�श�ा) ........................................................................................................... 247

63.1.1 📐📐📐[YEARBOOK] Notable Schools funded by Union .............................................. 248
63.2 �📯📯📯📯New education policy 2020 (नई �श�ा नी�त) ............................................................... 248
63.2.1 ✍NEP-2020: Introduction (प�रचय)................................................................................... 248
63.2.2 🏫🏫Education: Schooling → Curriculum changed (�ू ली पाठ्यक्रम म� बदलाव) ................... 249
63.2.3 �Education: Higher (उ� �श�ा) ......................................................................................... 250
63.2.4 🤑🤑NEP-2020: Funding (�श�ा �ेत्र के �लए �व�पोषण) .............................................................. 250
63.2.5 👿👿NEP-2020: Criticism (नई रा��ीय �श�ा नी�त के �खलाफ आलोचना/�नंदा) .................................. 251
63.2.6 ✍NEP-2020: Conclusion (�श�ा नी�त के बारे म� �न�षर्) ......................................................... 251
63.3 📐📐😋😋😋😋😋😋😋😋 Edu → Std1-8 → PM Poshan (2021-2026) ............................................. 251

63.4 📐📐📯📯📯📯 Edu → Std1-8 ............................................................................................................ 252
63.5 Edu (📐📐📐📐) → Rankings for School Education ..................................................................... 254

63.5.1 Annual Status of Education Report ASER Report by NGO Pratham ........................... 254
63.5.2 📐📐🤳🤳 Edu → Misc: Girl students / girl scientists ......................................................... 254
63.6 📐📐 ✍ Conclusion-Template-Education: ................................................................................ 255
64 💇💇💇 HRD → Skilling, Vocational Training, Recruitment ..................................................... 255

64.1 (💇💇💇)📯📯📯📯 Skill India Campaign (2015: कौशल भारत अ�भयान) ........................................... 256
64.1.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻(💇💇💇)Skilling → Post Corona / Atma-Nirbhar...................................... 257
64.2 (💇💇💇)✍ Conclusion-Template-Skill (कौशल �वकास के बारे म� �न�षर्) ..................................... 257
65 🤲🤲💸💸 HRD → Poverty (गरीबी) ........................................................................................................ 258

65.1.1 🤲🤲🤲🤲🤲🤲Vicious Circle of Poverty (गरीबी का दुष्चक्र/�वषचक्र) ............................................ 260
65.1.2 🤲🤲💸💸📏📏 deshi methods → 📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊 Bare Necessities Index (BNI) By

📙📙📙📙ES21 ............................................................................................................................................... 260
65.1.3 📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊 BNI index Findings (सूचकांक से �ा त� सामने आए?) .................................... 262
65.1.4 📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊 ✍BNI index Analysis: Conclusion / Significance? [�न�षर् /मह�] ....... 262
65.2 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 ⏫Economic Growth to ⏬poverty says 📙📙📙📙ES21 ............................... 263
65.2.1 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 Trickle Down in China [आ�थक वृ�द्ध का नीचे क� ओर टपकना] ...................... 264
65.2.2 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 Moderate Inequality =NOT BAD! Says ES21 ..................................... 264
65.2.3 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 Conclusion: Eco Growth⏫ → Poverty⏬ ....................................... 264
65.3 🤲🤲💸💸 Poverty → Poverty Removal (गरीबी उ�ूलन)................................................................... 265
65.4 🤲🤲🤲🤲:📯📯📯📯 Poverty Removal → MGNREGA (2005) ....................................................... 265
65.4.1 🤲🤲🤲🤲:📯📯📯📯 Poverty Removal → MGNREGA Problems/Corruption ................... 266
65.4.2 🤳🤳MGNREGA: Use of JAM-DBT..................................................................................... 267
65.4.3 🤳🤳MGNREGA: Use of Space technology (अंत�र� प्रौद्यो�गक� का उपयोग) ............................. 267
65.4.4 🤳🤳MGNREGA: Use of Apps .............................................................................................. 267
65.4.5 📔📔📔📔 MGNREGA: Future suggestion by ES19? (अ� सुझाव दी�जए) ................................ 267
65.5 🤲🤲🤲🤲:📯📯📯📯 Poverty Removal → Directly give ₹ ₹ → UBI, E-Rupi ............................... 268
65.6 🤲🤲🤲🤲:✍→ Conclusion-Template-Poverty (�न�षर्- गरीबी �नवारण) ....................................... 268

66 ☪✝HRD/EDU → Weaker Section → Minorities, SC/ST ........................................................... 268
66.1 ☪✝ Minorities (अ�सं �क समुदाय) ................................................................................................. 268
66.2 HRD/EDU → Weaker Section → Scheduled Tribes (ST) ...................................................... 269
66.2.1 �[YEARBOOK] Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment..................................... 270
67 👩👩 HRD/EDU → Weaker Section → Women & Children ....................................................... 270

67.1 👩👩👩→ Constitutional Provisions (सं वैधा�नक सं र�ण) .................................................................... 271
67.2 👩👩👩→ Legal Provisions (कानूनी सं र�ण) ......................................................................................... 272
67.3 👶👶>👧👧 Son-Meta Preference (पुत्री के बाद पुत्र क� चाह).................................................................. 273
67.3.1 👶👶>👧👧= Son Meta Preference: why bad? ....................................................................... 273
67.3.2 👣👣👣👣 JAYA Jaitley Task Force for ⏫marriage age 4girls .......................................... 273
67.3.3 👩👩👩📯📯📯📯- 3 Umbrella Schemes to cover all women schemes .................................... 273
67.3.4 👩👩👩✍ Women / Gender Development: Conclusion-Template (�न�षर्) ........................ 274

67.4 HRD/EDU → Weaker Section: child, PH, Elderly, Drug Addicts, LGBTQ ........................ 274
68 ��
� � 🌿🌿 Human Development & Sustainable Development ..................................................... 274
68.1 📊📊📊📊 UNDP’s Human Development Report (मानव �वकास �रपोटर्) ........................................... 275
68.1.1 📊📊📊📊✍Human Development: Conclusion-Template (�न�षर्) .................................... 280
69 🌱🌱 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)................................................................................... 281

69.1 🌱🌱 📔📔📔📔ES21 on SDG & Environment ................................................................................... 281
69.1.1 📙📙📙📙ES21 Climate Change damages Indian economy [जलवायु प�रवतर्न से भारतीय अथर्तंत्र को
ख़तरा] 281
69.1.2 📙📙📙📙ES21: Climate Risk & Pandemic Risk Insurance need to be encouraged ......... 281
69.1.3 📙📙📙📙ES21: solar energy misused for groundwater exploitation .................................. 282
69.2 🌱🌱 SDG Goals vs India’s Notable Schemes .............................................................................. 282
69.2.1 🌱🌱✍SDG: Conclusion-Template (�न�षर्) ......................................................................... 286

69.3 Economic Surveys of last 10 years (2012-22) ............................................................................ 287
69.4 ✍🎺🎺 Mains Answer Writing: Poverty, Hunger, Social Sectors .......................................... 288
69.4.1 Economics Optional Handpicked Qs ................................................................................ 288
69.4.2 ✍🎺🎺 GSM1 Syllabus: Poverty, Population; Development & associated issues ....... 290
69.4.3 ✍🎺🎺 GSM2 Syllabus: Poverty & hunger issues/गरीबी और भुखमरी के मुद्दे ........................ 290

69.4.4 ✍🎺🎺 GSM2 Syllabus: Schemes for Social Sectors ........................................................ 292
69.4.5 ✍🎺🎺 GSM2 Syllabus: Schemes for Social Sectors → Education .............................. 294
69.4.6 ✍🎺🎺 Mains Answer Writing: Inclusive Growth .......................................................... 294
69.4.7 ✍🎺🎺 Mains Answer Writing: Women Development ................................................. 295
60 SELECTED MODEL ANSWERS

60.1 HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION
Q) Define human capital. Examine its importance in the process of economic development. मानव पूंजी
को प�रभा�षत क��जए। आ�थक �वकास क� प्रिक्रया म� इसके मह� का परी�ण क��जए। (Optional-Economics-1997)
- Define: Human capital is the knowledge, skills, and health of people. These intangible assets help
the person become a productive member of the society.
- human capital is acquired by investing in nutrition, health care, quality education, social
infrastructure etc.
- (significance) human capital helps ending poverty and creating more inclusive societies.
- Demographic dividend: occurs when the working age population is higher than the proportion of
children and elderly. जनसांज�क�य लाभांश= ब�े और बुजुग� क� अनुपात म� युवा वगर् क� सं �ा �ादा हो → उन सब क�
मजदू री से GDP ⏫बढ़ा सकते ह�
- (DATA): India’s demographic dividend will peak around 2041, when the share of the working-age
population (20-59 years) will be 59%. चरम पर होगा. िफर आबादी बूढी होने लगेगी
- To reap this dividend, Indian population needs to healthy, educated and skilled. �� पढ़ी-�लखी और
कु शल युवा आबादी हो तो ही जनसं �ा क� लाभांश �मल सकता है.

60.1.1 Human capital factors affecting
Factor explanation
Person/Parents/Peers Education levels, Skills, income, value sets.
personal traits Innovation and Creativity, Emotional intelligence
Location / Geography/socio- difficult to acquire human capital in Manipur because of the
political-economic situation of frequent road blockade. Ethiopia / Rwanda / Somalia because civil
a place wars hunger famine etc.
surrounding physical
atmosphere Air/Noise/Water Pollution/Slums/Garbage/Crime/Disasters.

surrounding emotional domestic violence at home. discrimination in neighbourhood,
atmosphere school, workplace against SC/ST/Women/PH/LGBTQ
60.1.2 Importance of Human Capital in Economic development:
Human Capital indicator Implication on the economic development
Emotional intelligence Compassion, empathy for weaker Section. Environment
protection, combating global warming, air-noise-water pollution,
focusing on sustainable development.
IPR, Patents, innovations. New medicines, Technologies to increase the life expectancy.
Reducing the drudgery of women (e.g. washing machines)
Reducing the hardship of PH
Education, Skill Inequality reduction, economic opportunities for all. Improved
capital output ratio, Higher output for the amount of Raw
material, capital investment increase the GDP→⬆tax
collection→⬆ welfare schemes.
Educated parents are likely to focus on child education→⬇child
labour.
Educated parents likely to do family planning→Population
control, associated benefits.
Educated women →⬆ LFPR of Women, political participation
etc.
Thus human capital increases both economic prosperity as well as equality, social well-being- all of
which contribute to economic development. Thus, need of the hour is assign maximum attention to
human capital formation in India for 1) SDG 2) achieving developed nation tag by 2047.
60.2 POVERTY PROGRAM FAIL- WHY?
Q) The various anti-poverty programmes have not achieved the desired socio-economic progress in
India. Write down your broad based assessment of their weaknesses. (�व�भ� गरीबी-�वरोधी कायर्क्रमों के
बावजूद भारत ने उ�ीद के मुता�बक़ सामा�जक-आ�थक प्रग�त हा�सल नहीं क� है। उनक� कमजो�रयों के आकलन को �ल�खए)
- Definition: Poverty is the lack of sufficient money to meet the minimum standard of living-
including food, clothing, shelter, health and education. भोजन, कपड़े, आश्रय, �ा� और �श�ा सिहत
जीवन के �ूनतम �र को पूरा करने के �लए पयार्� धन/पैसों क� कमी को गरीबी कहेते है।
- notable programmes for poverty removal are given in the following Chart:

MGNREGA − MGNREGA: 100 days of unskilled work in villages. Corruption.
Delayed payment. Insufficient payment.
− Doesn’t equip person with skills to find permanent job/biz.
NRLM/NULM: − self employment training provided under the programme is not
fulfilling the requirement of real life economy.
− Total Addressable Market (TAM) = maximum customer size for a
particular product. The number of SHG given training for
handmade soap, agarbatti, handcraft, solar-charkha viz a viz the
TAM is not balanced.
− SHG made Products cannot compete with the MNC-FMCG giants-
considering the finishing in advertisement branding and packaging
supply chain management and quality control.
Administration − Generalist IAS officers and District administration staff not having
suitable skill set for employment generation schemes.
− They are burdened many different responsibilities they can’t give
undivided attention to poverty removal programmes.
− Need to recruit more officials, but government fiscal capacity
limited.
PRI/ULB − elected officials not playing proactive role in design and
implementation of the schemes.
Over centralisation − top down approach, rigid rules, localised customised solutions not
offered. e.g. MGNREGA use of machinery and contractor not
allowed and then high-quality asset cannot be created.
corruption/leakage − inclusion error: non-poor given subsidy. SECC - many families did
not disclose their assets truthfully so they get treated as poor.
− exclusion errors: poor not given subsidy.

others − lack of ration card / farm-land ownership document: deprives
person from availing the scheme benefits
− Farm-loans thru cooperative Bank: casteism, corruption, scams.
budget constrain − Limited fiscal resources of the government → amount of subsidy not
enough to ‘truly’ help poor person for self-employment schemes.
60.3 SUBSIDIES FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH

- Q) Write a note on subsidies contributing to achievement of inclusive growth in India (भारत म� समोवेशी
�वकास म� योगदान करने वाली स��डी के बारे म� चचार् करे।)
- (Definition) inclusive growth is an economic growth that is distributed fairly across the society and
creates opportunity for everyone.
- (Definition) A subsidy is a benefit given by the government to reduce some type of burden. e.g. PM
KISAN Scheme - ₹6,000 per year to farmers.
- (Data) Annually Government of India spends > 3 lakh crore on food + fertiliser + petroleum
subsidies which amounts to 1.2% of GDP.
- Notable subsidies are:

Subsidy How it helps in inclusive growth?
Food Subsidy Good for combating malnutrition.
Education Subsidy economic empowerment, democratic awakening against social ills.
Export Subsidy economic empowerment
Housing Subsidy crime disease and disaster protection.
Diesel subsidy bad. LPG subsidy good- to Control air pollution and drudgery
Fuel Subsidy of women.
good if given for improving supply chain management. Bad if given too much
Transport Subsidy for populism / cross-subsidisation = losses for the railway.
good if given for encouraging education and economic activity. But farm loan
Interest Subsidy waiver bad.
Insurance
premium subsidy good for health care of poor people, protecting farmers from crop loss.
good if given to encourage household savings, business expansion. Bad if given
Tax Subsidy for vote bank populism e.g. 12500 rebate on income tax.
- Thus, It is abundantly clear that subsidies serve an important role in achieving the socio-economic
goals of the Indian Welfare State.

- However, they should not be treated as a panacea.
- Because, fiscal profligacy is also required.
- India's tax:GDP ratio is not big enough to give subsidy to everyone everywhere.
- Subsidies are not a silver bullet solution and a multitude of strategies should be followed to achieve
inclusive growth and social justice in India- be it legal reforms, governance reforms, infrastructure
development and change of mindset among conservative elements of the society.

60.4 ECONOMIC GROWTH YES BUT INEQUALITY ALSO HIGH
- Q) India’s economic growth is associated with rising inequality. How does it happen and what
actions need to be taken to mitigate the problem? (भारत क� आ�थक वृ�द्ध के साथ असमानता भी बढ़ रही है। यह कै से
होता है और सम�ा को कम करने के �लए �ा कदम उठाने क� आव�कता है?)
- Barring Corona, Indian economy has witnessed 6-8% GDP growth in recent years.
- However, Inequality too is high in India. richest 10% of Indians own more than 70% of the
country’s wealth. More than 70% of Indians have personal wealth below $10,000- says Global
wealth report.
- (Definition) Inclusive growth is the economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and
creates opportunities for all. (OECD definition).आ�थक �वकास को �ाय पूणर् तरीके से समाज म� बांटना
- (Definition) “Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (UN’s
Brundtland Commission on Environment & Development)

Edu / skill - high-paying jobs require command over English, computer, degree from
a decent college but because of the population explosion / poor - school
infra: everyone cannot get this. Many dropout from school without
completing higher education.
Good jobs - Post-LPG reform: economic growth came from IT/BPO/service sector →
missing only the highly educated Indians could find jobs.
- most of the villagers / migrant workers in petty low-paying jobs.
- non-enforcement of the minimum wage in factories.
- Jobs are created but mostly informal/unorganised sector jobs.
- denial of social security benefits to informal/unorganised workers.
FDI not in - FDI investment came into sectors that are not capable of providing
labour employment to very large population e.g. Pharma, Entertainment.
intensive - FDI in E-commerce helped in job creation = yes but gig workers denied
sectors social security benefits / minimum wages.

Agri - significant population employed in agriculture sector but not getting
enough money despite good harvest because of APMC problems.
Rent-seeking - rent seeking behaviour by private schools, private hospitals. Inflation in
fuel, home rent etc = middle-class family not able to save enough money
to feel more prosperity.
Fiscal - Rich people, companies engaged in tax avoidance and tax evasion →
resources National income has grown but redistribution not happening effectively
because tax:GDP is barely 10-11%
- < you can add more arguments regarding the poor fiscal capacity from
Pillar#2: Black Money >
Saliency bias - Government schemes mostly focused on short-term revenue subsidies for
electoral benefit rather than long-term capital infrastructure development
projects e.g. Schools highways and hospitals.
Leakage - inclusion error: non-poor given subsidy. SECC - many families did not
disclose their assets truthfully so they get treated as poor.
- exclusion errors: poor not given subsidy.
Fin inclusion - Lack of financial inclusion, financial planning among poor people.
Governance - governance issues, terrorism, extremism hampering the fruits of
development from reaching to some states of India.
Discrimination - Social barriers against SC/ST specially when they want to start business in
village.
- patriarchal mindset against women = LFPR not optimal.
- maternity benefit and glass ceiling Problems against women → many of
them dropout from jobs to take care of family.
- Men can progress better than women due to obstacles of marriage, child-
rearing, and social bias
60.4.1 Features of inclusive growth:
- Minimal inequality in income- आय म� असमानता कम
- life expectancy जीवन प्र�ाशा
- education �श�ा
- economic opportunities आ�थक अवसर
- standard of living & other indicators- जीवन �र और अ� सं केतक
- between the rich vs poor
- urban vs rural
- male vs female
- unreserved categories vs SC/ST/OBC/PH/Transgenders.

60.4.2 Inter-generational inequality @Pollution (प्रदू षण)
- Green Revolution (ह�रत क्रां�त) → Overuse of urea, fertilizers and pesticides → Soil & water
pollution → Blue Baby Syndrome / Physical deformity in the younger generation.
- For decades Kerala farmers & Plantation owners used endosulfan pesticides (क�टनाशक) in an
unsafe manner → Soil water pollution → Childrens born with deformities.
- Such physically challenged people face many difficulties competing against able-bodied
persons from their own age group.

60.4.3 Inter-generational inequality @family (एक पीढ़ी से दू सरी पीढ़ी के बीच)
- Fair allocation of resources and opportunities from the previous generation to future
generation.
- Inequality perpetuates over the generations depending on:
- Lack of financial inclusion in Eastern India → informal money lenders → children continue
to be burdened with their parents debts → Bonded labourers, Child labours. It also damages
them psychologically and inhibits their ambition to progress in life. �व�ीय समावेशन ना होने के चलते
अनौपचा�रक सा�कारों से पैसा कजर् �लया ब�े भी मां-बाप का कजर् चुकाने के �लए बाल मजदू री म� लगे मनोवै�ा�नक मह�ाकां�ा
खो देते ह� जीवन म� आगे नहीं बढ़ पाते

60.4.4 Parents' Property and wealth (Economic Capital) मां-बाप क� आ�थक पूंजी
- Parents' investment in education & health (Human Capital- Access to E-learning, coaching)
मानव पूंजी - �श�ा और �ा�
- Parents' Location (rural, NE, Sp.Cat states- Access to clean water, 24/7 electricity, internet etc)-
�रहायशी इलाका �� पानी �बजली इं टरनेट क� सु�वधा
- Parents' habits, cultural practices, and social norms (Social Capital- Patriarchy, Biased against
SC/ST, Political dynasty, business tycoon) सामा�जक पूंजी �पतृस�ा�क प�रवार, �पछड़े समुदाय से भेदभाव,
राजनी�तक वं श
- New born child does not have control over his/her race, gender, birthplace, or parents’
education/income. But the child will suffer as a result of above things. नवजात �शशु अपना �लंग या ज�
�ान या जाती �नधार्�रत नहीं कर सकता िकंतु �पछली पीढ़ी के अमीरों के सामने वह गरीब ही रहेगा
60.4.5 Inequality @Sp Cat & NE States
- For many decades since independence → Planning Commission continued to send large ₹₹
to NE & Sp.Cat states वष� तक योजना आयोग ने करोड़ों �पए भेज�

- yet due to corruption, mis-governance, Extremism → fruits of development could not reach
the poor people. िकंतु भ्र�ाचार कु शासन उग्रवाद के चलते �वकास के फल गरीबों तक नहीं प�ंचे
- Even today the new generation continues to suffer. e.g. Number of startup registered in
Western and Northern India >> Eastern India पूव� भारत म� नए �ाटर्अप के पं जीकरण क� सं �ा ब�त कम
- Poor people destroy their immediate environment to survive: cut down forests; poaching,
overfishing, overgrazing by livestock, Illegal overground mining,. ऐसे गरीब लोग अपने पयार्वरण को
नुकसान प�ंचाते ह� दै�नक जीवन यापन के �लए पेड़ काटते ह�, जानवरों का �शकार, अवैध खनन, म�� मारी का अ�तरेक।
60.4.6 Inequality (within similar age) → Gender
- Fair allocation of resources and opportunities within the same generation.
- Inequality perpetuates here depending on Gender:
- Son meta-preference. Parents continue to produce children until they get a boy.बेटी से �ादा बेटे
क� चाह
- Such elder daughters Neglected in health, education, married off early- cannot pursue
educational & career opportunities.भोजन �ा� म� बेिटयों को नजरअंदाज करना
- Wage difference between men and women even for equal work. समान कायर् के �लए समान आमदनी नहीं
- Number of women heading government / large corporations. सरकार और कॉरपोरेट जगत के उ� पदों
पर मिहलाओं क� कमी
60.4.7 Inequality@world (Sweden versus Nigeria)
- USA, EU & other developed nations
- 1) Exploited the resources of the colonies until decolonization (उप�नवेशवाद का �वघटन होने तक उ�ोंने
कॉलोनी से सं साधन लूटे)
- 2) utilised the coal based energy for industrial development. (कोयला जलाकर �बजली बनाई �जससे अपना
आ�थक �वकास िकया)
- Consequently their present generations had much better access to education, finance and
infrastructure than people of the same age in developing countries. (उनक� भावी पीिढ़यां भारत या
अफ्रीका के भावी पीिढ़यों से �ादा �वक�सत ही है)

60.4.8 Conclusion- Preamble, SDG
- The Preamble of our constitution promises social, economic and political JUSTICE (सं �वधान के
आमुख म� सामा�जक आ�थक और राजनी�तक �ाय देने क� बात)

- SDG Goal #10 Require the governments to ⏬ inequalities within and among the countries.
(देश के भीतर और �व� के अलग-अलग देशों के बीच भी और समानता को कम करना है सतत �वकास ल�)
- Need of the hour to address above-mentioned challenges / To fight them on war footing, (उ�
चीजों पर अग्रता क्रम से �ान देना ज�री)

60.5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: COMPLEMENTARY ROLE OF MARKET VERSUS STATE
- Q. Explain why the market and the State have complementary roles in economic development.
(optional economics) बताएं िक आ�थक �वकास म� बाजार और रा� क� पूरक भू�मका �ों है?
Economic measures the ⏫ in the production of goods and services in a country. (📐📐आ�थक
वृ�द्ध : �सफर् उ�ादन म� बढ़ोतरी)
growth
measures whether economic growth has resulted in improving the quality of life &
Economic
the socioeconomic structure of the country? (आ�थक �वकास: जीवन �र म� सुधार)
development
is an institution formed by people that exercises permanent power within a
The State
specified territory.
is an institution that controls voluntary transaction between buyers and sellers.
Market
- how much freedom and authority is provided to the State vs market- depends on capitalist,
socialist or mixed economic system.
- Both State and Market play an important role in economic development of a country in
following manner
State Market
Supply of goods and Regulate the prices, supply essential State alone cannot supply for
services goods at cheaper price using PSUs the goods and services e.g.
hospitals, schools. So, market
fulfills the gap
Job creation Provides government jobs, regulate Government alone cannot
minimum wages and worker welfare in provide government jobs to
private industry everyone due to limited fiscal
resources. So, market fulfills
the gap
Redistribution of State levies taxes on the market and use Market provide job and
national income it for welfare scheme. State provides tax income opportunities for
and subsidy incentives to the companies everyone irrespective of caste
to setup factories in NE/Sp.category gender or religion.
states.
Economic growth State ensures that production does not Free market Enterprises try to
and SDG damage the environment / cause excess produce maximum output

State Market
pollution= clean air water and soil→ within the available capital
economic development. men material and resources =
economic growth.
Access to energy State ensures that electricity is available State owned electricity
at affordable prices to poor/farmers. companies alone cannot fulfil
State takes steps to encourage Renewable the energy requirement. So,
energy. market fulfills the gap. 24/7
electricity improves Education
Hospital e-commerce etc =
economic development.
PPP also required State alone does not have enough Market / private sector helps
for economic financial resources / technical expertise the State in development of
development to develop infrastructure - highways, such infrastructure through
airports, shipping ports hospitals and public-private partnership
electricity power plants everywhere. (PPP)
Conclusion
- Thus, both the state and the market play complimentary roles in economic development.
However complete freedom to market is not desirable because it may increase the profiteering,
inequality of income and exploitation of the workers.
- Complete control of the state is not desirable but because it may reduce the responsiveness to
the customers, product creativity and innovation.
- Both the market and the state need to coexist and work together for economic development.

61 👫👫HRD → POPULATION CENSUS (जनगणना)
61.1 👫👫👫👫DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS (जनसां��क� सं के तक)
61.1.1 💊💊💉💉💉💉 National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

- Who? Health Ministry’s International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai.
- NFHS done 5 times: 1992–93, 1998–99, 2005–06, 2015–16, & 2019-21(NFHS-5)
Major Findings from NHFS-5
- All India level: Total fertility rate has declined: 2.7 children (2005). This TFR ⏬ to 2.2 (2015)
and now ⏬ 2.0 (as per latest NFHS). (अ�खल भारतीय �र पर मिहलाओं के कु ल प्रजनन दर म� कमी आयी है.)
- But, still TFR>2.1 in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh. (हालाँिक कु छ रा�ों म�
अभी भी मिहला कु ल प्रजनन दर �ादा है)
- Overall usage increased for Contraceptive’s usage, Vaccine usages⏫, institutional births,
breast-feeding, women bank accounts, women mobile phones (इनम� बढ़ोतरी �ई है: गभर्�नरोधक-साधनो का
उपयोग, टीकाकरण, प्रसव अ�ताल म�, ब�ों का �नपान, मिहलाओं के ब�क खाते और मिहलाओं के मोबाइल फ़ोन)
- ⏬child malnutrition but change is not significant as drastic changes in respect of these
indicators are unlikely in short span period. (बाल कु पोषण थोड़ा-सा/ह�ा सा कम �आ है, लेिकन बहोत प्रभावी
असर अभी तक नहीं देखी गई, �ोंिक ये कु छ सम�ाएँ है �जसम� कम अव�ध/ छोटे समय म� ज़ोरदार सुधार नहीं िदख सकता।)
- Anaemia among children and women continues to be a cause of concern. (मिहला और बालको म�
अनी�मया �चंता का �वषय अभी भी है।)

62 💊💊 HRD → HEALTH (�ा�)
SDG Goal#3: Ensure Healthy Lives & Promote Well-being For All
India’s Baseline (आधार रे खा) India’s SDG-Target-2030 (ल�)
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR per 1 lakh Reduce to 70: Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu
live births): 130. मातृ मृ�ु अनुपात achieved. While UP, Assam etc. have 200+ deaths
Under-5 Child Mortality Rate (per 1000 live Reduce to 11: Only Kerala achieved so far (7)
birth): 50. बाल मृ�ु दर
Annual Reported TB cases per 1 lakh Reduce to 0
population: 138
No. of Govt doctors , nurses and midwives per Increase to 550: Only Kerala achieved so far
1,00,000 population: 221 (700)
SDG Goal #3 (health) also requires nations to reduce road accidents, alcohol and tobacco abuse,
mental-illness, and end HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis and other communicable diseases. However,
India has not put any quantifiable targets for that. (हमने अपनी औकात के िहसाब से ल�ांक चुने है. )

62.1.1 �💊💊💉💉 [YEARBOOK] Ministry of Health And Family Welfare
62.2 💊💊 → MOTHER & CHILD HEALTHCARE (🤰🤰🤰🤰)
SDG Goal#3 requires- मातृ मृ�ुदर और बाल मृ�ुदर म� कमी करना

- India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR per 1 lakh live births): 130 → reduce to 70.
- India’s Under-5 Child Mortality Rate (per 1000 live birth): 50 → reduce to 11.
62.2.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS-1975)

- सम��त बाल �वकास योजना Boss? Ministry of Women and Child Development.
- Centrally sponsored scheme → Core Scheme (60:40, 90:10)
- Who? Children 0-6 years, Pregnant women and Lactating mothers. ICDS is an ‘Umbrella
Scheme’, its components include:
- Anganwadi Services Scheme
- Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (₹ 5k + ₹ 1k for birth of first live child)
- SABLA: Scheme for Adolescent Girls (11-18 years)
- POSHAN Abhiyan
- National Creche Scheme: to setup Creches for working women.
- Child Protection Scheme: for children in difficult circumstances.
- 🤩🤩Benefits? ⏬ IMR, MMR & Anaemia, Immunization, Health check-up, Pre-school edu

62.2.2 🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰 → WCD Ministry’s 3 Umbrella Schemes in 2021
2021-March, Ministry of Women and Child Development announced that existing schemes will be
clubbed into 3 umbrella schemes. Reason? More effective monitoring & implementation.
प्रभावी �प से �नगरानी और अमल करने के �लए वतर्मान योजनाओं को तीन छतरी योजनाओं के नीचे वग�कृ त िकया गया है
62.2.3 Saksham Anganwadis in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022

⇒ ICDS →Anganwadi center provides services such as 1) family planning advice 2) nutrition / free
food for mother and infants 3) pre-school activities for small children.
⇒ We’ll setup a new generation of Anganwadis with better infrastructure and audio-visual aids,
clean energy. Two lakh anganwadis will be upgraded under the Scheme.
62.3 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → AYUSHMAN BHARAT & PMJAY ₹ 5 LAKH INSURANCE

What is the meaning of above mindmap? Ans. Already taught in Pillar1D.
62.3.1 💸💸💸🍽🍽15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (�ेत्र-�व�श� अनुदान)-Health
Note: this I’ve already taught in Pillar2B
(More in 📑📑Pillar#2B) Report#2: (2021-26) Amount

Local Bodies Grant (Rural and urban) Local Bodies given 70kcr
पं चायती राज/नगरपा�लकाओं को प्राथ�मक ₹₹ to convert Primary Health centres
�ा� क� द्र को �ा� और क�ाण क� द्र म� (PHC) into health and wellness centres
प�रव�तत करने के �लए ट�क भर के पैसा (HWCs)
Sectoral Grant → Health Critical Care hospitals i.e. facilities 15kcr
नाजुक देखभाल के अ�तालों को बनाने के with Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
�लए पैसा ventilator, kidney dialysis etc.
Sectoral Grant → Health Training of Allied Healthcare 13kcr
�चिक�ा सं ल� मानव बल क� तालीम के workforce (lab technicians,
�लए पैसे radiographers, dieticians,
Physiotherapist, ASHA Worker etc)
Sectoral Grant → Health State government to run Doctor 2kcr
�जले के अ�तालों म� डॉ�री तालीम के training courses in district hospital
कोसर् करवाने के �लए पैसा
कु ल �मलाकर Total: 1.06 Lcr = approx.
10% of total grants to
Healthcare sector **
** Grants to Healthcare sector are unconditional i.e. not based on performance of State Govt.
Additional Recommendations by 15th FC on Healthcare
⇒ Union and State Government together should spend 2.5% of GDP on Healthcare sector by 2025.
(क� द्र और रा� सरकार ने �मलकर �ा� �ेत्र म� सावर्ज�नक खचर् को बढ़ाकर जीडीपी के ढाई प्र�तशत तक करना चािहए)
⇒ All-India Services Act, 1951: (presently we've IAS,IPS,Indian Forest Service) → make 4th All
India service: "All India Medical and Health Service" → UPSC to conduct recruitment. This will
help addressing the shortage of doctor in backward states. आईएएस/आईपीएस क� तजर् पर एक और अ�खल
भारतीय सेवा बनाई जाए "अ�खल भारतीय �चिक�ा एवं �ा� सेवा" तािक �पछड़े रा�ों म� डॉ�रों क� कमी को पूरा िकया जा सके
⇒ Most of the medical colleges and super-speciality hospitals (e.g. Cancer) are concentrated in the
Western and Southern parts of India. Union and State government should make efforts to
address this.(प��मी/द��णी रा�ों के अलावा वाले �व�ार म� भी अ�� मेिडकल कॉलेज| अ�ताल बनाने पर जोर िदया जाए)

62.4 🤒🤒📔📔📔📔ES21VOL1CH5 ON HEALTHCARE PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS
62.5 📙📙📙📙ES22 BARBELL STRATEGY/AGILE RESPONSE VS WATERFALL STRATEGY
62.5.1 💊💊✍→ Conclusion-Template-Health? (�न�षर्)

- People can lead socially and economically productive life only when they have a good health. अ�े
�ा� के �बना मनु� सामा�जक और आ�थक �प से उ�ादक जीवन नहीं जी सकता।

- Preventable illness / death of a father / mother may push a family into poverty, students into
child labourers, adolescents into juvenile delinquents. बीमारे म� मा-बाप क� मृ�ु एक प�रवार को गरीबी म�, ब�ों
को बाल मजदू रों म�, िकशोरों को अपराध-जगत म� धके ल सकती है।
- Universal health coverage is therefore a prerequisite for human development. Else, India's
economic growth will neither be sustained or secured for long term. �ा� सेवाओं का सावर्�त्रक �प से
�मलना मानव �वकास क� पूवर् शतर् है, वरना वृ�द्ध दीघर्कालीन �प से / सतत �प से चल नहीं पाएगी।
- Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be
addressed on priority basis / war-footing. ऊकत योजनाओ/ सम�ाओ को अग्रताक्रम देकर लागू करना / लड़ना ज�री
62.6 🍴🍴 HRD → HEALTH → HUNGER, MALNUTRITION, FOOD SECURITY
- Hunger =distress arising from insufficient calorie / food intake. (भूख: भोजन न �मलने पर होने वाली पीड़ा )
- Malnutrition is the deficiency arising from insufficient calories and / or insufficient nutrients in
a person’s diet. (कु पोषण: अपयार्� भोजन / पोषक त�ों के चलते होंने वाला शारी�रक अभाव /सम�ा)
- खाद्य सुर�ा Food security means the availability of nutritious food at stable & affordable prices
round the year for all the people. (��र / िकफायती दामों पर पूरे साल पोषण�म आहार/भोजन �मलना )
SDG Goal#2 requires India to end hunger & achieve food security.
Food security Pillar What has India done to achieve it?
food should be available in  Union: MSP, fertilizer subsidy, PM-KISAN
sufficient quantity at all times and  States: cheap canal water and electricity to farmers.
at all places [पयार्� मात्रा म� भोजन �मले  Together, they encourage farmers to produce more
सबको] grains.
Food should be affordable To Through National Food Security Act (NFSA), Govt provides
poor people. िकफायती दामों गरीबों को cheap grain to poor.
�मले
Food should be nutritious to Through Poshan Abhiyan, Mid-day meal, Integrated-Child
ensure healthy development of Development Services (ICDS) and half dozen other schemes,
body of mind. पोषणयु�, शरीर म�� Govt ensures nutritious food to children & women.
�वकास
In food prices and supply must be FCI keeps ‘buffer-stock’ of grains. It can be sold to open
stable. खा� चीजों म� दामों म� ��रता रहे market or distributed among people during high inflation,
natural disaster etc. (More in 📑📑Pillar#4A: agri)

62.6.1 🍴🍴 🕵🕵🏼🏼[YEARBOOK] Min. of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
62.6.2 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → National Food Security Act 2013 (खाद्य सुर�ा कानून)
62.6.3 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯:💳💳 → Hunger → NFSA → One Nation One Ration Card

सामा� �प से राशन काडर् क� सु�वधा �ान- आधा�रत होती है, यानी मुंबई म� बनाया गया राशन काडर् लखनऊ म� स�ा अनाज ख़रीदने के
�लए इ�ेमाल नहीं कर सकते। “एक रा�� एक राशन काडर् प्रणाली” क� जहाँ प्रवासी मज़दू र को एसी सु�वधा �मले। िक�ु कु छ रा�ों ने
अभी तक यह प्रणाली नहीं अपनायी तो नाराज़ सुप्रीम कोटर् ने उ�� 31 जुलाई तक का समय �दया।

😰😰BEFORE 🤩🤩AFTER
⇒ Generally ration card is made in the name ⇒ WILL BE ABLE TO DO IT.
of a family and it is location specific. ⇒ Project started from 2019 but in 2021: Four
⇒ So, if a migrant worker has got a ration card states were yet to join the scheme —
in Mumbai → he cannot use it for buying Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi and West
cheap grains at Pune (Intrastate) or Bengal. : SUPREME Court ordered all
Lucknow (Interstate). governments to implement this by a
deadline July 31, 2021.
Thus, ONORC aims to provide inter-state and intrastate portability of public distribution system
(PDS) / National Food security act (NFSA) entitlement. It functions using two portals:
Boss? Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution:
🖱🖱IMPDS Integrated Management of Public Distribution System (IMPDS) ) to implement

portal national level portability.
🖱🖱Annavitran to display the sales data of subsidized foodgrains bought through e-Point of Sale
Portal (e-PoS) devices. राशन क� दुकानों पर स�े अनाज क� �बक्र� के आँकड़े
62.6.4 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → Food distribution reforms taken by Govt
 Global Positioning System (GPS) and Radio-frequency identification (RFID) based real time
vehicle tracking system for trucks used to transport subsidised food grains. It curbs the menace
of diversion of subsidized food grains in black market. (राशन अनाज �वतरण प्रणाली म� जीपीएस का प्रयोग से
कालाबाजारी के अवसरमे कमी)
 electronic Point of Sale (ePoS) devices are being installed at Fair Price Shops (FPSs). This helps
tracking the distribution of food in a more systematic manner.
 Aadhaar Number helps removing duplicate / ghost / dead beneficiaries.
 Toll-free helpline.
62.6.5 🍚🍚💪💪 Fortification of Rice (चावल क� िकलेबंदी)

 Rice fortification involves artificially adding extra vitamins & micronutrients such as Iron, Folic
Acid, and Vitamin B12 in rice before supplying to customer. PM announced to finish this by
2024. (ग्राहक को चावल देने से पहले उसम� अ�त�र� �वटा�मन और पोषक द्र� डालना)
62.6.6 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → NFSA → 📔📔📔📔ES20 says ⏬number of beneficiaries
⇒ NFSA provides grains at heavily subsidized price to 67% of Indian population. We should reduce
the number of beneficiaries to bottom-20% poorest Indians. (�सफर् एकदम गरीब लोगों को लाभ दो।)
⇒ For ‘relatively less poor’ people, Govt shd charge slightly higher prices.(जो कम गरीब है उनहे थोड़ा मं हगा)
⇒ We should also explore Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes, wherein poor families are given
money to buy (non-subsidized) foodgrains from the market. This will ⏬ FCI’s procurement
and stock keeping burden. (सशतर् नकदी ह�ांतरण योजनाएं : प�रवार बाजार भावों पर अ� खरीद ले)

62.6.7 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)- free grains in
Corona
⇒ Corona → Atma-Nirbhar → PMGKAY: 80 crore poor people will to get 5 kg [wheat or rice] +
1 kg of pulses for free every month for the next three months.
⇒ Boss? Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution → FCI → releases the
foodgrains to State government. Funding: ₹1.5 lakh crores
⇒ Duration? Phase-1: from April to June 2020. Phase-2: July to November 2020. Then in 2021:
Scheme is extended, but only 5kg grain given, no pulses given. [दू सरे चरण म� दाल नहीं, के वल अनाज द�गे]
⇒ This scheme is valid till 2022-Sept.
62.6.8 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Corona: other initiatives for cooking / hunger?

 👻👻ATMANI→ PM GaribKalyan → Free monthly LPG cylinder to PM-Ujjwala beneficiaries for
next 3 months. (Ref: Pillar#5A: energy)
 👻👻ATMANI→ 🌽🌽If a migrant is not covered under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) or
unable to get food because he does not have a ration card….then, State Government will
distribute (5kg grain per person + 1 kg chana per family) per month x for 2 months. Union will
bear its full cost. [प्रवासी मजदू र के पास भले राशन काडर् न हो, उसे अनाज िदया जाए]
 💳💳 One Nation One Ration Card to be implemented across India by 2021-March. (At present
only 20 States have done it) → Then migrants will be able to get NFSA’s subsidized food at any
place, irrespective of whether his name entered in given State’s ratio card database or not.
62.6.9 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Poshan Abhiyaan (2018)
With National Food security act, India achieved ‘food security’ but not nutritional security, because
malnutrition is caused by →
1. Income Inequality: Poor people unable to buy milk / veggies / almonds. Since ~21% of Indian
population is Below Poverty Line (2011), this is bound to happen. (आय म� असमानता)
2. Gender Inequality: Women eating last and least. >1/3rd of Indian women have low Body Mass
Index (BMI) (मिहलाओ से भेदभाव)
3. Social Inequality: SC/ST etc deprived of economic opportunities → unable to buy good food.
(सामा�जक असमानता- अनुसू�चत जाती/जनजा�त के प�रवार गरीबी के चलते अ�ा भोजन ले नहीं पाते)
4. Water-sanitation-disease e.g. open defecation → worms in intestine, enteropathy. (गं दगी, अंतड़ी म�
कृ �म/सूजन)

5. Psychological issues e.g. Anorexia nervosa: person fears gaining weight so avoids eating. Social
media/instagram → insecurity about weight gain & body image. (मनोवै�ा�नक कारण। अपने
�प/सुं दरता/बाहरी िदखाव के �लए असुर�ा क� भावना )
6. Dietary habits: Vegetarians suffer from protein deficiency, according to Western scientists.
(शाकाहार के चलते शरीर म� प्रोटीन क� कमी)
To address above problems, Govt. launched ….
2018: National Nutrition Mission = POSHAN = Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic
Nutrition. Motto: Sahi Poshan, Desh Roshan
- Boss? Ministry of Women and Child Development (मिहला एवं बाल �वकास मं त्रालय)
- Core Scheme (Not 100% funded by Union). 60:40, 90:10. Union will arrange its side of money-
half from budget and half from World Bank (IBRD) and other Multilateral Development Banks
(MDBs).
- Iron Folic Acid (IFA)tablets, nutritious food in Anganwadi / Schools, convergence with ongoing
schemes for women/child, Online monitoring, IEC awareness generation, E-learning, even Yoga.
- Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK) database of diverse crops across 128 agro-climatic zones
in India for better nutritional outcomes.
- Poshan Anthem song by Prasoon Joshi and Shankar Mahadevan.
- Rashtriya Poshan Mah – celebrated every year in the Month of September.
62.6.10 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021)
💼💼Budget-2021: we will launch Mission Poshan 2.0 by merging following two schemes
1) Poshan Abhiyan Learned in above section.

2) Supplementary - a subscheme of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Nutrition Scheme - Gives hot cooked meals and/or take home ration (rice, wheat flour,
(अनुपूरक पोषण योजना) kabuli chanaa, rajma, eggs, soyabean, jaggery, biscuit etc for to
children (6 months to 6 years), Pregnant Women, Lactating Mothers
and out-of-school Adolescent Girls (11-14 years).
Above scheme#1 + scheme#2 merged → Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021) under Women-Child Ministry
with following features: �मशन पोषण के िद्वतीय चरण के िदशा �नद�श जारी िकए गए।
 Take-home rations [घर ले जाने के �लए अनाज दाल इ�ािद राशन द�गे]
 Focus is on the 1,000 days between a mother’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday. मिहला
के गभार्धान से लेकर ब�े के दू सरे ज� िदन तक के कु ल �मलाकर 1000 िदनों म� पोषण पर जोर िदया जाएगा
 🖱🖱 Poshan Tracker Portal: to moniter — pregnant women, lactating mothers, children and
adolescents. 🕵🕵 Boss? Women-Child Ministry. माता, ब�ों और िकशोरीओ के कु पोषण क� �नगरानी के �लए।
 🖱🖱 Poshan Gyan Portal: national digital repository / knowledge bank / Wikipedia type thing on
nutrition. 🕵🕵 Boss? NITI Aayog, in partnership with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation etc orgs.
What about free meal in schools? Ans. Refer Pillar6B: → HRD Education

62.6.11 🍴🍴🍴🍴 → Ranking: Global Hunger Index (GHI: वै��क भूख/�ुधा सूचकांक)
Annual reported by Concern Worldwide (Ireland) and Welthungerhilfe (Germany). Previously this
report was prepared by IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).
To compute the GHI, they measure four indicators:
1. Undernourishment: Population whose caloric intake is insufficient
2. Child wasting: low weight for height.
3. Child stunting: low height for age. caused by (chronic) long-term insufficient nutrients
4. Child mortality (0-5 age)
😰😰India’s rank fallen: 94th (2020) → 101st (2021). We are behind Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.
Although NITI Aayog defends, “International surveys’ methodologies are faulty, otherwise as per
Indian Govt’s own surveys there has been improvement in India.” (वै��क / आंतररा��ीय सं �ाओ के �गनती करने
के तरीकों म� ही गलती है, हम गलत नहीं है)
62.6.12 🍴🍴🍴🍴 ✍→ Conclusion-Template-Hunger? (�ुधा - �न�षर्)

⇒ Hunger elimination / Nutritional security is fundamental for human dev. Malnutrition in
women ⏫ IMR & MMR. (मानव �वकास, भुखमरी, बाल/मातृ मृ�ु दर- इन सब अनुसंधानों म� कु पोषण से लड़ना ज�री)
⇒ A malnourished person cannot pursue education, economic opportunities or have a long life
expectancy. (कु पो�षत �� न तो �श�ा यो��प से ग्रहण कर पाएगा, न हीं आ�थक अवसरों का लाभ यो��प से ले सकता है)
⇒ So, SDG Goal #2: to end all forms of hunger & malnutrition by 2030. Aforementioned schemes /
initiatives / challenges imp / need to be addressed on priority basis. (अग्रता क्रम से लड़ना ज�री)
PILLAR#6B-EDUCATION, SKILL, POVERTY
63 📐📐HRD → EDUCATION (�श�ा)

(Definition) Education is the process of imparting knowledge in a systematic manner, usually at a
school or university. एक �ू ल या �व��वद्यालय म�, �व��त तरीके से, �ान प्रदान करने क� प्रिक्रया को �श�ा कहते है।
SDG Goal 4.1: Universal primary and secondary education
SDG Goal #4: India’s baseline in (brackets) India’s SDG Target 2030
Enrollment ratio from class 1 to 10 (75%) 100%
Dropout rate at Secondary level (17%) 10%
% of schools where Pupil Teacher ratio is 30% or less (70%) 100%

Improve Learning Outcomes in Maths, Language, Science 57-67% score in learning outcome
etc subjects at class 5 and class 8 (pathetic) quiz
63.1.1 📐📐📐[YEARBOOK] Notable Schools funded by Union
63.2 �📯📯📯📯NEW EDUCATION POLICY 2020 (नई �श�ा नी�त)

⇒ 1948-49: University Education Commission [�व��वद्यालय �श�ा आयोग]
⇒ 1952-53: Secondary Education Commission
⇒ 1964-66: Education Commission under Dr. D.S. Kothari
⇒ 1968: National Policy on Education
⇒ 1976: 42nd Constitutional Amendment: Education put in Concurrent List (समवत� सूची)
⇒ 1986: National Policy on Education (NPE) → modified in 1992.
⇒ 2015-16: T.S.R. Subramaniam Committee for education policy
⇒ 2017-19: Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee for education policy
63.2.1 ✍NEP-2020: Introduction (प�रचय)
(Origin) 2017: HRD/Edu Ministry had set up Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee, to replace the
education policy of 1986. Based its report, Govt announced a new National Education Policy in
2020 with following salient features: �न��ल�खत मु� �वशेषताओं के साथ)

63.2.2 🏫🏫Education: Schooling → Curriculum changed (�ू ली पाठ्यक्रम म� बदलाव)

63.2.3 �Education: Higher (उ� �श�ा)
⇒ 🎯🎯 Target: Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER: higher education): 26% (2018) → ⏫ 50% (2035);
⇒ Add 3.5 crore admission seats in higher education. (उ� �श�ा म� प्रवेश सीटों को बढ़ाया जाए)
⇒ Creative combinations of subjects & multi-disciplinary courses to be allowed. e.g. philosophy
and architecture, Earth Science and architecture. (अलग-अलग �वषयों का रचना�क सं योजन)
⇒ 🔧🔧Vocational education to be integrated. (�वसा�यक �श�ण को शा�मल िकया जाएगा)
63.2.4 �🤑🤑NEP-2020: Funding (�श�ा �ेत्र के �लए �व�पोषण)
⇒ Union Budget’s Expenditure on Education as % of GDP= 2.8% annually from 2014 to 2018.
Then 3% (2019), 3.5% (2020)
⇒ Union+State's total public investment in education currently about 4.4% of GDP. NEP aims to
⏫ to 6% of GDP at earliest. (�श�ा म� सावर्ज�नक �नवेश को बढ़ाकर सकल घरेलू उ�ाद के 6% तक िकया जाएगा)
⇒ We'll expand & reform National Scholarship Portal to cover more SC/ST/OBC, and other
Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Groups(SEDGs) such as women, transgender, etc.
(कमजोर वगर् को छात्रवृ�� देने के �लए �व�भ� सुधार)
⇒ Gender Inclusion Fund to improve education of girl child. (ल��गक समावेशन �न�ध)
⇒ Special Education Zones for disadvantaged regions and groups (�वशेष �श�ा �ेत्र)
⇒ We will encourage private colleges to give scholarship to students (छात्रवृ��)

63.2.5 �👿👿NEP-2020: Criticism (नई रा��ीय �श�ा नी�त के �खलाफ आलोचना/�नंदा)
⇒ Not enough clarity about funding mechanism and fees regulation, so, it'll only encourage
privatization / commercialisation of higher education.(पैसों का कोई ख़ास प्रावधान नहीं. �श�ा का �नजीकरण)
⇒ Not enough focus on girl education, weaker section. क�ा और कमजोर वगर् का �श�ण पे खास �ान नहीं
⇒ Teachers demand related to permanent jobs, good salaries and suitable work conditions not
mentioned. (�श�कों के �लए �ाई नौक�रयां ,अ�� तन�ाह -के बारे म� कोई बात/ �जक्र नहीं )
⇒ Only lip service about emotional needs of the students, depression and suicide due to excessive
competition. (छात्रों क� भावना�क ज�रतों के बारे म� �सफर् िदखावे के �लए �चकनी चुपड़ी बात�)
⇒ Doing Sanskrit promotion for RSS-BJP-Hindutva agenda.(सं �ृत का अनाव�क प्रसार)
⇒ X/Y/Z Good Recommendation of the previous committee/ best practices from the foreign
country are not adopted. (अ� देश और अ� स�म�त क� अ�� बातों को शा�मल नहीं िकया)
63.2.6 ✍NEP-2020: Conclusion (�श�ा नी�त के बारे म� �न�षर्)

 SDG goal#4 aims for inclusive, equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all. समावेशी, समान गुणव�ा वाली �श�ा और सभी के �लए आजीवन सीखने के अवसरों को बढ़ावा देना।
 With aforementioned reforms, NEP-2020 will surely help in a long way to universalize the
education, reap demographic dividend and achieve SDG Goal#4. उ� सुधारों द्वारा नई �श�ा नी�त वाकई म�
�श�ा के सावर्�त्रककरण, जनसां��क�य लाभांश को हा�सल करने और सतत �वकास ल� म� मदद करेगी/उपयोगी होगी
63.3 📐📐😋😋😋😋😋😋😋😋 EDU → STD1-8 → PM POSHAN (2021-2026)
2021-Oct: Modi announced that MDM scheme will be known as PM Poshan Scheme:
Mid-Day Meal Scheme PM Poshan (POshan SHakti Nirman)

Covered Class1-8 in Government Same MDM scheme henceforth known as PM Poshan
schools & Government aided Scheme with validity of 2021-22 to 2025-26 (पुरानी योजना
schoolschildren to be given one hot- को आपसे ये नाम िदया है)
cooked meal.
Did not cover Pre-school children (e.g. They’ll also get food under PM Poshan. (पूवर् प्राथ�मक �र के
Anganwadi/Bal-Vatika). Those poor आंगनबाड़ी ब�ों को भी खाना �मलेगा)
kids got free food under ICDS/ Mission
Poshan.

Mid-Day Meal Scheme PM Poshan (POshan SHakti Nirman)
⇒ Tithi Bhojan: community donation Same continued [ये सब जारी रहेगा]
No specific mention [पहले क� योजना म� ऐसा Government to develop school nutrition gardens.
कोई खास �जक्र नहीं था] Schoolkids to grow fruit/vegetables/ grains etc. → use
it their food [�वद्यालय पोषण बगीचे बनाए जाएं गे जहाँ ब�े खुद फल
स�ी इ�ािद उगाएं गे और खाएं गे]
No specific mention [पहले क� योजना म� ऐसा - Cooking competition [खाना पकाने क� �धार्]
कोई खास �जक्र नहीं था] - Farmer producer organizations (FPO: Ref 4A) and
Village self help groups (SHG) to be used for
supplying cooking ingredients. [िकसान उ�ाद सं गठन और
� सहायता समूहों क� मदद भी ली जाएगी]
Social Audio only done in few schools - Compulsory Social Audit for all schools by local
depending on enthusiasm of authority. public e.g. whether school giving proper food to
kids or not? [�ानीय लोगों द्वारा सामा�जक लेखा परी�ण]
- college student may also be used for monitoring.
[�नगरानी के �लए कॉलेज छात्रों क� भी मदद ली जाएगी]
😣😣😣😣 MDM Challenges? 1) Siphoning of rations by teachers, slum children run away from school
after taking lunch, food prepared in unhygienic surroundings, 2) goons mix poison / pesticides, 3)
villagers resist hiring of Dalit cooks etc. 4) During Corona, schools closed down but students not
given take home ration or food allowance in many schools.
😰😰Criticism: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recommended breakfast in schools but not
done in new scheme. [रा��ीय �श�ा नीती म� तो सुबह का ना�ा भी देने क� बात थी, लेिकन नई योजना म� ऐसा नहीं िकया]
63.4 📐📐📯📯📯📯 EDU → STD1-8

− Boss? Ministry of Human Resource and Development / Edu Ministry
− Core Scheme (Not 100% funded by Union) मह�पूणर् योजना.
− 2002: 86th Constitutional Amendment Act: inserted (सं वैधा�नक सं शोधन अ�ध�नयम)
○ Article 21A → Fundamental right to free and compulsory education to all children aged
6-14. मु� और अ�नवायर् �प से �श�ा का सभी ब�ों को मौ�लक अ�धकार
○ Article 51A (k) → Fundamental duty of parent/guardian to ensure above thing.(कतर्�)
− 2004: Union created non-lapsable fund (अ�पगत �न�ध) under Public Account ‘Prarambhik Shiksha
Kosh’. It receives ₹ ₹ from the education cess levied on direct taxes.
− 2009: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act ( �न:शु� एवं अ�नवायर् �श�ा अ�ध�नयम का
बाल अ�धकार) to operationalise above thing. Including 25% reservation to Economically Weaker
Section (EWS) in private schools. (आ�थक �प से कमजोर वगर् के ब�ों को �नजी �ू लों म� आर�ण भी िदया गया)

− 2001: PM Vajpayee had launched Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). Over the years it was modified
& updated to achieve aforementioned constitutional & legal obligations. ₹ ₹ for construction of
schools, free uniforms & textbooks, teachers recruitment, computer lab, library etc.
63.5 EDU (📐📐📐📐) → RANKINGS FOR SCHOOL EDUCATION
63.5.1 Annual Status of Education Report ASER Report by NGO Pratham

ASER Report-2018
- ~70% class3 kids cannot read class2 books or do subtraction.
- ~50% class 5 kids can’t read class2 books. ~70% class 5 kids can’t do division..
- ++ data about How many girls are out of school? how many enroll in private schools? etc.
ASER Report-2019 (Released in 2020-Jan)
⇒ 2019’s report focused on the students in the ‘early years (aged 4 to 8) in rural areas’.
⇒ In Class1: only 16% of students can read text. Only 60% can recognize 2- digit numbers.
However, these figures slightly better among pvt school children than Govt school children.
⇒ Even cognitive skills (सं �ाना�क कौशल) such as sorting images by colour and size, recognising
patterns, identifying human emotion in poster faces etc are less than satisfactory.
⇒ % of girls studying in Govt schools >> in private school.
⇒ Parents send even underage students (4-5 years) to sit in class1 (perhaps to get them free meal).
But such underage students can’t be expected to learn class1 subject matter, as their brain is yet
to develop. अवय� गरीब ब�ों को �सफर् म�ान भोजन के �लए �ू ल म� भेजा जाता है
ASER Report-2020 (Released in 2021-Nov)
⇒ Telephonic survey found that due to Corona

⇒ 1) Admissions in Govt Schools ⏫ (ncreased) because during Corona parents lost income so
unable to afford private schools. (कोरोना दौरान आमदनी कम होने के चलते कई माँ बाप ने अपने ब�ों को सरकारी �ू ल
म� दा�ख़ल करवाया है - �ोंिक �नजी �ू ल क� महँ गी फ़�स स�व निह।)
⇒ 2) 30% rural households purchased mobile / tablet to have the child for e-learning Bhatt's
problems persist
⇒ 3) increased reliance on tuitions (ट्यूशन पर �नभर्रता बढ रही ह�)
⇒ Only 1/3rd of the surveyed children had access to online learning; Highlighted sad data about the
digital divide in e-learning. (गरीब ब�ों के पास मोबाइल इं टरनेट लैपटॉप क� सु�वधा नहीं वगैरह)
63.5.2 📐📐🤳🤳 Edu → Misc: Girl students / girl scientists

कु ल �मलाकर ने अपने सभी योजनाएं लड़िकयों/मिहलाओं को वै�ा�नक बनाने के �लए प्रो�ाहन देती है
KIRAN � - Dept of Sci & Tech’ scheme for helping women scientists

- SEPARATELY, Social Justice Ministry has “KIRAN HELPLINE” For
mental health.
- HRD/Edu Ministry’s ‘UDAAN- Giving Wings to Girls’ scheme gives free
UDAAN coaching to 1000 selected girls so they can pass IIT/technical institutes’
entrance exam.
Dept of Sci & Tech’s scheme to encourage girls to join career in Science,
Vigyan Jyoti
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
- Dept of Sci & Tech’s "GATI- Gender advancement through transforming
institutions" to encourage women scientists.
GATI
- British Govt project "Athena SWAN" (Scientific Women's Academic
Network): similar objective & they’re collaborating with GATI
CURIE Dept of Sci & Tech’s scheme to improve R&D infra in women universities.
63.6 📐📐 ✍ CONCLUSION-TEMPLATE-EDUCATION:
⇒ SDG Goal #4: ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all. OR
⇒ India can’t achieve SDG Goal 1 (Poverty removal) or SDG Goal 5 (Gender Equality) without
achieving SDG Goal 4 (education). OR
⇒ Without education, a person can’t lead productive life in a globalising world OR
⇒ Education improves a society’s health and nutritional status, economic growth, population
control, empowerment of the weaker sections.
Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be addressed
on priority basis. �श�ा प्रा� िकए �बना भारत ल� 1 (गरीबी हटाने) या ल� 5 (ल��गक समानता) प्रा� कर नहीं सकता. �श�ा के
�बना, कोई �� वै�ीकरण क� दु�नया म� उ�ादक जीवन वहन नहीं कर सकता । �श�ा, समाज के �ा� और पोषण क� ��त, आ�थक
�वकास, जनसं �ा �नयं त्रण, कमजोर वग� के सश�ीकरण म� सुधार करती। ऊकत कदम प्रशं सनीय / ऊकत चुनौ�तयों से लड़ना ज�री।
64 💇💇💇 HRD → SKILLING, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, RECRUITMENT
Meaning & Significance:

- (Definition) Skill (कौशल) is the special ability to perform a task in a proficient manner. (िकसी कायर्
को कु शल तरीके से करने क� �वशेष �मता को कौशल कहते है)
- Vocational training is the method to improve a person’s skill for a given trade e.g. Auto repair,
Plumbing, carpentry or welding

- (Definition) Demographic dividend (जनसां��क�य लाभांश) is economic growth potential when the
share of working-age population (कायर्शील आयु क� जन सं �ा ) becomes larger than the dependent
population (आ�श्रत जनसं �ा: below 15 years & above 65). India >65% population is below 35 age.
- (DATA) Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2017-18: less than 14% workforce in 15-59 years
has received formal training. Majority of them learned the work through self-experience, family
or on-the-job training. (आव�धक श्रमबल सव��ण- �ादातर भारतीयों ने अनुभव या प�रवार से काम करना सीखा, नौकरी
करने से पहले औपचा�रक तालीम नहीं �मली)
- By 2020, average age of Indian population will be 29 years against USA (40 years), EU (46), Jap
(47). During next 20 years, 1st world’s labour force to decline by 4%, while in India it will
increase by 32%. So we’ve to reap our demographic dividend but that requires skill development.
- In the advanced economies, not more than 25% of the population is engaged in agriculture (
USA 4%, UK 5%, France 14%, Australia 16%). Whereas in India >40%. To shift this
population towards mfg / service sector jobs they must be given skill training.
64.1 (💇💇💇)📯📯📯📯 SKILL INDIA CAMPAIGN (2015: कौशल भारत अ�भयान)

64.1.1 👻👻👻👻👻👻(💇💇💇)Skilling → Post Corona / Atma-Nirbhar
64.2 (💇💇💇)✍ CONCLUSION-TEMPLATE-SKILL (कौशल �वकास के बारे म� �न�षर्)

- According to India Skill report 2019 more than 50% of youth with college degrees are
unemployable. To reap the demographic dividend of India, it is therefore necessary to focus on
the vocational training and skill development. OR
- SDG Goal 8 requires India to provide full, productive & decent work/employment for all. A
person without skill remains either unemployed, disguisedly unemployed or underemployed.
Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be
addressed on priority basis.
भारत के जनसां��क�य लाभांश को प्रा� करने के �लए, �ावसा�यक प्र�श�ण और कौशल �वकास पर �ान देना आव�क है। सतत
�वकास ल� प्रा�� हेतु सभी के �लए पूणर्, उ�ादक और स� रोजगार उपल� कराने क� आव�कता है। �बना कौशल वाला �� या तो
बेरोजगार रहता है, प्र�� प से बेरोजगार रहता है। उ� योजनाएँ / पहल / चुनौ�तयाँ उस सं बंध म� मह�पूणर् ह� / प्राथ�मकता के आधार पर
सं बो�धत करने क� आव�कता है।
PILLAR#6C- POVERTY, INEQUALITY, MGNREGA & OTHER SCHEMES

65 🤲🤲💸💸 HRD → POVERTY (गरीबी)
Definition: Poverty is the lack of sufficient money to meet the minimum standard of living-
including food, clothing, shelter, health and education. भोजन, कपड़े, आश्रय, �ा� और �श�ा सिहत जीवन के
�ूनतम �र को पूरा करने के �लए पयार्� धन/पैसों क� कमी को गरीबी कहेते है।
Factors responsible for poverty in India
1. Poor fiscal capacity of the govt due to tax evasion and avoidance versus large population →
Public healthcare, education, housing, water & sanitation infra is poor →
a. Educational outcomes are poor → illiteracy, lack of vocational skills → Unemployment,
Underemployment, Disguised Unemployment.
b. Unhygienic slums → Disease → wages lost, savings lost, school days lost.

2. Lack of family planning → ⏫ birth-rate → child labour → education. अ�धक ब�े पैदा करना, बाल
मजदू री
3. Large family → insufficient food → malnutrition → insufficient mental & physical capacity to
pursue better economic opportunities. कु पोषण के चलते शारी�रक और मान�सक �वकास नहीं, पढ़ाई म� �ान नहीं
4. Unprofitable nature of agriculture due to vagaries of monsoon & structural bottlenecks in the
APMC Market. िकसानों का मं डी म� शोषण
5. Low asset base: Most of the rural households don’t possess land, milch animals, farm machinery
or sufficient bank deposits in the first place- it reduces their capacity to generate self-
employment / business opportunities. Vicious trap of low savings → low investment → low
income. Such poor parents are unable to provide better education to children → 2nd
generation is also deprived of economic opportunities. सं प�� कम है, इस�लए �पता अपने भ�व� क� पीिढ़यों के
�लए अ�� श�ा म� �नवेश नहीं कर सकता
6. Lack of financial planning: wasting money in Tobacco, Liquor, Social Rituals, Pilgrimages.
7. Lack of financial inclusion, debt trap by informal money lenders. सा�कारों का �ाज चक्र
8. Majority of labour engaged in unorganized / informal sector: minimum wages are not enforced.
9. Insurance density is poor. Most workers lacking social security → Once the breadwinner dies /
permanently handicapped → family pushed into poverty. बीमा और सामा�जक सुर�ा का अभाव
10. Social barriers faced by SC / ST / Minorities in advancing economically in rural area.
11. Female Labour Force Participation Rate is low. Maternity Benefits Act, Equal Wages Act not
strongly enforced. Gender inequality in education & nutrition → females’ energy and talent
mostly confined to unpaid domestic work → family unable to come out of poverty. (श्रमबल म�
मिहला सहभा�गता दर कम है, इस�लए वह अपने प�रवार के �लए �ादा धन कमा नहीं सकती)
12. Misgovernance, Terrorism, Secessionism in the Special Category States → infrastructure,
industries and tourism remained underdeveloped. In mineral rich states economic growth & per
capita income is high (due mining activities) but Left Wing Extremism, Mining Mafia, Weak
governance → Poor infrastructure → lack of economic opportunities for poor. कु शासन आतं कवाद
उग्रवाद के चलते कु छ �ेत्र �पछड़े अ�वक�सत रहे है, इस�लए वहाँ के लोग गरीब
13. Corruption / leakages in the poverty removal programs. Failure of the Finance Commission &
Planning machinery to hold the state governments accountable. भ्र�ाचार और स��डी का �रसाव
14. Economic survey 2016 observed that after independence
a. USA did not give Universal Voting Rights to all people immediately (women and blacks
were excluded initially) → USA pursued pro-industrialist policies → growth.
b. China, Indonesia, S.Korea: Democracy / Voting rights ‘on paper only’ → They pursued
pro-industrial policies without trying to appease all linguistic, religious or caste groups
→ growth.
c. India: voting rights to all immediately after independence → ….

15. While both India & China adopted ‘Five Year Plans’ system but China began LPG-like reforms
in 80s itself so its economy grew very fast. Whereas India kept industrialists under license, quota,
inspector raj; archaic factory laws & labour laws without ease of doing business. → More Jobs
could not be created in mfg. sector.
65.1.1 🤲🤲🤲🤲🤲🤲Vicious Circle of Poverty (गरीबी का दुष्चक्र/�वषचक्र)
⇒ Poor person doesn’t have enough money to buy good food / education → his productivity
remains low → he doesn’t have enough money.
⇒ low level of development in Less Developed Countries (LDCs: अ� �वक�सत देश) is also explained
through the vicious circle on supply and demand side:
Supply Side ( आपू�त) Demand Side (माँग)
Poor person has low income → low savings Low income → low demand by poor families (of
→ low investment / capital → he can’t start mobiles, TV, fridge) → low capital investment by
or expand business to increase his income companies / factories due to lack of customers →
→ more poverty less new jobs → more poverty
65.1.2 🤲🤲💸💸📏📏 deshi methods → 📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊 Bare Necessities Index (BNI) By 📙📙📙📙ES21
⇒ Nobel Winner Economist Dr. Amartya Sen defines poverty as a failure to achieve certain
minimum basic needs. Therefore, access to “the Bare Necessities” such as Food, Housing,
Water, Sanitation, Electricity, Clean Cooking Fuel are a Sine-Qua-Non / Prerequisite for
poverty alleviation and a decent life. [अम�र् सेन के िहसाब से ग़रीबी का मतलब है �ूनतम ज़�रतों या �मताओं को
हा�सल करने म� �वफलता. अत: ग़रीबी उ�ूलन के �लए भोजन, आवास, पेयजल, ��ता, �बजली इ�ािद ज़�री/ �ूनतम
आव�कता क� चीजे/सु�वधाए लोगो को �मले यह अ�नवायर् है]
⇒ So, 📙📙📙📙ES21Vol1Ch10 prepared a Bare Necessities Index to quantify this approach. (उ� सोच/
��कोण के मात्रा�क �प से मू�ांकन के �लए आ�थक सव��ण ने बनाया है ‘ज़�री आव�कता / बु�नयादी आव�कता सूचकांक’)
⇒ With 5 Dimensions viz., water, sanitation, housing, micro-environment, and other facilities and
26 indicators.
5 26 indicators (सं के तक). [Note: following table contains only
dimensions[आयाम] notable/imp/exam-worthy indicators, & NOT all 26 indicators.]
💦💦1) Water 📊📊Indicators: (सं के तक)
पानी ⇒ Source of Water? tanker-truck/ river, dam, stream etc [आपके घर म� पेय जल
कै से हा�सल करते ह� ],
⇒ Distance from water source [आपका घर पेयजल स्रोत से िकतना दू र है],
⇒ Method of collection: through tap, carrying pot over head etc. [पानी कै से
जमा करते है? नल से, सर पे मटके पे लाते है?]
🔍🔍Implications: [प्रभाव /असर]
If water source away from home→ Water hauling→ daughters' education
suffers, since they will have to fetch water. [यिद पेय जल का स्रोत घर से ब�त दू र होगा -
लड़िकयों क� �श�ा म� हा�न, �ोंिक उ�� रोज़ पानी भरने के �लए दू र दू र तक चलते जाना होगा]

📯📯Related Scheme: Jal Jeevan Mission for Piped water supply
🚽🚽2) Sanitation 📊📊Indicators: nature of toilet, whether exclusive use for household /
��ता community toilet? etc [शौचालय का प्रकार]
🔍🔍Implications of Open Defecation: [खुले म� शौच का मानव जीवन पर प्रभाव /असर]
⇒ Infection, Disease, IMR/MMR [खुले म� शौच से बीमा�रयां / मृ�ु]
⇒ safety and modesty, ⏬School attendance of girls, women
Unconsciously ⏬Intake of food and water so as to avoid going in the
daytime → Malnutrition. [सुर�ा और ग�रमा को �ान म� रखते �ए िदन के समय खुले म�
शौच म� न जाना पड़े इस�लए लड़िकयाँ �ू ल नहीं जाती, मिहलाएँ भोजन और पानी कम लेती है �जसे
कु पोषण क� सम�ा बढ़ती है]
📯📯Related Scheme: Swachh Bharat Mission
🏠🏠3) Housing 📊📊Indicators: House condition, Nature of wall and roof etc. [मकान और छत क�
मकान आवास ��त]
🔍🔍Implications: Dilatated House = vulnerability to Crime, Disaster,
Diseases. [जजर्�रत मकान म� अपराध, आपदा, और बीमा�रयों का प्रभाव/भे�ता �ादा]
📯📯Related Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Aawas Yojana
🦟🦟4) Micro- 📊📊Indicators:
Environment ⇒ Drainage system of the household [गटर �व�ा का प्रकार]
सू� पयार्वरण ⇒ flies/mosquitoes problem during the last 365 days. Did govt authorities
came to tackle that problem? [म�र क� सम�ा के �लए �ा �पछले एक वषर् म� सरकार
मदद करने आयी थी?]
🔍🔍Implications: Vulnerability to Diarrhea jaundice malaria etc. [उ� सु�वधाएँ
नहीं होंगी तो बीमा�रयों का प्रकोप �ादा]
🍜🍜5) Other 📊📊Indicators:
facilities ⇒ 🔌🔌Electricity (📯📯Related Scheme: Saubhagya Yojana)
अ� सु�वधाएँ ⇒ 🍜🍜Cooking fuel: LPG, firewood, dung cake (📯📯Related Scheme:
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana) [रसोई म� इ�ेमाल होने वाले �धन का प्रकार]
⇒ 🍜🍜Kitchen type [रसोईघर का प्रकार], Bathroom [�ानगृह का प्रकार]
🔍🔍Implications:
⇒ Wood / charcoal / dung / kerosene → Indoor air pollution → Mother
and child health ⏬। लकड़ी /गोबर = घर म� वायु प्रदू षण के चलते �ा� को नुक़सान
⇒ Firewood / dung collection: 1) Girls / daughters' education suffers in this
labour. 2) Deforestation. �धन के �लए लकड़ी बटोरने के च�र म� बेिटयों क� �श�ा को
हा�न , जं गलों क� कटाई से पयार्वरण को नुक़सान
⇒ Electricity =Mobile internet television radio usage⏫: Education of
child, Democratic awareness of adults. �बजली उपल� होगी तो मोबाइल इं टरनेट

टेली�वज़न का प्रयोग बढ़े, �जससे ब�ों क� �श�ा तथा वय� म� देश दु�नया के समाचार और
चुनावी/लोकतां�त्रक जागृ�त बढ़ती है
⇒ Based on availability of above facilities → Arithmetic Mean (Average) → Bare Necessities
Index score will be computed → score range from 0 to 1. (उ� सु�वधाओं क� उपल�ता के िहसाब से औसत
�नकाला जाएगा और एक सूचकांक बनेगा)
⇒ Higher the score/value of index, better is the access to the bare necessities (सूचकांक म� �जतने �ादा
मा�र् �मल�गे वो अ�� बात होगी)
⇒ green, yellow and red, colors will be used in the maps show the level of a State in providing
access to bare necessities to its households. (भारत के नक़्शे पर �व�भ� रंगों म� इसे अंिकत िकया जाएगा)
⇒ Using above data, 📙📙📙📙ES21also created sub-indices such as Drinking Water Accessibility
Index, Sanitation Index etc [उ� डेटा क� मदद से आ�थक सव��ण ने कु छ और भी घटक-सूचकांक बना िदए जैसे पेयजल
उपल�ता सूचकांक, ��ता सूचकांक इ�ािद]
65.1.3 📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊 BNI index Findings (सूचकांक से �ा त� सामने आए?)

😍😍Highest progress Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Goa, Mizoram,Sikkim
😢😢Lowest progress Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Tripura (इन रा�ों म� प्रग�त अ�� नहीं)
Area wise Score is better for urban areas than rural areas (गाँव के मुक़ाबले शहरों म� ज़�री-
आव�कताएं अ�धक मात्रा म� उपल�)
⇒ Economic Survey appreciated schemes for ⏫ bare necessities such as Swachh Bharat Mission
(SBM), National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana
(PMAY), Saubhagya, and Ujjwala Yojana. [ज़�री आव�कता उपल� करवाने म� मोदी सरकार क� �व�वध योजनाओं
क� प्रशं सा क� गई- आ�थक सव��ण द्वारा]
⇒ BNI has ⏫ for all the states from 2018 (Modi-raj) compared to 2012 (Congress Raj).
Consequently, from 2012 to 2018’s National Family Health Surveys show ⏬in infant mortality,
health outcomes improved etc. Here 📙📙📙📙ES21’s tone is similar to Thalinomics (Ref Pillar4C).
कु ल �मलाकर 2012 क� तुलना मे 2018 म� ज़�री आव�कता सूचकांक म� बढ़ोतरी �ई. जो दशार्ती है िक कांग्रेस सरकार क� अपे�ा
मोदी सरकार ने बेहतर काम िकया. इससे पहले महँ गाई वाले थालीनो�म� मुद्दे म� भी आ�थक सव��ण कु छ ऐसी ही बात� कर चुका है.
65.1.4 📊📊📊📊📊📊📊📊 ✍BNI index Analysis: Conclusion / Significance? [�न�षर् /मह�]

🤩🤩Tracking BNI will help in following ways [इस सूचकांक पे �नगरानी रखने से �न� फ़ायदे होंगे]
⇒ SDG monitoring. E.g. Goal 6 focuses on water and sanitation, Goal 7 electricity and clean
cooking fuel. (सतत् �वकास ल�ों म� भारत क� प्रग�त पर �नगरानी म� मदद)
⇒ Schemes implementation can be improved with real time monitoring, geo-tagging of assets,
social audit, direct benefit transfers wherever possible. (इस सूचकांक द्वारा �मले आंकड़ों को देखते �ए �व�भ�
योजनाओं को �ादा प्रभावी �प से, �ादा सतकर् ता से लागू िकया जाए।)
⇒ Improved the Transparency, Accountability, Good-Governance. (पारद�शता, जवाबदेहीता और सुशासन म�
मदद होगी)

65.2 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 ⏫ECONOMIC GROWTH TO ⏬POVERTY SAYS 📙📙📙📙ES21
⇒ Inequality= degree of gap in the distribution of assets, income or consumption among people.
[ असमानता यानी क� ��यों क� सं प��, आमदनी तथा उपभोग म� िकतनी खाई/ �वषमता है]
⇒ Poverty = Very low assets, income, consumption. It could be measured in relative terms or in
absolute terms. 📙📙📙📙ES21 argues that our focus should be to remove Absolute poverty. [ग़रीबी
यानी सं प�� आमदनी उपभोग क� कमी। ऐसे ही ग़रीबी सापे� या �नरपे� हो सकती है। आ�थक सव��ण �नरपे� ग़रीबी हटाने क�
वकालत करता है]
⇒ Critics argue that capitalism, rapid economic growth increases inequality- as evident in USA-
IT/Tech companies’ CEOs earning million$ while many young Americans forced to do two jobs
just to pay the home loan/education loans. Etc. [तेज आ�थक वृ�द्ध से असमानता बढ़ती है. अमरीका म� एक तरफ़
कं पनी के CEO मोटी तन�ाह पाते ह�, जबिक कई आम नौजवान अपने क़ज़र् चुकाने के �लए दो अलग अलग नौक�रयां करने को
मजबूर।]
Thus, there is an inverse relationship between economic growth and equality.
However, 📙📙📙📙ES21Vol1ch4: argues that:
⇒ Income Redistribution = taxing the rich→ using the money for poverty welfare. [अमीरों के कराधान
क� रक़म से ग़रीब क�ाण योजनाएं चलायी जाए- तो आय का पुन�वतरण होता है ]
⇒ ⏫ GDP growth→ more rich people→ ⏫ Tax collection→ ⏫ more income redistribution
possible. In other words, if size of GDP pie chart grows bigger, then more people will be lifted out
of poverty. [आ�थक वृ�द्ध से अमीरों क� सं �ा बढ़ेगी तो कराधान क� आमदनी बढ़ेगी= �जससे आय का �ादा पुन�वतरण सं भव]
⇒ However, ⏫ GDP growth = ⏫ inequality = gap between the rich & poor may increase e.g.
poor person’s income may ⏫ by 10% while rich people’s income may ⏫ by 200%. आ�थक वृ�द्ध से
आय क� असमानता तो बढ़ेगी.
⇒ But, we’ve to ⏫ GDP growth to remove absolute poverty / BPL e.g. not able to spend even
Rs.1000 per month in city area. िक�ु िफर भी हमने आ�थक वृ�द्ध को बनाना है तािक �नरपे� �प से ग़रीबी को कम िकया
जा सके .
⇒ American Political philosopher John Rawls: Govt should prefer a distribution system which
maximizes the income of the poorest and provides basic liberties. So, 📙📙📙📙ES21 uses his
argument to justify that even if economic growth increases inequality still, it helps poor people
earn more money so economic growth is desirable. अमरीक� राजनै�तक �चंतक जॉन रो� के मुता�बक़- सरकार ने
ऐसी पुन�वतरण �व�ा प्रणाली बनानी चािहए �जसम� अ� प्रणा�लयों क� तुलना म� गरीबो को �ादा रक़म तथा बु�नयादी �तं त्रता
�मल रही हो. इस तकर् के आधार पर आ�थक सव��ण सुझाव देता है क� आ�थक वृ�द्ध को तेज़ी से बढ़ाने क� को�शश करनी चािहए
�ोंिक भले तेज आ�थक वृ�द्ध से आय क� असमानता बढ़ेगी िक�ु िफर भी ग़रीब के हाथ म� पहले से �ादा पैसा आएगा.
⇒ [📙📙📙📙ES21 then wrote lengthy paragraphs about Maxmin principle, game theory, Feldstein's
experiment, permanent income hypothesis- but that much academic depth gives poor cost:
benefit from exam point of view. so we will not invest more time]

65.2.1 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 Trickle Down in China [आ�थक वृ�द्ध का नीचे क� ओर टपकना]
⇒ Trickle Down= Economic growth→ ⏫ when rich people’s wealth ⏫→ they will do more
investment shopping→ ⏫ jobs, income for workers. जब अमीरों क� सं प�� बढ़ेगी तो अमीर �ादा �नवेश और
ख़रीदारी कर�गे �जससे गरीबों को रोज़गार और अ�त�र� आमदनी �मलेगी।
⇒ While some critics argue that “trickle down” does not work very efficiently in real life because
rich person continues to underpay the poor, even if rich person’s own income continues to
increase. Etc. therefore economic growth does not trickle down to the poor people. हालाँिक कु छ
आलोचकों का मानना है िक इस तरह से आ�थक वृ�द्ध गरीबों क� ओर बहती/टपकती नहीं, �ोंिक चाहे आ�मर पहले से �ादा अमीर हो
जाए, वह ग़रीब को पहले से �ादा तन�ाह नहीं देता।
⇒ However, World Bank research found China’s economic growth have really trickled down
because Chinese government initiated following reforms 1) compulsory education till ninth
standard 2) Focus on rural healthcare 3) Focused on minimum wages & pension. हालाँिक �व� ब�क क�
चीनी आ�थक वृ�द्ध पर सं शोधन से मालूम �आ िक आ�थक वृ�द्ध ग़रीबो क� ओर बह सकती है, जब चीन क� तरह �ू ली �श�ा को
अ�नवायर् िकया जाए, ग्रामीण �ा�, �ूनतम वेतन और प�शन पर ज़ोर िदया जाए।
65.2.2 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 Moderate Inequality =NOT BAD! Says 📔📔📔📔ES21

⇒ 📙📙📙📙ES20 had cited Tamil Saint Thiruvalluvar that wealth creation is not a bad thing, as long as
it is created through ethical means. पैसा कमाना ग़लत बात नहीं है जब तक नै�तक �प से कमाया हो।
⇒ 📙📙📙📙ES21 cited some new American surveys
65.2.3 📙📙📙📙📙📙⚡👷👷 Conclusion: Eco Growth⏫ → Poverty⏬

⇒ Economic growth has a far greater impact on removing poverty than on removing inequality.
आ�थक वृ�द्ध असमानता को कम करने क� तुलना म� गरीबी को �ादा कम करती है।

⇒ Considering India’s stage of development, India must continue to focus on economic growth to
lift the poor out of poverty. Because, Redistribution is only feasible in a developing economy if
the size of the economic pie grows। भारत क� वतर्मान �वकास को देखते �ए, सरकार ने आ�थक वृ�द्ध पर ज़ोर देना चािहए
तािक गरीबों को ग़रीबी से बाहर �नकाला जा सके । �ोंिक यिद सकल घरेलू उ�ाद क� थाली का आकार बढ़ेगा तभी उसम� से ग़रीबों के
िह�े म� पहले से मोटी रोटी आएगी।
65.3 🤲🤲💸💸 POVERTY → POVERTY REMOVAL (गरीबी उ�ूलन)
SDG Goal 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. While it defines extreme poverty @$1.25
but nations are allowed to use their ‘national poverty line’ methods.
India’s SDG Goal1 Baseline Indicators in (brackets) Target-Goal-2030
Reduce atleast half of the BPL population. So, 21.9% population is BPL 10.95% population
(2011) then its half should be removed uplifted. → living below poverty
गरीबी रेखा से नीचे रहने वाले लोगों क� सं �ा को पहले से आधा करना line.
Number of homeless households per 10,000 households (presently ~11) 0 homeless
Households with min. 1 member with health insurance (~29% at present) 100% households
Improve Social Protection Schemes’ coverage: (सामा�जक सुर�ा योजना) 100% households
- Number of eligible households receiving MNREGA jobs (85%)
- No. of eligible households receiving Maternity benefits (36%)
65.4 🤲🤲🤲🤲:📯📯📯📯 POVERTY REMOVAL → MGNREGA (2005)

⇒ 2005: Parliament enacted MGNREGA Act.
⇒ 2006: starts in 200 districts → 2008: launched in whole country as Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme(MGNREGS महा�ा गांधी रा��ीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारं टी कायर्क्रम)
⇒ Boss? Ministry of Rural Development → Centrally sponsored scheme → core of the core
scheme→ not 100% funded by the Union. क� द्र द्वारा प्रायो�जत योजना → अ�त मह�पूणर् योजना

⇒ It promises to give minimum 100 days of unskilled manual labour to rural household whose
adult members volunteer for it. Households are eligible for unemployment allowances if
employment not been provided within 15 days of demand.
⇒ MNREGA labourers are used for creating durable assets as per local needs e.g. ponds, wells,
cattle sheds, granary, vermicompost plants, crematorium; renovation of Anganwadi centres,
school buildings, playground (तालाब, कु एं , अ� भं डार, वम� कं पो� �ांट, �शान। �ू ली इमारतों का पुन�द्धार,
खेलकू द के मैदान)
⇒ No contractors / machinery allowed. (ठे केदार और यं त्रों क� मनाई / इ�ेमाल व�जत है)
⇒ In any project, 60% of amt should go towards wages and 40% towards material. (�ादा िह�ा वेतन म�)
⇒ Union bears 100% wage cost and 75% of material cost.
⇒ Wages are linked to Consumer Price Index (Agriculture labour:AL). [Although Modi thinking of
linking it with CPI-Rural] महंगाई के िहसाब से वेतन को बढ़ाया जाता है
⇒ Social audit by gram sabha at least once in every 6 months. ग्रामसभा सामा�जक ऑिडट/ िहसाब क� जांच करेगी
⇒ 👻👻😷😷Corona: Atma Nirbhar→ MGNREGA daily wages ⏫ from ₹182 to 202. So worker will
get Rs.20 extra than before. So, works for 100 days = ₹20x 100 days = ₹2000 more than before.
65.4.1 🤲🤲🤲🤲:📯📯📯📯 Poverty Removal → MGNREGA Problems/Corruption

⇒ 😥😥 Delayed payments. As per MGNREGA Act, workers should be paid within 15 days of
completion of work. But, in 2021, many villagers still awaiting payment for the works they did in
2020. Consequently poor people forced migrate to urban areas even if less wages available in
private sector- because they feel that in the private sector employer will at least pay on monthly
basis and they will not have to wait for the entire year! (मज़दू र का वेतन व� पर चुकाए नहीं जाता, �वल�
िकया जाता है। अत: मजबूरन वो मज़दू र शहरों म� चले जाते ह�, चाहे शहर म� तन�ाह कम �मलती हो, लेिकन �म से कम व� भी तो
�मल जाती है!)
⇒ 😥😥 Allegations that SC/ST workers payments released faster after than others. (perhaps because
govt doesn’t have enough money to pay everyone on time, so first priority given to SC/ST
workers) → inter-caste acrimony in village. (सरकार के पास पैसा कम है इस�लए एससी-एसटी मज़दू रों का
भुगतान/बकाया पैसा अ� जा�त के मज़दू रों से पहेले िकया जाता है। इसके चलते गाँव म� जा�त आधा�रत तनाव /कड़वाहट बढ़ रही)
⇒ 😥😥 As per MGNREGA Act: villager shd be given work within 15 days of demanding it, ELSE the
villager is entitled to an unemployment allowance. But not implemented in letter and spirit in
real life. (क़ानूनन यिद गाँव वाला काम क� माँग करे और 15 िदन के भीतर यिद उसे काम न िदया जाए, तो सरकार ने बेरोज़गारी
भ�ा देना होगा। लेिकन वा��वक �ज़दं गी म� इसका अनुपालन नहीं होता।)
⇒ 😰😰Corruption, substandard quality of work (भ्र�ाचार घिटया िक़� का �नमार्ण के )
⇒ 😰😰Sarpanch/Govt officials use contractors & bulldozers to build the road/phone etc then claim
that it was done manually by (fictitious) workers → funds siphoned (सरपं च और सरकारी अफ़सरों द्वारा

ठे केदार/मशीन क� मदद से रोड/तालाब बना देना और िफर काग़ज़ पे “फ़ज़�-मज़दू रों से काम करवाया” ऐसा बोल के सरकारी पैसा
ग़बन करना)
65.4.2 🤳🤳MGNREGA: Use of JAM-DBT
📔📔 📔📔ES19 noted that: During UPA/ManMohan-raj, MGNREGA suffered from widespread
corruption, political interference, leakage, and significant delay in wage payments.
- So, distressed villages/ farmers would migrate to cities / other states in search of work because
even if private parties gave them wages lower than MGNREGA (due to delays in MGNREGA).
- However, during Modi-raj, the use of technology helped fixing these problems
- 2015: Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobile (JAM) Technology revolution started
- Aadhar linked Payments (ALP): Biometric data, ghost accounts removed.
- 2016: MoRD’s National Electronic Fund Management System (NeFMS) and NREGASoft →
Money transferred to State Govt’s bank account → NPCi’s Aadhar Enabled Payment System
(AEPS) → Direct Benefit Transfer (प्र�� ह�ांत�रत लाभ) to Beneficiary’s bank account.
- Since Wages directly into MGNREGA workers’ bank accounts → reducing scope for delays /
leakage / corruption in payment
65.4.3 🤳🤳MGNREGA: Use of Space technology (अंत�र� प्रौद्यो�गक� का उपयोग)

− Geo-tagging (भौ�ग�लक �च�ी लगाना) is a process of adding latitude and longitude to a photo/video.
In MNREGA, PM Awas Yojana, Gram Sadak Yojana etc.
− PM Modi introduced the concept of Geo-tagging for preventing ₹ ₹ siphoning in fraudulent /
non-existent assets / claiming ₹ ₹ multiple times on same asset.
− GeoMGNREGA portal for keeping track of assets through mobile based photo geo-tagging
65.4.4 🤳🤳MGNREGA: Use of Apps

− JanMnREGA: an asset tracking + feedback app for MGNREGA assets.
− Gram Samvaad Mobile App: Here citizens can find information about the money allotted to
their village under various rural development schemes, It has initiated debate at the gram
panchayat level why development is not happening despite the release of funds.
✍Thus, use of technology has ⏬ delays and scope for corruption in MGNREGA, thereby
increasing its efficacy in helping the rural people during the times of distress. Similar models need to
be adopted in all the other centrally sponsored schemes for ensuring India’s rapid economic growth
and human development. प्रौद्यो�गक� के उपयोग से योजना म� ढील और धांधली कम �ई, गरीबी �नवारण म� मदद, अतः अ� सभी
योजनाओं म� भी प्रौद्यो�गक� के उपयोग को बढ़ाया जाए
65.4.5 📔📔📔📔 MGNREGA: Future suggestion by ES19? (अ� सुझाव दी�जए)

 Big Data Analytics: We should do real time monitoring of demand for work under MGNREGA
@district level. If more work demand by villagers = proof of farm / rural distress. Then correlate
with weather data etc. then display flash alert on policymaker’s dashboard. So he can take

corrective actions. e.g. Timely release of crop insurance claims, distribution of more loans,
additional allocation of foodgrains in PDS Shops etc. िकतने मजदू र काम मांग रहे ह� उस डाटा पर अ�वरत
�नगरानी रखकर, अ�ग्रम कदम उठाने चािहए
 Deepening MGNREGA workers’ financial inclusion through microinsurance, micropensions,
microcredit schemes. �व�ीय समावेशन करना चािहए, सू�ा बीमा सू� ऋण क� �व�ा
 Upskilling the MGNREGA Workers: Convergence of MGNREGA with Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDUGKY). So, they can eventually find gainful employment, and
don’t have to demand ‘unskilled’ MGNREGA work all the time. कौश� बढ़ाना चािहए. तािक भ�व� म� उस
मजदू र को वापस इस योजना का लाभ मांगने के �लए ना आना पड़े
65.5 🤲🤲🤲🤲:📯📯📯📯 POVERTY REMOVAL → DIRECTLY GIVE ₹ ₹ → UBI, E-RUPI
covered in full lecture and as prelims-passout candidates, I expect you’re capable of handlin this.
65.6 🤲🤲🤲🤲:✍→ CONCLUSION-TEMPLATE-POVERTY (�न�षर्- गरीबी �नवारण)

- While India’s GDP and national income is rising every year, not everyone has benefited equally
from this prosperity, as evident from <insert xyz report data>.
- Poverty acts as a barrier against gender development & human development. Therefore, SDG
Goal 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere.
- Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be
addressed on priority basis.
भारत का सकल घरेलू उ�ाद और रा��ीय आय तो बढ़ी है लेिकन इसम� हर एक �� को इस समृ�द्ध से एक समान �प से लाभ नहीं �मला
है। गरीबी हमेशा ल��गक �वकास और मानव �वकास म� अवरोध पैदा करती है। इस�लए उ� चीजों पर अग्रता क्रम से �ान देना ज�री तभी
हम सतत �वकास ल� नं बर#1 'गरीबी का अंत' हा�सल कर पाएं गे.
PILLAR#6D: WEAKER SECTION, GENDER DEVELOPMENT, HDI, SDG
66 ☪✝HRD/EDU → WEAKER SECTION → MINORITIES, SC/ST

66.1 ☪✝ MINORITIES (अ�सं �क समुदाय)

66.2 HRD/EDU → WEAKER SECTION → SCHEDULED TRIBES (ST)

66.2.1 �[YEARBOOK] Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
67 👩👩 HRD/EDU → WEAKER SECTION → WOMEN & CHILDREN

(Introduction Template- Origin/DATA) While nearly half of the Indian population consists of
women, but despite more than 70 years of independence they are lagging behind in the men. For
example, हालांिक भारत क� आधी आबादी मिहलाओं क� है िकंतु आजादी के 70 साल बाद भी वे पु�षों के अनुपात म� �पछड़ी �ई है.
वै��क सं गठनों द्वारा बनाए गए अलग-अलग �रपोटर् म� भी यही बात प्र�ुत �ई है.
⇒ UNDP GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX, (यूएनडीपी का ल��गक असमानता सूचकांक)

o female Labour Force Participation Rate in India is less than 30%, (मिहला श्रम बल भागीदारी
दर)- Ref: Pillar4C-Unemployment.
o share in Parliament seats is less than 15%. (सं सद म� मिहलाओं क� सं �ा)
⇒ World Economic Forum's GLOBAL GENDER GAP REPORT too points towards as a similar
gloomy picture. (�व� आ�थक मं च का वै��क �लंग अंतर �रपोटर् म� भी कु छ ऐसा ही हतो�ािहत करने वाला �चत्र उभर आता है)
67.1 👩👩👩→ CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS (सं वैधा�नक सं र�ण)
✓ 14: Equality before law
✓ 15: No discrimination. But State allowed to make special provisions for women & children
✓ 15/3 : Special provision in favour of women & children
✓ 16: Equal opportunity in Govt jobs [सरकारी नौक�रयों म� समान अवसर]
✓ 23: Prohibit forced labour & human trafficking (मानव त�री)
✓ 39/D: equal pay for equal work for both men & women [एक समान कायर् के �लए एक समान वेतन]
✓ 39/A: Equal justice & Free Legal Aid [समान �ाय और मु� क़ानूनी सहायता]
✓ 42: Just & humane conditions of work & for maternity relief. [मातृ� लाभ]

✓ 44: State shall endeavour for a Uniform Civil Code (समान नाग�रक सं िहता).
✓ 46: State to promote educational & economic interests of the weaker sections, & protect them
from social injustice & exploitation. [कमज़ोर वगर् को सामा�जक अ�ाय और शोषण से बचाना]
✓ 47: raise nutrition level & standard of living of people [पोषण और जीवन �र बेहतर करना]
✓ 51/A/e: Duty to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
✓ 243: 1/3rd reservation to women in PRI / ULBs. [Some states have already kept even higher- 50%
reservation e.g. Gujarat, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh]
67.2 👩👩👩→ LEGAL PROVISIONS (कानूनी सं र�ण)
✓ 1860: Indian Penal Code: Section Rape (376), Dowry torture (498-A), Sexual Harassment (509).
SC removed ‘Section 497: Adultery(��भचार) in 2018.
✓ 1952: Cinematograph Act 1952 → Censor board prohibits glorification of violence against
women in films. But, Over-the-Top (OTT) video streaming service / Online Curated Content
Providers like NETFLIX, HOTSTAR, Amazon prime etc are outside the purview of traditional
censors certification. So, 2019: supreme court directed Union Govt to regulate such content.
✓ 1956: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, amended in 1986
✓ 1986: Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act
✓ 1961: Dowry Prohibition Act (दहेज �नषेध अ�ध�नयम), amended in 1986
✓ 1961: Maternity Benefit Act (मातृ� लाभ अ�ध�नयम)
✓ 1971: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act
✓ 1976: Equal Remuneration Act (समान पा�रश्र�मक अ�ध�नयम)
✓ 1986: Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act
✓ 1987: Sati (Prevention) Act
✓ 1990: National Commission for Women Act [रा��ीय मिहला आयोग]
✓ 1992: Infant Milk Substitutes & Feeding Bottles & Infant food Act
✓ 1994: Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)-
PCPNDT Act [गभर् के �लंग परी�ण को रोकने के �लए क़ानून]
✓ 2000: Juvenile Justice Care & Protection of Children Act & its amendment in 2015
✓ 2005: Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act [बाल अ�धकार सुर�ा आयोग]
✓ 2005: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (घरेलू िहसं ा अ�ध�नयम)
✓ 2006: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, replaced previous Act of 1929.
✓ 2012 : The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act
✓ 2013: Prevention of Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (POSH) Act. [Related term:
Supreme Court’s Vishakha guidelines 1997 to deal with sexual harassment of women at
workplace]. [यौन उ�ीड़न के �ख़लाफ़ सव�� ायालय के �वशाखा िदशा �नद�श]
✓ 2019: Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 / Triple Talaq ban
✓ 1st August celebrated as “Muslim Women Rights Day”. because Triple Talaq was outlawed on
this day in 2019.

67.3 👶👶>👧👧 SON-META PREFERENCE (पुत्री के बाद पुत्र क� चाह)
Due to strict implementation of Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act
in India, the sex-selective abortion of female foetus have become difficult.
− So, couples have adopted a different strategy where they’ll continue to produce children until
desired number of sons are born. Economic Survey 2017-18 used the term ‘Son Meta-
Preference’ to describe this phenomenon. [जब तक बेटा नहीं पैदा होता तब तक माँ बाप ब�े पैदा करते रहे]
− According to this survey, there are 21 million+ ‘unwanted girls’ in India.
67.3.1 👶👶>👧👧=😰😰 Son Meta Preference: why bad?
− As such girls & women are neglected in their food & health needs. Majority of them suffer from
Anaemia & malnutrition. When wife is often forced to produce more children to have a son →
detrimental to her health → high MMR. (भोजन �श�ा और �ा� म� बेिटयों क� अवहेलना)
− Since daughters seen as burden, poor parents are keen to marry them off as soon as possible.
Child Marriages → early pregnancy before the age of 19→ high MMR.
− Girl married off early → she becomes mother at early age → can’t pursue higher studies / career
ambitions → low Labour Force Participation Rate. (छोटी उम्र म� शादी)
− Economic Survey 2017-18 noted Economic Development is not an antidote to gender inequality
or Son Meta preference because per-capita income & GSDP wise Punjab is better than North
Eastern states YET Punjab’s gender indices (sex ratio, violence against women) etc. are pathetic.
− As a result, India lags behind in UNDP’s GII Index & WEF’s Global Gender Gap report.
67.3.2 👣👣👣👣 JAYA Jaitley Task Force for ⏫marriage age 4girls
⇒ 1929: Sharda Act - Minimum age of marriage was 15 for girls → 1978 ⏫to 18
⇒ 2020-Feb: Budget- Finance minister observed: to ⏫ nutrition, higher education, career
opportunities & to ⏬MMR, TFR, we need to re-examine the minimum of marriage /
motherhood. we'll setup a taskforce for this. लड़िकयों क� शादी क� �ूनतम आयु म� बढ़ोतरी
⇒ 2020: Ministry of Women and Child Development setup Jaya Jaitley taskforce → Prohibition of
Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 to raise the age of legal marriage for girls from 18 to 21.
67.3.3 👩👩👩📯📯📯📯- 3 Umbrella Schemes to cover all women schemes

2021-March, Ministry of Women and Child Development announced that existing schemes will be
clubbed into 3 umbrella schemes. Reason? More effective monitoring & implementation.

प्रभावी �प से �नगरानी और अमल करने के �लए वतर्मान योजनाओं को तीन छतरी योजनाओं के नीचे वग�कृ त िकया गया है
67.3.4 👩👩👩✍ Women / Gender Development: Conclusion-Template (�न�षर्)

− Sustainable Development Goal SDG# 5 requires India to achieve gender equality & empower all
women & girls. Both human & economic development of India, it’s imperative that we address
the rampant gender inequality in India on war-footing. OR
− While Beti Bachao Beti Padhao & Sukanya Samridhi Yojana are important steps in gender
empowerment, yet, India’s poor ranking in the global report indicates that Govt schemes alone
can’t ⏬ the gender inequality until the collective will & mindset of Indian society is changed.
(के वल सरकारी कदमो से कु छ नहीं होगा सामूिहक इ�ाश��, समाज क� मान�सकता बदलने क� भी ज�रत है)
67.4 HRD/EDU → WEAKER SECTION: CHILD, PH, ELDERLY, DRUG ADDICTS, LGBTQ
Covered in the full length course I am writing only the heading here - to remind you that while
writing about human development you also need to mention these aspects.
68 ��
� � 🌿🌿 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction: Human development measures the ‘richness’ of human life, rather than measuring
‘richness’ of the economy. It stands on three foundations 1) To live a healthy & creative life 2) to be
knowledgeable 3) A decent standard of living. मानव �वकास अथर्�व�ा क� ’समृ�द्ध’ को मापने के बजाय मानव जीवन
क� ‘समृ�द्ध ’को मापता है। यह तीन नींवों पर खड़ा है 1) एक �� और रचना�क जीवन जीना 2) �श�ा हाँसील करना 3) एक अ�ा
जीवन �र हाँसील करना ।
68.1 📊📊📊📊 UNDP’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT (मानव �वकास �रपोटर्)
⇒ 2022-sept: Latest report published

⇒ India’s rank fallen from 130 (2020-21) to 132 (2021-22). Sri Lanka, China, Bhutan and
Bangladesh are ahead of us.
⇒ Latest report recommends following: investment in 3’i:

68.1.1 📊📊📊📊✍Human Development: Conclusion-Template (�न�षर्)
- Human development is fundamentally about giving more opportunities & freedom to people.
अंतत: मानव �वकास लोगों को अ�धक अवसर और आज़ादी देने पर ल��त है
- Gandhi-ji noted, “A nation's greatness is measured by how it treats its weakest members. Every
human being counts, & every human life is equally valuable.” - This universalism is also at the
core of our Constitution. एक देश क� महानता इससे नापी जा सकती है िक वह अपनी सबसे कमज़ोर सद�ों से कै से पेश
आता है।
- While India has done well in terms of economic growth but aforementioned report(s) / index
indicate(s) that more needs to be done to ensure our economic growth translates into human

development for all. हालाँिक भारत म� आ�थक वृ�द्ध तो �ई है िक�ु �व�वध सूचकांकों से प्रतीत होता है िक इस आ�थक वृ�द्ध को
मानव �वकास म� प�रव�तत करने के �लए अभी हम� और क़दम उठाने चािहए।
69 🌱🌱 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG)

 1980s: UN’s Brundtland Commission on Environment & Development → “Our Common
Future” Report → defined “Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” [सतत
�वकास वह �वकास है जो भावी पीिढ़यों क� अपनी ज�रतों को पूरा करने क� �मता से समझौता िकए �बना वतर्मान क� ज�रतों को पूरा
करता है]
 1992: Earth Summit @Rio, Brazil → 2012: Rio+20 summit: leaders announced to prepare
“Sustainable Development Goals” (SDG:सं धारणीय/सतत �वकास ल�) for post-2015 era when MDG
goals expired.
Year UN Approved Goals Target
2000-2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDG:सहस्रा�ी �वकास ल�) 8 18
2015-2030 “Sustainable Development Goals” (SDG:सं धारणीय/सतत �वकास ल�) 17 169
69.1 🌱🌱 📔📔📔📔ES21 ON SDG & ENVIRONMENT
69.1.1 📙📙📙📙ES21 Climate Change damages Indian economy [जलवायु प�रवतर्न से भारतीय अथर्तंत्र को ख़तरा]
⇒ 2018- India lost US$ 37 billion due to cyclones, floods and landslides- said Global Climate Risk
Index (prepared by Germany-based think tank “greenwatch”)
⇒ International Labour Organisation says by 2030: Global warming ⏫→ Heat stress→ workers
will be able to do less work → jobloss, lower wages, construction sector will suffer. [गम� क� तीव्रता
बढ़ने से मज़दू र पहले से कम मात्रा म� काम कर पाएं गे, �जस से उनक� तन�ाह म� कमी होगी]
⇒ Solution? 1) Heat prevention measures for workers [खुले इलाक़े म� कायर्रत मज़दू रों को गम� से बचाने के �लए
प्रबं ध] 2) Insurance, pension, skilling for alternate jobs for workers in construction sector. [मकान
�नमार्ण �ेत्र के मज़दू रों को प�शन, बीमा, वैक��क रोज़गार के �लए कौशल प्र�श�ण िदया जाए.]
69.1.2 📙📙📙📙ES21: Climate Risk & Pandemic Risk Insurance need to be encouraged
जलवायु प�रवतर्न जो�खम तथा आपदा जो�खम के �ख़लाफ़ बीमा लेना ज़�री/ उसे प्रो�ािहत िकया जाए
⇒ 2003: SARS Virus outbreak. The organisers of Wimbledon tennis tournament had taken a
pandemic insurance. They received compensation = could use the money for covering up their
financial losses. [�वंबलडन टे�नस प्र�तयो�गता म� SARS महामारी के नुक़सान क� भरपाई- एसे बीमे से �ई थी]
⇒ Many farmers do not take crops insurance because poor / illterate, previous negative experience
of not receiving compensation, etc. Need to reform & Popularize PM-Fasal Bima Yojana (Ref
Pillar#1D) [कई िकसान फ़सल बीमा नहीं ले रहे �ोंिक उ�� जानकारी नहीं है/ या भूतकाल म� फ़सल नुक़सान पर बीमा कं पनी ने
मुआवज़ा नहीं िदया था, इस�लए �नराश/ठगे �ए िकसान फ़सल बीमा नहीं ख़रीदते. प्रधानमं त्री फ़सल बीमा योजना म� इसके �लए ज़�री
सुधार िकए जाएं .]

⇒ Karnataka state govt “Varun Mitra” weather advisory system = it informs both the farmer as well
as the insurance company about the upcoming adverse weather events. 📙📙📙📙ES21 appreciated
its efficient working, recommended its replication at all India level. [कनार्टक रा� सरकार द्वारा हवामान क�
जानकारी िकसानों और बीमा कं प�नयों को दी जाती है।ऐसी प्रणाली को पूरे भारत म� लागू िकया जाए- कहा आ�थक सव��ण ने]
69.1.3 📙📙📙📙ES21: solar energy misused for groundwater exploitation

⇒ KUSUM Scheme = farmers given subsidised solar pumps. (Ref Pillar5 Energy Infrastructure).
⇒ But then what if those are solar pumps are misused for overuse/exploitation of groundwater.
⇒ Therefore, such energy schemes must have provisions to encourage water conservation. [स��डी
पर �मले सोलर प� द्वारा यिद िकसान दे दनादन भू-जल का दु�पयोग/ अ�तउपयोग कर� तो पयार्वरण/प्रकृ �त का फ़ायदा कम नुक़सान
�ादा है। इस�लए ऐसी योजनाओं म� ��-ऊजार् के साथ साथ जल-सं चय का भी �ाल रखना चािहए।]
69.2 🌱🌱 SDG GOALS VS INDIA’S NOTABLE SCHEMES
SDG Goal India’s Notable Schemes <List not exhaustive>

Goal End poverty in all its forms  MGNREGA & the National Livelihood Missions
1 everywhere  Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Beema Yojana
(PMJJBY) & Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Suraksha
गरीबी क� पूणर्तः समा�� Beema Yojana (PMJSBY), National Social Assistance
Programmes (NSAP) which provides pension to the
elderly, widows, PH in BPL category.
 PMJAY ₹ 5l health insurance that reduces healthcare
burden on poor people.
Goal End hunger, achieve food  Green Revolution — Krishonnati Yojana & its 11
2 security & improved nutrition sub-schemes, esp. National Mission for Sustainable
& promote sustainable Agriculture, National Food Security Mission
agriculture  Food Security Act, POSHAN Abhiyaan, Mid-day
भुखमरी क� समा�� Meal (MDM: New Name PM Poshan),
Goal Ensure healthy lives &  National Health Mission & its rural, urban
3 promote well-being for all at components, various schemes for Communicable &
all ages noncommunicable diseases
 Ayushman Bharat: 1) transform PHC 2) PMJAY ₹ 5l
अ�ा �ा� और जीवन�र health insurance that reduces healthcare burden on
poor people.
 Intensified Mission Indradhanush vaccination.
 PM Matru Vandana Yojana (₹ 5k), Janani Suraksha
Yojana (₹ 1k to BPL) Janani Shishu Suraksha

Karyakram (Free delivery) etc.
Goal Ensure inclusive & equitable  Samagra Shiksha by merging 1) Sarva Shiksha
4 quality education & promote Abhiyan (SSA) 2) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha
lifelong learning opportunities Abhiyan (RMSA) 3) Teacher Education (TE).
for all- सभी के �लए समोवेशी तथा  SWAYAM online portal for free learning etc.
गुणव�ा यु� �श�ा
Goal Achieve gender equality &  Gender Budget Statement from 2005 onwards
5 empower all women & girls  Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, Sukanya Samridhi (Bank
ल��गक समानता Savings) Yojana
 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connection to
BPL women),
 Procurement quota for MSME owned by Women,
Standup India loan scheme
Goal Ensure availability &  Swachh Bharat Mission, National Rural Drinking
6 sustainable management of Water Programme.
water & sanitation for all
साफ पानी और ��ता
Goal Ensure access to affordable,  Target: achieve 40% electricity from non-fossil fuel
7 reliable, sustainable & modern sources by 2030;
energy for all  LPG: PAHAL subsidy, Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
स�ी और �� ऊजार् Yojana (LPG connection to BPL women),
 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana →
Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana
(Saubhagya) to give electricity connection to all,
Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme
 National Solar Mission, Green Energy Corridor etc.
 National Bio-fuels Policy 2018: 20% of ethanol in
petrol & 5% blending of biodiesel in diesel by 2030.
 PM Ji-Van Yojana: biowaste → biofuel; GOBAR-
DHAN) scheme, UJALA LED, Gram Ujala LED
International Solar Alliance (ISA, HQ: Gurugram,
Haryana) launched following initiatives
 1) World Solar Bank to provide loans for solar
energy projects
 2) One Sun One World One Grid Initiative/Green
Grids= to create interconnected electricity grids to

transfer solar electricity among nations.
 3) 2020: First World Solar Technology Summit
(organised in virtual mode because of corona)
Goal Promote sustained, inclusive  Make India, Startup india, Skill India → Pradhan
8 & sustainable economic Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
growth, full & productive  Mudra loans,Standup India loans
employment & decent work  Prime Minister’s Employment Generation
for all Programme (PMEGP): credit linked subsidy for
अ�ा रोजगार, आ�थक �वकास
Micro enterprises in non-farm sector.
Goal Build resilient infrastructure,  Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Pradhan Mantri gram
9 promote inclusive & Sadak Yojana, Bharat Mala, Sagar Mala,
sustainable industrialization  Digital India, Smart City, AMRUT.
& foster innovation
उद्योग, नवाचार और बु�नयादी सु�वधाओं
का �वकास
Goal Reduce inequality within &  To reduce inequality within the country- all the
10 among countries schemes that are focusing on rural area & weaker
देशों के भीतर और देशों के बीच section e.g. MNREGA, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
असमानता म� कमी Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY), Standup
India loans for SC/ST & Women, Pradhan Mantri
Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) Rurban Mission
 To reduce inequality among countries - Technical
& Financial Assistance given by India to its
neighbouring countries, & least developed countries
Goal Make cities & human  Smart City, AMRUT, Rurban Mission, PM Awas
11 settlements inclusive, safe, Yojana, Swachh Bharat Mission etc Which we
resilient & sustainable learned in pillar#5
िटकाऊ शहरी �वकास
Goal Ensure sustainable  Targets: 1) ⏬ emissions intensity of GDP by 45%
12 consumption & production by 2030 compared to 2005; (earlier target 33-35%)
patterns
 2) ⏬ per capita consumption of fertilizer, fuel,
�ज�ेदारी के साथ उपभोग और उ�ादन
plastic waste etc.
 2021: SEBI rules: Top-1000 Listed Companies
required to publish Business Responsibility and
Sustainability Report (BRSR)- showing their
environmental, social and governance standards.

This reporting will be voluntarily in 2021 but
compulsory from 2022. सेबी के �नयमानुसार शेयर बाज़ार म�
�ल�ेड बड़ी कं प�नयों ने 2022 से अ�नवायर् �प से “�ापार उ�रदा�य�
और सतत-��रता �रपोटर्’ प्रका�शत करनी होगी। इस �रपोटर् म� कं पनीने
अपने द्वारा उठाए गये पयार्वरण, समाज-क�ाण और कॉरपोरेट शासन के
कदमों क� जानकारी देनी होगी।
Goal Take urgent action to combat  India’s national Greenhouse Gas Emission (2014) is
13 climate change & its impacts made up of: Energy sector > industrial process >
जलवायु प�रवतर्न और उसके प्रभावों से Agriculture > Waste material.
�नपटने के �लए त�ाल कारर्वाई  Targets: 0 Deaths in Extreme weather events, 40% of
electricity generation from renewable sources,
increase adoption of LED bulbs etc.
 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
& its 8 missions.
 National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
 National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change
(NAFCC) under NABARD
 Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP, 2014) to
improve scientific analysis of climate change. It has
two components: A) National Carbonaceous
Aerosols Program (NCAP) led by IIT-Bombay &
other institutes. B) Long-Term Ecological
Observatories (LTEO).
Goal Conserve & sustainably use  Marine protected areas, Coastal Regulation Zone,
14 the oceans, seas & marine National oil spill disaster contingency plan.
resources for sustainable  If a States mangrove forest cover decreases then it
development will be awarded ZERO marks in the SDG index.
समुद्री सं साधनों का सं र�ण
Goal Protect, restore & promote  NAPCC → National Mission for a Green India,
15 sustainable use of terrestrial  National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan
ecosystems, sustainably Ecosystem
manage forests, combat  Project Tiger, Elephant etc.
desertification, & halt &
 Target-2030: 1) increase Land area under forest from
reverse land degradation & 21.54% (Baseline) to 33% 2) Use these trees/forests
halt biodiversity loss to add carbon sink equivalent to 2.5-3 billion tons
�लीय पा�र��तक�य प्रणा�लयों, भू�म CO2
�रण और जैव �व�वधता का सं र�ण

Goal Promote peaceful & inclusive Target-2030:
16 societies for sustainable  Reported murders per 1 lakh population (from 2.4
development, provide access to To 1.2)
justice for all & build effective,  Reduce reported corruption crimes per 1 crore
accountable & inclusive population (from 34 to 17)
institutions at all levels  increase number of courts per 10 lakh persons (from
शां�तपूणर् समावेशी समाजों को बढ़ावा
12 to 34)
देना,सभी के �लए �ाय तक प�ंच
 Cover 100% population with aadhar card
सु�न��त करना
 Etc. so accordingly more ₹ funding, amending
criminal laws etc.
Goal Strengthen the means of  India has joined International Solar Alliance, India
17 implementation & revitalize has committed to Paris deal on Climate Change etc.
the global partnership for  2019: India became founding member of European
sustainable development commission’s International Platform on Sustainable
सामूिहक साझेदारी-वै��क भागीदारी को Finance
पुनज��वत करना  NITI has set no quantitative targets for this Goal
because MOSPI is unable to frame statistical
methods to capture it. (e.g. SDG Target 17.15:
‘Respect each country’s policy space’ - difficult to
quantify & compare!). But in 2021’s SDG Index
Report, NITI provided some qualitative assessment
e.g. we need to increase the cooperation at global
level, Corona has created new challenges etc. [यहाँ पर
मात्रा�क �प से तो ल� नापना सं भव नहीं है िक�ु गुणा�क समी�ा
नी�त आयोग ने द्वारा क� गई है]
CoP26: Glasgow, UK in 2021
 India’s commitments given in Handout Pill#5A
Pitfalls in Essay: In Human Development / Gender Development / Sustainable Development topic
essays Students merely give a long index of constitutional articles, laws & schemes like a parrot. But
you’re required to ‘describe’ how it actually helps & what more can be done to improve the
development. Read Yojana, Kurukshetra, Eco. Survey, Newspaper columns to gather such ‘fodder’
points. [तोते क� तरह रटकर �सफर् योजनाओं के नाम नहीं �लखने- असल म� �ा फायदा होता है ऐसा आराम से समझाना भी होगा �नबं ध]
69.2.1 🌱🌱✍SDG: Conclusion-Template (�न�षर्)

- SDG goals recognize that
- ending poverty requires economic growth, गरीबी �नवारण के �लए आ�थक वृ�द्ध
- while ending socio-economic disparities requires economic development
- But neither the economic growth (वृ�द्ध) nor the economic development (�वकास) should come at
the cost of harming future generations. (भ�व� क� पीढ़ी को नाइं साफ� ना हो)

- Accordingly, the 17 goals have been framed to provide education, health, social protection, & job
opportunities to all, while tackling climate change & environmental protection.
- Achievement of SDG goals is therefore necessary for
- reaping India's demographic dividend, (जनसं �ािकक लाभांश)
- reducing India’s socio economic disparities (सामा�जक आ�थक �वषमताएँ )
- and at the same time protecting India's vast biodiversity. (�वशाल जैव �व�वधता)
OR As Gandhi-ji noted, “The earth, air, land & water are not inheritance from our forefathers but on
loan from our children. So we have to handover to them at least as it was handed over to us. Earth
provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” Therefore, timely
achievement of SDG goals must become India’s top priority. (पृ�ी हर आदमी क� ज�रतों को पूरा सकती है,
लेिकन हर आदमी क� लालच नहीं।)
69.3 ECONOMIC SURVEYS OF LAST 10 YEARS (2012-22)

MGNREGA Act 2005
RTI Act (information) 2005
RTE Act (education) 2009
SECC 2011
NFSA Act (Food Security) 2013
Indra Dhanush vaccination 2014
Skill India/PM Kaushal Vikas 2015
PM MatruVandana 2015
Samagra Sikhsha Scheme 2018
Poshan (National nutrition Mission) 2018
Economics Nobel to Abhijit Banerjee 2019
National education policy 2020 2020
Ayushman Bharat National Digital Health Mission Sat 15 Aug 2020
PM Poshan 2.0 2021
BNI Index 2021
NITI MPI Index 2021
E-Rupi 2021
SDG Deadline 2030
⇒ 2012: DBT.Statistical narration of IMR, MMR, Pratham’s ASER & descriptions of schemes.
⇒ 2013: need to change the attitude towards success measurement of schemes: instead of Counting
number of beds & doctors, we shd see whether % disease cases reduced or not? For preventing
disease prevalence in India, Water and sanitation most crucial → continued in subsequent
surveys thru linking with SBM.
⇒ 2014: Sterilization on women is more unsafe. Beti bachao.

⇒ 2015-16: SBM: open defecation → environmental enteropathy → malnutrition. Rural women
reduce food intake to avoid nature’s call->malnutrition.
⇒ 2016: TFR of coastal states⏬ → labour mobility from UP-Bihar to Kerala will be required.
Need to increase the rental housing for migrants.
⇒ 2016: Sometimes JAM/BAPU not helpful. Suggested UBI
⇒ 2017: Son Meta-Preference- Development Itself not an Antidote.
⇒ 2018: India's Demography at 2040: need to reduce/merge the primary schools. ⏫ age of
retirement like Japan to prevent burden on government sponsored pension schemes. Focus on
geriatric care.
⇒ 2018: Effective Use of Technology for Welfare Schemes – Case of MGNREGS
⇒ 2020: Saving Lives and Livelihoods amidst a Once-in-a-Century Crisis of Corona.
⇒ 2020: GDP growth increases inequality, but in absolute terms it improves the income of even the
poor persons via trickle-down effect. So we need to ⏫ the size of the plate (GDP) to reduce
poverty. Nothing wrong in a moderate level of inequality between CEO & worker.
⇒ 2020: The Bare Necessities Index.
⇒ 2021-22: NITI SDG index. Water availability, air pollution, and climate change COP 26 summit
major initiatives.
⇒ 👜👜🥻🥻Budget-2022: Ayushmann Bharat digital Mission, Saksham AnganWadi, foreign
universities@GIFT city. PM E-Vidhya TV Classrooms, Digital University, DESH-Stack-Skill
portal. Etc.
⇒ 2022-Mid-population: ‘Youth in India 2022’ report released by the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation. Elderly may outnumber the youth. The proportion of the
population aged under 15 years is projected to decline, the elderly is expected to increase
⇒ 2022-Mid-population: HRD: United Nations’ World Population Prospects Report 2022: World
population growth rate below 1%.😥😥Indian population to surpass China next year. 😥😥
GLOBAL LIFE expectancy ⏬ from 72.8 in 2019 to 71 years in 2021 due to Corona.
⇒ BETI BACHAO Beti Padhao- for ⏫ education of girl child and improving sex ratio. Previously
it was applicable only on selected districts having low sex ratio. Now will now be extended across
the country. 😥😥 Parliament report criticised that 80 percent funds for the BBBP scheme has
been used for advertising, and not on sectoral interventions such as women's health and
education.
69.4 ✍🎺🎺 MAINS ANSWER WRITING: POVERTY, HUNGER, SOCIAL SECTORS
69.4.1 Economics Optional Handpicked Qs

1) “Schemes the Employment Gurantee Scheme, though contributed significantly to reduce rural
unemployment, yet failed to reduce poverty effectively.” Give your comment in this regard.
2) Define human capital. Examine its importance in the process of economic development.

3) Explain why the market and the State have complementary roles in economic development.
4) India’s economic growth is associated with rising inequality. How does it so happen and what
actions need to be taken to mitigate the problem?
5) ‘Inequality perpetuates poverty, hence mere creation of employment will not end poverty or
poverty line concept.’ Comment and suggest measures to reduce inequalities.
6) “Global warming will certainly increase the cry of the earth and the cry of the poor.” In this
context, examine the international efforts to reduce global warming.
7) “Industrial development and environmental degradation are highly correlated.” If it is true what
should be in your opinion, the policy options for industrialization process vis-a-vis pollution
control?
8) Make out a case for subsidies contributing to achievement of growth with social justice in India
9) Develop the idea that endogenous technological progress, driven by investment in human capital
formation and R & D, offsets diminishing returns to physical capital.
10) Our development strategy has been proposed in terms of ‘faster’, ‘more inclusive’ and
‘sustainable’ growth. Do the three components sit together well? Argue for your answer.
11) Discuss the problem of intergenerational inequity arising out of internal debt
12) Distinguish between economic growth and economic development. What desirable changes are
necessary for achieving the objective of economic development?
13) Development of human capital may lead to constant returns and propel an economy to self-
sustaining economic growth. Explain.
14) Outline the main dimensions of human capital formation highlighting their relative significance
in economic development.
15) What is Human Development Index (HDI)? Give its limitations as a measure of economic
development and suggest improvement(s).
16) How can the organized manufacturing sector be revived as an engine of inclusive growth?
17) Compare the strategies of trickle down growth with inclusive growth. Why should the strategy of
inclusive growth be preferred?
18) Define human capital. Examine its importance in the process of economic development.
19) Skill development and thereby raising labour productivity like that in China would be the only
panacea for long term growth in Indian economy. Discuss.
20) “Indian economy is trapped in a ‘jobless growth’ situation.” Discuss and suggest suitable
measures to tackle the problem of unemployment in India.
21) Specify the main factors which hindered trickle-down in Indian economy.
22) Discuss the nature and incidence of the problem of rural poverty in India. What suggestions do
you offer to solve it?
23) Explain why in spite of poverty alleviation schemes number of the poor has not fallen very much.
24) Growth and inequalities are directly related. Comment critically.
25) India has a vast potential to reap a demographic dividend. Explain the point and discuss the
necessary measures to realize it.

26) How did per capita income in India behave since Independence? Has it improved the well-being
of the people uniformly? Give specific reasons.
27) Looking to the steady growth of unemployment in India, suggest an outline of employment-
oriented growth strategy for economic development.
28) Market economy excludes poor from the employment market. Discuss how one can safeguard
the population below poverty line.
29) Reflect on the relationship among economic growth, inequality and poverty in the post-reform
period in India.
30) Rural poverty continues to be a chronic problem in India, which cannot be taken care of by anti-
poverty programmes but by creation of permanent productive assets. Discuss.
31) The various anti-poverty programmes have not achieved the desired socio-economic progress in
India. Write down the major programmes and your broad based assessment of their weaknesses.
69.4.2 ✍🎺🎺 GSM1 Syllabus: Poverty, Population; Development & associated issues
COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (को�वड -19 2020
महामारी ने भारत म� वगर् असमानताओं एवं गरीबी को ग�त दे दी है । िटप�ी क��जए )
‘Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the Govt in India, 2018
poverty is still existing.’ Explain by giving reasons.
भारत म� गरीबी उ�ूलन के �लए �व�भ� कायर्क्रमों के कायार्�यन के बावजूद, गरीबी अभी भी मौजूद है। '' कारण �� कर�।
Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India & explain the nature 2018
of convergence, collaboration & competition for its success.
भारत म� आकां�ा�क �जलों के प�रवतर्न के �लए मु� रणनी�तयों का उ�ेख कर� और इसक� सफलता के �लए अ�भसरण, सहयोग और
प्र�त�धार् क� प्रकृ �त क� �ा�ा कर�।
“An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from deprivation.” Substantiate 2016
this statement with suitable examples. "गरीबी उ�ूलन के �लए एक आव�क शतर् गरीबों को अभाव से मु� करना है।"
उपयु� उदाहरणों के साथ इस कथन को प्र�त�ा�पत कर�
Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the main cause 2015
of population increase in India. समालोचना�क �प से जांच कर� िक बढ़ती जनसं �ा गरीबी का कारण है या गरीबी भारत म�
जनसं �ा वृ�द्ध का मु� कारण है।
69.4.3 ✍🎺🎺 GSM2 Syllabus: Poverty & hunger issues/गरीबी और भुखमरी के मुद्दे
Q13. What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food 2021-
Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (Answer in 250 words) GSM3
रा��ीय खाद्य सुर�ा अ�ध�नयम, 2013 क� मु� �वशेषताएँ �ा ह� ? खाद्य सुर�ा �वधेयक ने भारत म� भूख तथा कु पोषण को दू र करने
म� िकस प्रकार सहायता क� है? ✅Solved@ https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-upsc-mains-gsm3-
model-ans-economy-budget-2021/VHWAMSQF
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through 2021-
microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) [ �ा ल��गक GSM2
असमानता, गरीबी और कु पोषण के दुष्चक्र को मिहलाओं को �यं सहायता समूहों को सू� �व� (माइक्रोफाइने�) प्रदान करके तोड़ा
जा सकता है ? सोदाहरण �� क��जए। ]

“Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the 2020-
rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along GSM2
with empowering women in rural India. ("सू�-�व� एक गरीबी-रोधी िटका है जो भारत म� ग्रामीण द�रद्र क� प�रसं प��
�नमार्ण और आयसुर�ा के �लए ल��त है". �यं सहायता समूहों क� भू�मका का मू�ांकन ग्रामीण भारत म� मिहलाओं के सश��करण
के साथ साथ उपरो� दोहरे उद्दे�ों के �लए क��जए ) ✅Solved@ https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-upsc-
gsm2-model-ans-governance-welfare-socj-2020/IOFX6TG7
“The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on 2020
income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index GS2
Report. ("के वल आय पर आधा�रत गरीबी के �नधार्रण म� गरीबी का आपतन और तीव्रता अ�धक मह�पूणर् है"। इस स�भर् म�
सं यु� रा�� ब�आयामी गरीबी सूचकांक क� नवीनतम �रपोटर् का �व�ेषण क��जए ।)
✅Solved@ https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-upsc-gsm2-model-ans-governance-welfare-
socj-2020/IOFX6TG7
There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty & hunger in India. The 2019
shrinking of social expenditure by the Govt is forcing the poor to spend more on Non- Food GS2
essential items squeezing their food – budget.- Elucidate.
भारत म� गरीबी और भुखमरी के बीच के सं बं ध म� अंतर बढ़ रहा ह�। सरकार द्वारा सामा�जक खचर् को कम करना ग़रीबों को उनके भोजन
- बजट को �नचोड़ने वाले गैर-खाद्य आव�क व�ुओ ं पर अ�धक खचर् करने के �लए मजबूर कर रहा है।- �� क��जए ।
✅Solved@ https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-upsc-gsm2-2019-model-ans-part-2-social-
justice-welfare/QXSTIV74
What are the reformative steps taken by the Govt to make food grain distribution system more 2019
effective? खाद्य �वतरण प्रणाली को और अ�धक प्रभावशाली बनाने के �लए सरकार द्वारा �ा सुधारवादी कदम उठाए गए है? GS3
How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack or availability of food as the main cause 2018
of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?
आप इस राय से िकतने सहमत ह� िक भोजन क� कमी या उपल�ता को भूख का मु� कारण समझना भारत म� अप्रभावी/बेअसर मानव
�वकास नी�तयों से �ान हटाता है?
Hunger & Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate 2017
how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems.
Suggest measures for improvement.भारत म� सुशासन के �लए भूख और गरीबी आज भी सबसे बड़ी चुनौती है। मू�ांकन
कर� िक इन ब�त बड़ी सम�ाओं से �नपटने के �लए �सल�सलेवार सरकारों ने कहाँ तक प्रग�त क� है। सुधार के उपाय सुझाए।
‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until & unless they are 2017
backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty
alleviation programmes in India.भारत म� ‘गरीबी उ�ूलन कायर्क्रम तब तक के वल िदखावा (शो पीस) बने �ए ह�, जब तक
िक वे राजनी�तक इ�ाश�� द्वारा सम�थत नहीं ह�।’ भारत म� प्रमुख गरीबी उ�ूलन कायर्क्रमों के प्रदशर्न/तामील के सं दभर् म� चचार् कर�।
Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in 2015
poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with reference to urban & rural
poverty indicators.हालांिक भारत म� गरीबी के कई अलग-अलग अनुमान ह�, सभी समय के साथ गरीबी के �र म� कमी का
सं के त देते ह�। �ा आप सहमत ह�? शहरी और ग्रामीण गरीबी सूचकांकों/सं के तकों के सं दभर् म� समालोचना�क �प से जांच कर�।
The Central Govt frequently complains on the poor performance of the State Governments in 2013
eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of Centrally
sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of
population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically
evaluate.क� द्र सरकार समाज के कमजोर वग� क� पीड़ा को �मटाने म� रा� सरकारों के खराब प्रदशर्न पर लगातार �शकायत करती है।

जनसं �ा के कमजोर वग� क� सम�ाओं को सुधारने के �लए सभी �ेत्रों म� क� द्र प्रायो�जत योजनाओं का पुनगर्ठन, रा�ों को बेहतर
कायार्�यन के �लए लचीलापन प्रदान करना है। समालोचना�क �प से मू�ांकन कर�।
Discuss the changes in India's demography at 2040. In what ways will it require the policymakers Mock
to change their present course of action? 2040 म� भारत क� जनसां��क� म� बदलाव पर चचार् कर�। िकन तरीकों से
नी�त �नमार्ताओं को अपनी वतर्मान कारर्वाई को बदलने क� आव�कता होगी?
69.4.4 ✍🎺🎺 GSM2 Syllabus: Schemes for Social Sectors
GSM2 Syllabus: Social Sector & Social Services (health, education, human resources – issues in
development, management: सामा�जक �ेत्र और सामा�जक सेवाए (�ा�, �श�ा, मानव सं साधन - �वकास, प्रबं धन म� मुद्दे);
Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary 2021-
precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.(Answer in 150 words) ["एक क�ाणकारी रा� क� GSM2
नै�तक अ�नवायर्ता के अलावा, प्राथ�मक �ा� सं रचना धारणीय �वकास क� एक आव�क पूवर् शतर् है।" �व�ेषण क��जए। ]
Q. “‘Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and
skill training meaningful.” Comment. (150 words) ["�ावसा�यक �श�ा और कौशल प�र�ण को साथर्क बनाने के
�लए 'सीखते �ए कमाना (अनर् �ाइल यू लनर्)' क� योजना को सश� करने क� आव�कता है।" िट�णी क��जए।]
During Corona pandemic the response of Government of India was focused first on saving lives MOCK
and then on saving livelihoods. Elaborate (कोरोना महामारी के दौरान भारत सरकार क� प्र�तिक्रया पहले जीवन बचाने
और िफर आजी�वका बचाने पर क� िद्रत थी)
Healthcare sector of India is marked by lower level of accountability and transparency compared MOCK
to the first world countries. Suggest some novel ways to fix this. [भारत का �ा� सेवा �ेत्र म� प्रथम �व� के
देशों क� तुलना म� �न� �र क� जवाबदेही और पारद�शता है। इसे ठीक करने के �लए कु छ नए तरीके सुझाएं ।]
“E-rupi increases the efficacy of Direct-Benefit Transfer by making the entitlement more targeted MOCK
and leak-proof.” Substantiate/Elucidate. (ई-�पी पात्रता को अ�धक ल��त और �रसाव-मु� बनाकर प्र��-लाभ
अंतरण क� प्रभावका�रता को बढ़ाता है. उदाहरण द्वारा सा�बत क��जए)
In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies 2020
are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (साम�जक �वकास GSM2
क� सं भावनाओं को बढ़ने के क्रम म�, �वशेषकर जरा�चिक�ा एवं मातृ �ा� देखभाल के �ेत्र म� सु�ढ़ और पयार्� �ा� देखभाल
स��ी नी�तयों क� आव�कता है l �ववेचन क��जए ।) ✅Solved@ https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-
upsc-gsm2-model-ans-governance-welfare-socj-2020/IOFX6TG7
⇒ Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so 2019
effective due to absence of their awareness & active involvement at all stages of policy
process – Discuss. कमजोर वग� के �लए लागू क� गई क�ाणकारी योजनाओं का प्रदशर्न नी�तगत प्रिक्रया के सभी चरणों
म� उनक� जाग�कता और सिक्रय भागीदारी के अभाव के कारण प्रभावी नहीं है। चचार् कर� |
⇒ Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of
human development. Examine the issues that make balanced & inclusive development
elusive. उ� �वकास दर के लगातार अनुभव के बावजूद, भारत अभी भी मानव �वकास के �न�तम सं के तकों के साथ �न�
पायदान पर है। उन मुद्दों क� परी�ण कर� जो सं तु�लत और समावेशी �वकास को दुग्रार्ह्य बनाते ह�।
✅Solved@ https://unacademy.com/class/mrunals-upsc-gsm2-2019-model-ans-part-2-social-
justice-welfare/QXSTIV74
Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health 2018
for All ‘ in India. Explain. यथो�चत/उपयु� �ानीय सामुदा�यक-�र क� �ा� सेवा अंतः�ेप/ह��ेप भारत म� ‘सभी के
�लए �ा�’ प्रा� करने के �लए पूवार्कां��त (एक शतर्) है। �� क��जए।

‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation & hygiene needs, the 2017
identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’
Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. ‘जल, ��ता और �ा� ज़�रतों को सं बो�धत
करने वाली नी�तयों के प्रभावी कायार्�यन को सु�न��त करने के �लए, लाभाथ� वृत-खं डों क� पहचान को प्र�ा�शत प�रणामों के साथ
समक्र�मक/�संक्रनाइज़ िकया जाना चािहए। वॉश/WASH योजना के सं दभर् म� कथन क� जांच कर�।
Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy & throw light on the status of its 2016
implementation.रा�ी� य बाल नी�त के मु� प्रावधानों क� जांच कर� इसके कायार्�यन क� ��त पर प्रकाश डाल�।
“Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes 2016
more educated, aware, skilled & creative.” What measures have been taken by the Govt to
enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive & employable? “भारत म� जनसां��क�
लाभांश के वल सैद्धां�तक रहेगा जब तक िक हमारी जनश�� अ�धक �श��त, जाग�क, कु शल और रचना�क नहीं हो जाती है।" हमारी
जनसं �ा क� �मता को अ�धक उ�ादक और रोजगारपरक बनाने के �लए सरकार ने �ा उपाय िकए ह�?
Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education & 2016
primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status & performance? प्रोफे सर
अम�र् सेन ने प्राथ�मक �श�ा और प्राथ�मक �ा� देखभाल के �ेत्र म� मह�पूणर् सुधारों क� वकालत क� है। उनक� ��त और प्रदशर्न
म� सुधार के �लए आपके सुझाव �ा ह�?
The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally 2015
competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve
the quality of higher & technical education in the country? Discuss. भारत म� उ� �श�ा क� गुणव�ा को
अंतररा��ीय �र पर प्र�त�ध� बनाने के �लए बड़े सुधार क� आव�कता है। �ा आपको लगता है िक �वदेशी �श�ण सं �ानों के प्रवेश
से देश म� उ� और तकनीक� �श�ा क� गुणव�ा म� सुधार होगा? चचार् कर�।
Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the 2015
private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you
suggest?सावर्ज�नक �ा� प्रणाली म� सावर्लौिकक �ा� �ा��/कवरेज प्रदान करने क� मयार्दाएँ ह�। �ा आपको लगता है िक
यह �र�� को भरने म� (यह मयार्दाएँ दू र करने म�)�नजी �ेत्र मदद कर सकता है? �ा आप अ� �वहायर् �वक� सुझाएं ग?े
An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph & nation’s glory; victors are showered 2014
with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state sponsored
talent hunt & its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement. एक
एथलीट ��गत �वजय और रा�� क� मिहमा के �लए ओलं �पक म� भाग लेता है; �वजेताओं पर �व�भ� एज��सयों द्वारा उनक� वापसी पर
नकद प्रो�ाहन क� बौछार क� जाती है। प्रो�ाहन के �प म� एक इनाम िक्रया�व�ध/�मके �नज़्म के औ�च� के �खलाफ रा� प्रायो�जत
प्र�तभा-शोध और इस के �वकास क� श्रे�ता/यो�ता पर चचार् कर�।
Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more 2014
academic independence in designing courses & also decide mode/criteria of selection of
students? Discuss in light of the growing challenges. �ा आईआईटी / आईआईएम जैसे प्रमुख सं �ानों को उनक�
अ�ग्रमता क� ��त बनाए रखने क� अनुम�त दी जानी चािहए, अ�ास/पाठ्यक्रमों क� रचना/िडजाइ�नंग म� अ�धक अकाद�मक �तं त्रता
क�, और छात्रों के चयन क� री�त/ मानदंड तय करने क� भी अनुम�त दी जानी चािहए? बढ़ती चुनौ�तयों को �ान म� रख के चचार् कर�।
The concept of Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early 2013
beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given
impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest
mandates & success.म�ाह्न भोजन (एमडीएम) योजना क� अवधारणा भारत म� लगभग एक सदी पुरानी है, �जसक� शु�आत
पूवर्-�तं त्र भारत म� मद्रास प्रेसीड�सी म� �ई थी। इस योजना को �पछले दो दशकों म� अ�धकांश रा�ों म� िफर से आवेग/प्रो�ाहन िदया
गया है। उस के दुगनु ा उद्दे�ों, नवीनतम शासनादेश/अ�धदेशों और सफलता क� समालोचना�क �प से जांच कर�।

Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health. Discuss the 2013
success of the actions taken by the Govt for achieving the same. सह�ा�ी �वकास ल�ों (एमडीजी) क�
पहचान कर� जो �ा� से सं बं�धत ह�। उसी क� प्रा�� के �लए सरकार द्वारा िकए गए काय� क� सफलता पर चचार् कर�।
⇒ With a suitable example of a Govt scheme, explain how e-governance & use of technology Mock
can result in greater transparency & accountability? एक सरकारी योजना के उपयु� उदाहरण के साथ,
समझाएँ िक कै से ई-गवन�स और प्रौद्यो�गक� के उपयोग से अ�धक पारद�शता और जवाबदेही हो सकती है?
⇒ “Use of ICT-technology has enhanced MGNREGA’s efficacy in combating rural distress.”
Elaborate. - "आईसीटी-प्रौद्यो�गक� के उपयोग ने ग्रामीण क�/सं कट से �नपटने म� मनरेगा क� प्रभावका�रता को बढ़ाया है।"
�व�ार से बताएं ।
69.4.5 ✍🎺🎺 GSM2 Syllabus: Schemes for Social Sectors → Education
How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the educational system in 2020
the country? Elaborate your answer. (भारत म� िड�जटल पहल ने िकस प्रकार से देश क� �श�ा �व�ा के सं चालन म� GS1
योगदान िकया है? �व�ृत उ�र दी�जए ।) GSM1-2020. This is not typing mistake. UPSC indeed asked this in
GSM1 even though not ‘fitting’ in syllabus of GSM1.
National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). 2020
It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. GS2
(रा��ीय �श�ा �न�त 2020 धारणीय �वकास ल�-4 (२०3०) के साथ अनु�पता म� है । उसका �ेय भारत म� �श�ा प्रणाली क�
पुनःसं रचना और पुनः�ापना है l इस कथन का समालोचना�क �न�र�ण क��जए)
⇒ NEP-2020 aims to bring transformational reforms in school and higher education." Discuss. Mock
"(नई) रा��ीय �श�ा नी�त का उद्दे� �ू ल और उ� �श�ा म� प�रवतर्नकारी सुधार लाना है।" चचार् कर�।
⇒ "NEP-2020 is built on the foundational pillars of Equity, Quality, Affordability and
Accountability". Substantiate. (नई) रा�ी� य �श�ा नी�त को समानता, गुणव�ा, िकफायत/कमखच� और जवाबदेही के
�ं भों पर बनाया गया है
⇒ Enumerate the measures in the NEP for (INSERT SUB-Sector: school education / higher
education / assessment etc.) (नई) रा��ीय �श�ा नी�त के x/y/z/ �ेत्र के अनुसंधान म� प्रमुख प्रावधानों क� सूची दी�जए
69.4.6 ✍🎺🎺 Mains Answer Writing: Inclusive Growth
GSM3 Syllabus Topic: Indian Economy (issues re: planning, mobilisation of resources, growth,
development, employment); Inclusive growth & issues therein, Infrastructure
Even though there is an inverse relationship between the economic growth and equality, it is MOCK
necessary for India to pursue higher level of economic growth. Do you agree? Justify your stand.
(भले ही आ�थक वृ�द्ध और समानता के बीच एक �वपरीत सं बंध है, भारत के �लए आ�थक वृ�द्ध के उ� �र का पीछा करना आव�क
है। �ा आप सहमत ह�? अपने मं त� को ता�कक �पसे समझाइए.।)
Explain intra-generational and inter-generational issues of equity from the perspective of 2020
inclusive growth and sustainable development. (समावेशी सं वृ�द्ध एवं सं पोषणीय �वकास के प�रप्रे� म�, आंतपीढ़ी एवं
अंतपीढ़ी सा�ा के �वषयों क� �ा�ा क��जए।)
It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of 2019
inclusiveness & sustainability together. Comment on this statement. यह तकर् िदया जाता है िक समावेशी
�वकास क� रणनी�त एक साथ समावे�शता एवं ��रता के उद्दे�ों को पूरा करने के �लए है। इस कथन पर िट�णी कर�।
Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable & modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve 2018
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comment on the progress made in India in this regard.
सतत �वकास ल�ों को प्रा� करने के �लए स�ी, �व�सनीय, िटकाऊ और आधु�नक ऊजार् तक प�ँ च आव�क शतर् है। इस स�भर् म�
भारत म� �ई प्रग�त पर िट�णी कर�।

What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been experiencing such a growth 2017
process? Analyze & suggest measures for inclusive growth. 'समावेशी �वकास' क� मु� �वशेषताएं �ा ह� ? �ा
भारत ऐसी �वकास प्रिक्रया का अनुभव कर रहा है ? समावेशी �वकास के उपायों का �व�ेषण कर सुझाव द�।
Comment on the challenges for inclusive growth which include careless & useless manpower in 2016
the Indian context. Suggest measures to be taken for facing these challenges. भारतीय स�भर् म� समावेशी
�वकास क� प्रा�� हेतु अनाव�क एवं अनुपयु� जनश�� को शा�मल िकया जा रहा है | इस स�भर् म� आने वाली चुनौ�तयों पर
िट�णी कर� । इन चुनौ�तयों का सामना करने के �लए िकए जाने वाले उपायों पर सुझाव द�।
Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements & status of 2016
gender budgeting in the Indian context? भारत म� मिहला सश��करण के �लए ल��गक बजट क� आव�कता है।
भारतीय सं दभर् म� ल��गक बजट क� वतर्मान ��त एवं आव�कताएं �ा है ?
69.4.7 ✍🎺🎺 Mains Answer Writing: Women Development
GSM1 Syllabus Topic: Role of women & women’s organisation;
1. What are the continued challenges for women in India against time & space? (समय और �ान के 2019
प�रपे� म� भारत म� मिहलाओं के �लए �नरंतर चुनौ�तयां �ा ह� ?)
2. “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss "मिहलाओं को सश� बनाना
ही जनसं �ा वृ�द्ध को �नयं �त्रत करने क� कुं जी है"। चचार् कर� |
‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata. 2018
Substantiate your view. ‘भारत म� मिहलाओं के आंदोलन ने �न� सामा�जक �र क� मिहलाओं के मुद्दों को सं बो�धत नहीं िकया है’।
अपने ��कोण क� पु�� कर�।
How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable 2015
to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? भारत क� जनजा�तयों म� �लंगानुपात अनुसू�चत जा�तयों म�
�लंगानुपात क� तुलना म� मिहलाओं के प्र�त अ�धक अनुकूल है, इस आंकड़े क� आप िकस प्रकार �ा�ा कर�गे ?
How does patriarchy impact the position of a middle class working woman in India? 2014
�पतृस�ा भारत म� एक म�मवग� कामकाजी मिहला क� ��त को कै से प्रभा�वत करती है?
Discuss the various economic & socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of 2014
agriculture in India. �व�भ� आ�थक और सामा�जक-सां�ृ�तक कारक भारत म� कृ �ष �ेत्र के ना�रकरण को बढ़ा रहे है ?
Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give 2014
your arguments. भारत के कु छ सबसे समृद्ध �ेत्रों म� मिहलाओं के �लए प्र�तकू ल �लंगानुपात �ों है? इस स�भर् म� अपने तकर् द� |
Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organization free from gender 2013
bias. Comment. मिहला सं गठनो को ल��गक पूवार्ग्रह से मु� करने के �लए पु�ष सद�ता को प्रो�ािहत करने क� आव�कता है।
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Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of Last 10 Years

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of

1 Pillar1: Banking, Finance, Insurance................................................................................................... 1

1 PILLAR1: BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 1

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 2

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 3

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 4

2 PILLAR2: BUDGET, TAXATION & SUBSIDIES

Vodafone-CGT Case @SC 2012

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 5

Corporation Tax ⏬ (25-30% → 15-22%) 2019

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 6

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 7

3 PILLAR3: BOP & INTERNATIONAL TRADE

WTO Formed Sun 1 Jan 1995

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 8

4 PILLAR4: SECTORS OF ECONOMY →

4.1 PILLAR4A: AGRICULTURE

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 9

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 10

4.3 PILLAR4C- MACRO INDICATORS: GDP & INFLATION & UNEMPLOYMENT

GDP Calc Formula#1: Expenditure

GDP Calc Formula#2: Production: Gross Value

GDP Calc Formula#3: Income Method (WIPR0)

Planning commission dissolved 2014

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 11

NITI Aayog Born 1 Jan 2015

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 12

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 13

Glasgow target 500GW Renewable 2030

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 14

Indra Dhanush vaccination 2014

Mrunal’s Mains Economy Summary of last 1 decade (2012-22) → Page 15

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 1

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 2

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 3

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Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 5

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 6

12.11.2 👻👻🐯🐯🐯🐯📈📈 REPO → TLTRO, SLTRO, On-Tap Windows

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 7

motivation to park ₹ in RBI & more motivation to park ₹ in

↑ loan-flow to sectors that can - ↓the loan-flow to sectors

12.13📢📢 MONETARY POLICY IN PRESENT-DAY INDIA

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 8

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 9

12.13.2 🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯Monetary Policy: June-2022 Repo⏫

12.13.3 🐯🐯📢📢📈📈US Fed Tapering & Impact on India

12.13.4 🐯🐯✍ Monetary Policy: Conclusion / �न�षर्

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 10

13 🏛🏛 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES → BANKS

13.11.1 PSB Problems and Solutions

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 11

14 BAD LOANS / NPA

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 12

14.12🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯 RBI “3R” FRAMEWORK FOR REVITALIZING STRESSED ASSETS (2015-19)

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 13

⇒ 🤩🤩SARFAESI- 4.3 years. IBC-330 days

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 14

14.13.2 (⚖🔪🔪🔪🔪)🈶🈶🈶🈶 Cross-border Insolvency (सीमा-पार का �दवा�लयापन)

14.14(⚖🔪🔪🔪🔪)👋👋👋👋 VOLUNTARY LIQUIDATION OF COMPANIES

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 15

Mrunal Mains Airpod1: GSM3-Economy-Pillar1 Money Banking Finance Insurance→ Page 16