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April & May 2016 edition | € 4.95

Sensors and Measurement

Technology • Research • Development

New Dimensions
with HallinOne Magnetic
Field Sensors

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 Foreword
We’re hiring sensor specialists
(again)
A few years ago IoT was a techno
fledgling without a proper name and
growing rather haphazardly. As the
concept matured, many in the industry
and in small labs were extremely occupied with programming and
finding common ground for the largest number of interconnected
devices on the planet. IoT since then has become an everyday
reality. At first glance it may appear that industry conglomerates
like the new M2.COM are ruling the roost in terms of IoT device
development. A keener eye however discovers two other forces
active “underground” where a lot is happening and ingenuity
abounds. I mean (1) the wild bunches out there on Kickstarter
and Indiegogo, and (2) the rising number of young engineers who
work analogue again because their expertise is badly needed by
Contents
4 More Degrees of
Freedom, Improved
Interference Immunity
New HallinOne-Magnetic field sensors open up a whole
new dimension in the field of magnetic field measurement.
9 News and New Products
10 Autoclavable Mass
Flow Meters
Reusable sensors for proximal and expiratory flow
metering during ventilation.
15 A Test and Measurement System Portfolio to
Cover All Wishes
Must-do measurements involve a number of different,
advanced instruments and as an engineer it is useful to
look into all options and features without
losing the general view.
18 Infographics
Sensors are extremely variegated
and have many economic aspects to
them. Here are some facts and figures to pour over.
16.110-Contents-UK-02.indd 1
the joint IoT programmers and sales force.
I was delighted recently to hear under-25s talking with zeal and
enthusiasm about nano-amps, low-noise ADCs, and Jim Wil-
liams. And not stack programming, ARM code or chill IP conflicts.
These engineers are sure to get jobs as the industry is crying out in
despair for expertise in sensor design and measurement – exactly
the subjects of this edition.
Sensor design and analogue technology in general have had a
rough ride and a bad deal these past 25 years when it was claimed
that everything can be programmed as well as “embedded”, and
the analogue specialists need re-education to 0/1 thinking. It is
not true. In the beginning was noise and you need to know your
Boltzmann Constant and the odd √Hz for the fun to start. Today
there are opportunities second to none for home labs, research-
ers, and startups to make a difference (∆). Why not help those
poor 0/1 folks out with signals of a format they feel confident to
do their number-crunching with? Refined sensor technology and
spot-on measurements will do fine I am certain.
Jan Buiting, Editor-in-Chief
20 Thermal Imaging Cameras
Help Researchers Monitor
and Evaluate Innovative
Joining Techniques
The power of thermal imaging
cameras is utilized to the
maximum to test novel joining techniques.
24 What is an RFC (Resistance-to-Frequency
Converter)?
Exploring the deeper operation of a relatively unknown but
interesting electronic device as far as sensor technology is
concerned
28 Beyond IoT:
Pervasive Sensing
To avoid serious incidents
occurring, manufacturers should
to be able to anticipate equipment
failures to prevent these outages.
34 Talking Heads
Four experts answer pertinent questions.
32 News and New Products
34 Index of Advertisers/Colophon/
Publishers Statement
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 3
04-04-16 12:58
 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

More Degrees of Freedom, Improved In

Immunity HallinOne-Magnetic field sensors open up new

manent magnet for position sensing offers

a number of advantageous properties:
� It works without physical contact.
� It penetrates solid and fluid material.
� It is unaffected by dirt or dust.
� The magnetic field is produced without
any external energy source.

By Michael Hackner, Fraunhofer- For these reasons industry and automo-

Institute for Integrated circuits (IIS) bile manufacturers use magnet-based
position sensors in a wide range of appli-
cations. The most basic type consists
In a classic setup for magnetic position of a permanent magnet attached to the
detection the magnetic field strength pro- moving part and a fixed sensor which
duced by a permanent magnet, attached to
the moving part, is sensed by a fixed sen-
sor. Temperature changes or external stray
magnetic fields can introduce inaccuracies
to such a system. To overcome these sour-
ces of error scientists at the Fraunhofer-
Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Erlan-
gen Germany have developed 3D magne-
tic field sensors able to reliably measure
the strength and direction of a magnetic
field. These sensing elements are so small;
several can be integrated onto a single IC.
Skillfully used these innovative HallinOne®-
sensors will be largely unaffected by tem-
perature changes or the influence of stray
fields and can also supply additional infor-
mation about the magnetic field which can Figure 1. Signal as a function of linear position (source: Allegro)
help reduce the influence of other sources
of interference. These new sensors open detects the permanent magnet field. The IC manufacturers make Hall-effect ICs
up a whole new dimension in the field of nearer the magnet gets to the sensor which have a Hall sensor together with
magnetic field measurement. the stronger will be the magnetic field’s some signal processing, making them
influence (see Figure 1). In most cases easier to integrate with the rest of the
Using the magnetic field produced by a per- a Hall-effect sensor will be used. Many system control circuitry.

4| business

16.110-Fraunhofer-UK-03.indd 1 04-04-16 12:54

 FLIR Epson
ed Interference
up new dimensions
Figure 2. The HAL3625 angle sensor (source:
Micronas))
In its simplest form a Hall sensor IC has
a digital output which switches when the
sensor detects a magnetic field strength
above a threshold value (magnetic switch).
If the application calls for information on
the magnet position then there are suit-
able Hall-effect ICs which output a lin-
earised output signal the value of which
corresponds to its distance from the mag-
net. The output signal can be in the form
of an analog voltage level, an analog cur-
rent level or a digital value.
Some examples of commercial sen-
sor products that use this principle are
made by Melexis (series MLX902xx or
MLX922xx) or Allegro (series A13xx or
A12xx) and are already used in a wide range
of applications.
16.110-Fraunhofer-UK-03.indd 2
European Automation
Stability versus the effects of
temperature
Such systems measuring the magnetic
field in one direction are widely used for
industrial and vehicular applications. They
are prone to inaccuracies caused by tem-
perature changes which directly affect the
measured values.
Changes in temperature will influence, for
example the sensitivity of the sensors.
With an integrated Hall-effect IC, com-
pensation can be applied to offset their
effects. In addition, temperature changes
affect the strength of the magnetic field
produced by a permanent magnet. Even
when the magnet is made from materials
with very small temperature coefficient
its magnetic field strength at 100°C will
have fallen by more than 2%. For many
position sensors this will produce an error
somewhere in the range of 10% which
could be unacceptable. Only in appli-
cations where it is possible to get some
measure of the magnet’s temperature is
it possible to compensate for its temper-
ature dependence. This means that the
accuracy of the system is compromised
by the temperature coefficient of the mag-
netic material.
There are systems for measuring angles
of rotation which use two vertically placed
Hall sensors on the same substrate. These
are arranged along the rotation axis in
such a way that they can detect field
components between themselves and at
right angles to the shaft. The permanent
magnet is fixed to the shaft and magnet-
ized diametrically. When the magnetic
field penetrating the sensors rotate, one
sensor will output a sine function while
the other will produce a cosine function.
Using the arctangent operator or apply-
ing the CORDIC algorithm transforms the
sine and cosine information into angle
information.
Temperature also influences the signal here.
The permanent magnet field strength will be
affected but not the direction of its magnetic
field vector. In addition sensor sensitivity will
be affected with changes in the substrate
temperature but both sensors are on the
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 5
Talking Heads News
same substrate so temperature changes will
affect both sensors equally. The angle infor-
mation therefore remains stable because
we are measuring the relationship between
the two signals.
The Micronas HAL36xy series (see Figure 2)
is an example of a commercial sensor which
uses this principle.
Stability versus stray fields
In both of the described processes i.e.
measurement of linear position and angle
of rotation the measurements can be influ-
enced by the presence of external magnetic
fields. In almost all applications it is nec-
essary to take the influence of the Earth’s
magnetic field into account. Depending on
the location, this can have a strength rang-
ing between 25 and 70 µT and its orientation
is subject to a certain degree of variation.
To minimize positional measurement errors
the permanent magnet should be arranged
so that its magnetic field detected by the
sensor is much greater than the effect of
the Earth’s magnetic field on the sensor. For
this reason, it’s advisable to use a powerful
permanent magnetic for position sensing
applications.
For practically all applications the geomag-
netic field can be treated as homogenous.
By using a differential measuring technique
it’s possible to separate out the inhomoge-
neous field (produced by the permanent
magnet) from the homogeneous geomag-
netic field. This allows you to use weaker
magnets. The system is also more cost
effective. To achieve this it is necessary
to measure the magnetic field in different
positions and evaluate the signal difference.
Taking into account the distance between
the sensors:
, or
Roughly corresponds to the magnetic field
gradient.
By using differential or gradients evalua-
tion not only homogenous magnetic fields
are suppressed, the gradients of inhomo-
geneous Magnetic fields fall by increasing
distance r from the magnet more strongly
04-04-16 12:54
 business Fraunhofer
than the magnetic field itself.
‹‹ Magnetic field of electric current: Signals from these sensors can be used to
B∼1/r ⟶ δB/dr∼1/r2
‹‹ Magnetic field of a magnetic dipole: nals in the X-axis:
B∼1/r3 ⟶ δB/dr∼1/r4
Using the value of magnetic field gradient
effectively suppresses not only the homoge-
neous stray field but also distinctly reduces
the effects of inhomogeneous stray fields.
This functions so well for the majority of
applications that it even renders the need
for magnetic shielding unnecessary.
This effect can be seen in the cable carry-
ing current between the battery and starter
motor in a vehicle. During engine start the
cranking current can briefly reach a value
of 1000 A or more. At a distance of 10 cm
the magnetic flux density will be at least
2 mT, around 40 times greater than the flux
density produced by the Earth’s magnetic
field (typically 50 µT in Germany). This can
cause massive disruption to any conven-
tional magnetic field sensor mounted in
the cable’s vicinity. Even in the most unfa-
vorable orientation of the sensors (in line
with radial lines from the cable) it will only
be the difference in the field components
used in the analysis as described. Assum-
ing the distance between the sensors is
2.5 mm, the difference in flux density expe-
rienced by the sensors will be a maximum
of 2.5% of 2 mT, i.e. 50 µT. At a distance
of 10 cm the interference will be reduced
by an amount equivalent to the value of the
geomagnetic field. By conventional sens-
ing the cable needs to be at a distance of
4 m from the sensor for it to experience a
50 µT flux disturbance.
Robust angle sensor
The first sensors to integrate direction-
based evaluation for improved tempera-
ture stability and gradient method to sup-
press the effects of stray fields, are the
AS50xy and AS51xy series from AMS and
the iC-MH8 encoder from IC-Haus have
already being commercially available for
some time now. Both use standard Hall-
effect elements which only detect magnetic
fields perpendicular to the chip’s upper sur-
face. Using the Cartesian coordinate system
there are two sensors on the X axis and two
6| business
16.110-Fraunhofer-UK-02.indd 3
Sensirion
sensors on the Y axis placed symmetrically.
calculate the difference of the sensor sig-
and the Y-axis:
To give the direction of the gradient fields.
HallinOne® Sensors
Conventional magnetic field sensors are
simply unable to match the performance
of this approach: Magneto-Resistive Sen-
sors (AMR) can only measure fields par-
allel to the substrate plane and conven-
tional Hall sensors only perpendicular to
it. At first it might seem like a good idea to
combine these two types of sensors but
this approach is not viable because of high
production costs.
The HallinOne®-concept of Fraunhofer IIS
employs two vertical and one lateral Hall
sensor for XY and Z direction so ingeniously
arranged so that all three Cartesian compo-
nents of the magnetic flux density can be
measured at a point. Arranged like the RGB
color pixel in a camera image sensor where
every picture element has a red, green and
blue (RGB) element this 3D-arrangement
is known as a ‘Pixel-cell’. This allows the
direction of the flux density to be deter-
mined and the temperature effects to be
eliminated.
Figure 3. Arrangement for linear Position measuring with direction evaluation of the gradient
field (source: Fraunhofer IIS, ams AG)
Rigol Infographics
These pixels are also so small that several of
them can be integrated into one chip. Using
this new array of sensors now allows a sin-
gle chip to make measurements of prop-
erties such as field gradient. The chip can
measure properties we discussed earlier:
field direction (to reduce effects of tem-
perature) and gradient (to reduce the influ-
ence of stray fields). This innovative sensor
now gives designers a powerful new tool
for applications requiring accurate position
and orientation information.
Robust 2D position sensor
Experts at Fraunhofer IIS have developed
an Application Specific IC (ASIC) based on
the HallinOne® technology for the com-
pany DeltaTech controls. In this case the
chip senses movement with 2 degrees of
mechanical freedom. The sensor is used to
resolve two independent angles of rotation
of a 2-axis joystick used to control heavy
building equipment and plant machinery. In
this application functional safety (to SIL 2)
of the equipment is of critical importance,
the chip is fully compliant with the required
safety standards.
Robust linear position sensor
Linear Position sensors, based on the com-
bination of gradients and direction evalu-
ation have only appeared on the market
fairly recently. One example of this type of
sensor is the AS5410 linear position sen-
sor chip produced by AMS. It contains two
pixel cells in line along the system X axis
(Figure 3). The magnet moves along a path
04-04-16 09:21
 FLIR Epson
parallel to this axis and is magnetized in the
same direction. The gradients are:
, ,
And their direction is evaluated to determine
the position of the magnet. Fraunhofer IIS
developed the sensor frontend for the AMS
chip. Both organizations provide online sup-
port for system developers using this chip
(see Web Link [2]).
Figure 4. iDrive operator control (source: bizoo_n - Fotolia.com)
6D orientation sensing
Using their innovative HallinOne® technol-
ogy, researchers at Fraunhofer IIS have
been able to produce sensing devices that
yield much more information than simple
linear position or angle of rotation. By inte-
grating multiple 3D magnetic field sensors
onto one chip it is possible to recover a
great deal more information from the mag-
netic field so that, in principle it is possible
to determine all 6 mechanical degrees of
freedom (3 translational and 3 rotational).
Back in the 1970s American research-
ers demonstrated that it was possible
to determine the position of a dipole in
space from the field vector and the gradi-
16.110-Fraunhofer-UK-02.indd 4
European Automation
ent matrix (=Jacobi-Matrix) at one point. In
addition scientists at Fraunhofer IIS have
shown that this is also possible with the
orientation i.e. the rotational degree of
freedom. There is however one caveat:
That the cylindrical dipole field is sym-
metrical around the magnetization axis.
This means that as the dipole is rotated
around this axis there will no changes to
the field. In practice this means that only
5 of the 6 degrees of mechanical freedom
are actually measurable.
This limitation can be resolved to some
extent so that it will only be able to detect
6 degrees of freedom within a limited
range and at the same time a magnet
must be used that is not cylindrically sym-
metrical. This will produce a measurable
change in the magnetic field as it turns
about its magnetization axis.
Using this approach based on the field
vector and gradient matrix we are able to
successfully make 5D position detection
in the lab. This demonstrated very clearly,
that in principle it is possible to determine
the position but in practice the method
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 7
Talking Heads News
is much too sensitive to the effects of
interference.
For a practical device it was necessary
to find ways to reduce the effects of this
interference. It is of enormous benefit that
the HallinOne® ICs integrate multiple sen-
sors. This was able to give researchers
maximum information about the magnetic
field. The additional information was used
by researchers to determine the level of
interference and thereby provide a robust
calculation of the magnet position and
orientation of the magnet.
To achieve stable measurement values for
the magnet’s position and orientation it
was necessary to create a field model of
the magnet which takes into account the
magnetizing tolerance. Any other sources
of interference can also be added to the
model later. The system now starts from
a predetermined point and orientation of
the magnet and the field model calcu-
lates resulting field vectors at the sensor
position. Values produced by the model
are now compared with actual measure-
ments taken from the sensors. An algo-
rithm based on the mathematical method
of optimal estimation now recursively cor-
rects the position and orientation of the
magnet model including the modeled
effects of interference so that the vari-
ance of the difference between the actual
and estimated position is at a minimum.
The optimal estimation process continu-
ally generates estimates for the desired
values taking into account any modeled
interference.
Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute
have already implemented models and
algorithms for specific applications which
are a subjected to a process of continual
refinement in the lab. Finally the algorithms
are optimized for use in microcontroller
systems so that in the application, in addi-
tion to suppressing the effects of tempera-
ture changes and interference from stray
fields, other advantages for position sens-
ing are that the system is less influenced
by manufacturing tolerances and wear and
designers have greater freedom in sensor
placement together with the advantage of
functional security.
04-04-16 09:21
 business Fraunhofer
As a practical application of the technol-
ogy the team developed a vehicle iDrive
controller interface (Figure 4). This appli-
cation requires sensing in all 6 degrees of
movement of the control knob. The results
showed that the system can measure
translational movements with a resolution
of around 10µm and rotation to a resolu-
tion of 0.1°. The algorithms were devel-
oped to meet the practical requirements
and also regarding interference immunity.
Reducing the effects of tolerances
In addition to its low sensitivity to the classic
sources of interference such as temperature
changes and stray fields, many applications
can also suffer measurement accuracies
due to other physical effects. The source
of these errors can be attributed to:
‹‹ Mechanical manufacturing tolerances,
‹‹ Bearing play,
‹‹ Wear,
‹‹ Magnetic field orientation tolerances
etc.
Ceramic magnets, in particular made from
Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NeFeB), Samar-
ium-Cobalt (SmCo) or ferrite show a very
wide tolerance (over 10°) of their magnetiza-
tion direction referenced to their mechani-
cal axis. Now that all 6 axes of mechanical
movement can be resolved independently
and additional readings are available for
more degrees of freedom, tolerances can
be factored into the system model. An opti-
mal estimator will take these into account
in the calculation and separate them from
the actual measured values. The magnet’s
position and orientation is thereby correctly
measured despite tolerances.
Greater design freedom
The sensor design also has the advantage
of allowing greater freedom in the mechani-
cal system layout. Increasingly, space is at
a premium in many applications, it is par-
ticularly advantageous that the sensor cir-
cuit can be conveniently positioned in the
smallest space. Magnetic field sensing is
in 3D so the permanent magnet and sensor
can be positioned and orientated wherever
is most convenient. It is only necessary to
apply an appropriate coordination transfor-
mation to normalize the measured values.
8| business
16.110-Fraunhofer-UK-02.indd 5
Sensirion Rigol Infographics
Functional Safety Summary
The functional safety of magnetic-field There are already some commercial prod-
based position sensors can be significantly ucts on the market that use the principles
increased when there are more independent of direction and gradient evaluation and are
linear measurement output values available therefore particularly resilient to the effects
than are required by the particular meas- of external influences. Making use of field
urement application. In the simplest case direction rather than field strength produces
these redundant values can, for example be measurements unaffected by temperature
compared. During normal operation the val- changes and using the value of gradient
ues should lie within predefined thresholds. ensures that the effects of stray fields are
When the values start to drift, it’s a sign of efficiently suppressed.
a fail function. This additional information 3D Hall sensors designed to exploit these
can help improve system fault detection principles and providing general positional
and improve safety. measurements in all 6 degrees of mechani-
cal freedom have been developed at Fraun-
At Fraunhofer IIS an additional feature has hofer IIS. They use the principles outlined
been integrated to improve the sensor func- above and have successfully proved their
tional safety. During operation each sensor, effectiveness in rigorous test situations.
via an integrated coil, is able to produce
its own artificial magnetic field. Square New algorithms to determining all 6 degrees
wave current pulses of alternating polar- of mechanical freedom also give valuable
ity are interleaved between the measure- information on the value of interference. The
ment periods. This allows the sensitivity of experts at Fraunhofer have already devel-
the sensors to be determined at the same oped prototypes providing solutions to chal-
time during normal magnetic field meas- lenging new applications and are confident
urements. This makes it possible to detect that their sensors will give designers the
immediately when a sensor fails or when power to develop novel solutions in the field
unusual behavior occurs. of non-contact position sensing.
The Author
Up until 1998 Michael Hackner studied Electronic Engineering at the University
in Erlangen. Since then he works in the Microsystems technology group where
he is part of a team developing complex integrated mixed-signal ASICs for sen-
sor systems. The team specialize in the continued development and optimiza-
tion of 3D Hall-effect sensors and have developed systems based on this tech-
nology for position and current sensing.
The integrated coils are also useful for test- Web Links
ing the sensor during production. It elimi- [1] www.hallinone.de
nates the need for expensive magnetic test [2] http://ams.com/eng/About/3D-Hall-ICs
equipment. This is also interesting because
in a general direction-dependent measuring
system not only one field direction but all
three need to be tested so the test equip-
ment would be necessarily more complex
and expensive than a conventional hall sen-
sor which only requires testing in one field
direction.
04-04-16 09:21
 FLIR Epson European Automation Talking Heads News

1 Gb/s LTE-A Throughput with Qualcomm

Snapdragon X16 LTE Modem

Anritsu Company successfully demonstrated peak throughput

for an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) device and network simulator
using 3x Carrier Aggregation (3CA) and 4x4 MIMO with 256QAM
modulation. Utilizing devices featuring the new Qualcomm®
Snapdragon™ X16 LTE modem, a product of Qualcomm Tech-
nologies, Inc. a subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, and
the Anritsu MD8430A LTE Simulator, Anritsu is able to suc-
cessfully show support for stable IP-layer data rates of up to
1 GBit/s in the downlink..
Utilizing newly introduced capability enables a single MD8430A
to simulate 3 contiguous LTE baseband cells on a single RF
carrier. With two MD8430A simulators in a “master/slave” com-
bination we can offer more aggregated carriers with higher-
order MIMO than other solutions on the market. Cells can be
placed in any licensed or unlicensed band using newly intro-
duced RF capability to cover 350 MHz to 6 GHz.
Tinkerforge
The MD8430A is a scalable LTE
network simulator, with four models ranging from
Functional Test Model (FTM) to Enhanced Test Model (ETM), and
available LTE FDD and TDD software options for any model. The
associated Rapid Test Designer (RTD) graphical test software
environment enables quick scripting and debug of tests with full
automation and an intuitive user interface as well as dedicated
layer 3 and lower-layer libraries for maximum flexibility.
www.anritsu.com

Millimeter-precise Linear Potentiometers

The company Altmann from Herford in Germany has recently

introduced two new, low-cost linear potentiometers. The alu-
minum housing of the DL30 series precision potentiometer has
a cross section of just 30mm x 30mm. A special manufactu-
ring process allows different types of resistive track material to
be fitted (i.e. wire, conductive plastic or film). The company is
also able to supply samples at very short notice. An optional
integrated measurement transducer can be fitted to supply
an output in the range of 0/4 to 20 mA or 0 to 10 V. The linear
potentiometer is available in six lengths allowing a range of
linear travel from 30 mm to 500 mm and with a wire-wound or
conductive plastic track.

With over 50 years experience the family-run company of Alt-

mann have become renowned specialists in the manufacture
of linear and rotary potentiometers to measure displacement
and angular position. Using their own specialized tools and
moulds developed over the years, they can manufacture qua-
lity products tailored to customer’s individual requirements as
well as supplying a wide selection of popular standard range
devices. Their level of expertise enables them to manufacture
long-life, wire-wound potentiometers which require a torque
as low as 0.003 Ncm to turn the spindle.
www.altmann-gmbh.de
[Advertisement]

Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 9

16.110-News-09-UK-06.indd 1 04-04-16 12:57

 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

Autoclavable Mass Flow Meters

Reusable sensors for proximal and expiratory flow
metering during ventilation
By Dr. Daniel Träutlein, Sensirion Market Manager Medical

The worldwide swine flu epidemic of 2009/2010,

Ebola in Africa in 2014, the MERS outbreak in
South Korea in 2015 - the list could be extended
at will and makes one thing clear: that viruses and
other pathogens can spread worldwide in no time.

Hospital patients trust that they will receive the best possible care
and treatment. But as the current debate regarding multiresistant
germs has shown, pathogens can spread like wildfire even in hos-
pital environments. If hospitals are to stop pathogens and germs
efficiently, they need either disposable equipment or components
that can be disinfected and sterilized after use.
Sensirion has been developing and marketing flow metering sen-
sors for many years. Until now, these sensors have been used
in ventilation and anesthetic devices to measure the volume of
clean air administered to
the patient. But apart from this
clean tract, both ventilation and anesthetic
procedures need a means of metering the flow of
exhaled air. This is known as either proximal or expiratory
flow metering. In both cases, the sensor comes into contact with air
from the patient that is potentially infected with germs and patho-
gens. These sections of the apparatus are therefore comprised of
disposable parts or hygienically sterilizable. For the sterilization
process, a number of approaches are possible.

10 | business

16.110-Sensirion-UK-03.indd 1 04-04-16 09:25

 FLIR Epson European Automation Talking Heads News

About Sensirion

Sensirion is the leading manufacturer of high-quality sen-

sors and sensor solutions for the measurement and control
of humidity, and of gas and liquid flows. Founded in 1998
as a spin-off from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
(ETH) Zurich, the company is based in Stäfa near Zurich,
Switzerland, and employs more than 600 people in countries
such as the USA, South Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, and
Germany. The headquarters in Switzerland is responsible
for research, development, and production.

Millions of Sensirion’s sensor components and solutions are

used all over the world, including in the automotive industry,
medical technology and building technology. Sensirion’s
success is based on the innovative CMOSens® Technology,
which combines the sensor and analysis electronics in a
single semiconductor chip. This means large unit numbers
can be produced at high quality and low cost. This makes
Sensirion a preferred supplier of microsensors and sensor
solutions.

About the Author

Dr. Daniel Träutlein is Sales Director Medical at Sensirion. In

that position, Daniel Träutlein manages Sensirion’s medical
business and oversees the world-wide expansion of sen-
sors and sensor solutions for the measurement and con-
trol of gas flow, differential pressure, liquid flow, humidity
and temperature into medical devices. Furthermore, he is
responsible for several OEM projects. Dr. Daniel Träutlein
has a degree in Physics and brings with him experience
in strategic market development and international project
management.

Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 11

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 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

Conventional metering solutions

The solutions used today are either hot-wire anemometers or

(variable) apertures combined with a differential pressure sensor.
However, the sensor is not always exchangeable or sterilizable.
In measurements involving the differential pressure process par-
ticularly, only the metering section is replaced. The actual sensor,
however, is not replaced or sterilized. Indeed, in situations like
these, long tubes running to the patient circuit should ensure that
no air comes into direct contact with the sensor.
In contrast to this situation, hot-wire sensors can usually be
replaced in their entirety or sterilized. The delicate hot wires, how-
ever, are relatively sensitive to mechanical stresses and strains:
this can lead to problems during cleaning, particularly thermal
disinfection.

New reusable solution

Now Sensirion has developed new flow metering devices that

are autoclavable and can be washed. The new SFM3200-AW
and SFM3300-AW mass flow meters1 are ideal for applications
involving expiratory and proximal ventilation. The CMOSens®
technology used by Sensirion is extremely resistant to envi-
ronmental influences, which makes CMOSens® flow sensors
ideal for applications where sterilization is required.

Sensirion’s newly developed fl ow sensors have been com-

prehensively verified. The chip-based sensor component was
tested for more than 1000 hours at 150°C. Apart from this, test
results are available which show that the sensor components
have withstood 1000 temperature variation cycles involving
switches from –40°C to 140°C. The results confi rm the out-
standing zero-point stability of the metering component and
of the electronics that process the signals. Aging models have
consequently suggested that the offset drift over a ten-year
lifespan is smaller than 0.2 slm.

Apart from the sensor element itself, the main issue with steri-
lizable solutions is the choice of materials in the development
process. In the new flow sensors, the plastic selected for the
sensor housing is a polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) material. PPSU
has outstanding thermal properties and is better suited to han-
dling the inhalation anesthetics used for anesthetic purposes
than other types of plastic.

In addition to these main components, particular attention was

also paid to the adhesives and sealants used, with a view to
achieving lasting stability and a high number of autoclaving
cycles.

Figure 1. Flow error as a function of flow intensity. 1 Detailed specifications of the two autoclavable sensor products can
be found in the additional information at the end of this article.

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 FLIR Epson European Automation Talking Heads News

The test for washability with CIDEX® Activated Dialdehyde Solu-

tion was carried out on a total of eight sensors.

After ten cycles each, involving 15 minutes immersion and sub-

sequent drying, there were absolutely no observable effects. For
this reason, additional testing was accelerated and the sensor
was immersed in the solution for over 25 hours, corresponding to
approximately 100 cycles. Finally, the test was carried out under
the same conditions as for the autoclave. After testing, all eight
sensors were fully functional and within the prescribed tolerances.
The details and results of these tests are available in a separate
application note from Sensirion4.

Stability tested after autoclaving and cleaning

About WEINMANN Emergency Medical
As part of the product development process, the SFM3200-AW Technology GmbH + Co. KG
and SFM3300-AW mass flow meters were meticulously checked
for their suitability for treatment in an autoclave. Apart from this, Simply Professional – WEINMANN Emergency is an inter-
the stability of the sensors was tested after immersion in and nationally active, family-owned medical technology com-
sterilization with CIDEX® Activated Dialdehyde Solution. The aim pany. With its mobile medical system solutions for emer-
of the tests was to show that they can be used for these pro- gencies, transport and disaster scenarios, the company
cesses. Their suitability for sterilization in an autoclave was selected sets standards in saving human lives. In close collabora-
because steam is a particularly low-cost method of sterilization. tion with professional users in emergency medical ser-
An affordable form of processing also means a lower total cost vices, hospital and military services, it develops a range
of ownership for the hospital and by extension patients and their of innovative medical products to assist ventilation and
health insurance companies. defibrillation. For over 100 years, WEINMANN Emergency
has offered its customers a high degree of reliability, expe-
To test the suitability of the mass flow meters in the autoclave, 60 rience and quality made in Germany.
sensors — thirty of each type — were processed 50 times in the
autoclave2. In each of the 50 cycles, the sensors underwent five
minutes’ exposure to a maximum temperature of 135°C at an over-
pressure of +2.15 bar. Finally, the chamber was evacuated (–0.8 bar)
and then cooled to 50°C at atmospheric pressure. An intermediate
measurement was taken after every ten cycles. The sensors were
tested for tightness and accuracy. The tightness test was carried
out at 250 mbar overpressure and considered successful if no leak
greater than 0.01 slm appeared. As regards precision, the sensor
likewise passed the relevant tests and fulfilled the specifications
listed in the data sheet3. The results of the precision measure-
ment are shown in Figure 1. It is once again important to note their
high-level zero-point stability. All sensors have a zero-point drift
of less than 0.1 slm. Even after 50 cycles in the autoclave, 59 out
of 60 sensors were still within the tolerances. In other words, the
sensors can be prepared for subsequent use more than 50 times.
Depending on the autoclave used, results may vary, although the
temperature of 135°C represents a demanding process cycle.3

2 The sensors were tested using a Laboklav 80 MSLV autoclave. 4 The application note can be found on our website at
3 The data sheet can be found on our website at www.sensirion.com/mfm-download.
www.sensirion.com/mfm-download.

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 business Fraunhofer
Product Specifications
The new SFM3200-AW and SFM3300-AW sensors are both
autoclavable and washable. They were designed for treat-
ment in the autoclave and have undergone successful testing.
The sensors are attached using medical cones to enable a
pneumatic connection to the breathing circuit. Finally, the
sensors have a mechanical interface for simple and reliable
electrical reconnection.
SFM3200-AW
Thanks to the special design of the flow channel, the
SFM3200-AW sensor achieves a low pressure drop, which
makes it ideal for expiratory flow measurement in medical
applications such as ventilation. The sensor measures the
flow rates of air, oxygen and other non-aggressive gases
extremely precise. It performs especially well with low flow
rates but can also measure flow rates up to 250 slm. Moreo-
ver, the SFM3200-AW has a short signalprocessing time
and is extremely robust.
SFM3300-AW
The sensor measures flow rates reliably up to 250 slm in
both directions, making it ideal for proximal flow metering in
medical ventilation and other respiratory applications. During
development, a compromise between dead space and pres-
sure drop was sought. Compared with the SFM3200-AW,
the SFM3300-AW has a slightly higher pressure drop, which
makes it more stable under the varying inlet conditions that
occur during proximal metering.
OEM Solutions
Apart from its standard products, Sensirion also offers cus-
tomized OEM solutions. We adapt or develop individual
sensor solutions to meet clearly defined needs and speci-
fications. Please contact us if you require another flow area
or further modifications for your application.
14 | business
16.110-Sensirion-UK-03.indd 5
Sensirion Rigol Infographics
Sterilizable flow sensors or disposables
Apart from the need for reusable sensors, whether sterilized in
the autoclave or simply disinfected, there are also applications
where the use of disposable products is becoming increasingly
widespread. With the right production volume, the CMOSens®
Technology used by Sensirion brings down the unit price and is
therefore suitable for disposable products. Sensirion is currently
working on the development of a one-way product in the form
of a simplified sensor without sieves. The one-way sensor is due
for market launch within the next year.
Various Application Fields
Both the SFM3200-AW and SFM3300-AW sensors were devel-
oped for expiratory and proximal applications and are therefore
suitable for use in both intensive and home ventilation. WEIN-
MANN Emergency Medical Technology GmbH + Co. KG is set
to become the first customer to use the sensor in the particularly
demanding fields of emergency ventilation and ventilation dur-
ing transport. During development, Sensirion liaised closely with
WEINMANN Emergency with a view to optimizing the suitability
of the sensor for its intended future use.
Compared with clinical applications, emergency rescue services are
confronted with several special problems, particularly when using
the ventilation system at sub-zero temperatures. In the course of
development, WEINMANN Emergency also tested the sensor for
use in these difficult and demanding scenarios.
In view of its many years of experience with flow sensors for criti-
cal-scenario ventilation, WEINMANN Emergency has always kept
a close eye on the benefits for patients and emergency service
personnel during sensor development. Thanks to their experience,
a number of important factors could be taken into account from
the very start while developing sensors, which is why coopera-
tion with the company has proved so constructive and effective.
WEINMANN Emergency currently uses a hot-wire-based sensor
and has also decided to use sensors from Sensirion. According
to Ulrich Palm, head of development at WEINMANN Emergency,
the company was convinced by the benefits of these sensors.
“We decided to go with tried-and-tested CMOSens® technology
for three reasons: the low-level breathing resistance, the high
precision and stability of the metering signal, and the rugged
mechanical and electrical design.”
04-04-16 09:25
 FLIR Epson European Automation
A Test and Measurement System
Portfolio to Cover All Wishes
In electronics and specifically with sensor design,
test and measurement involves many different
physical quantities, values and parameters. Not
surprisingly the must-do measurements involve a
number of different, advanced instruments and as
an engineer it is useful to look into all options and
features without losing the general view.
By Wolfgang Bartels, Rigol Technologies EU GmbH
At the Embedded World 2016 shown in February 2016 Rigol Tech-
nologies EU GmbH showcased their complete product portfolio.
Including an MSO-Ready series, and an RF Generator series.
Also, a Data Acquisition System , Power Supplies and Multime-
ters. Detailed information about the different product areas is
presented in this article.
Oscilloscopes
Rigol’s portfolio of oscilloscopes covers the bandwidth range from
50 MHz up to 1 GHz. Besides their well-known MSO/DS2000A
and MSO/DS4000 oscilloscope series, Rigol has an MSO-Ready
Mixed-Signal-Oscilloscope series DS1000Z Plus with 70 and 100-
MHz bandwidth (Figure 1). All scope series are based on the pat-
ented Ultra-Vision Technology, which yields oscilloscopes with
an outstanding price/performance ratio. The new multi-language
user interface allows configuring the scope easily in the corre-
sponding language.
With possibilities like on-site bandwidth upgrade (MSO/DS4000),
on-site adding of digital logic channels (DS1000Z-Plus) or enhanc-
ing the decoding functionalities (for all series), Rigol now offers
more flexibility with scope configurations and with fitting into the
purchase budget. If you purchase a new MSO/DS4000 with either
200 MHz or 350 MHz, Rigol offers one bandwidth upgrade step
for free. On top of that you will also get the complete decod-
ing bundle for free with your new MSO/DS4000. The decoding
bundle includes RS232-, SPI-, I2C-, CAN-, FlexRay- and the new
LIN-bus decoding.
Function Generators
Rigol Technologies’ DG1000Z series is the latest generation of
Rigol’s Arbitrary Function Generators. These new instruments are
16.110-Rigol-UK-02.indd 1
Talking Heads News
Figure 1. 4 Channel 100 MHz Low Cost Oscilloscope DS1104Z Plus
(MSO Ready)
the first members of a new family of fast and easy to use, ultra-
modern test instruments.
The DG1000Z (Figure 2) is a multi-functional generator, which —
due to its combination of many different functions — opens the
possibility to address multiple different applications. The set of
functions contains the generation of basic standard signals like
sine wave, square wave, triangle or pulse signals, as well as the
generation and output of arbitrary waveforms. Additionally it is
possible to generate harmonics plus it offers the possibility to do
analog or digital modulation. Last but not least the series offers
a built-in frequency counter.
Besides the classical Direct Digital Synthesizer Technology (DDS),
the DG1000Z series utilizes the new and innovative “SiFi“ Tech-
nology (Signal Fidelity) for arbitrary signals. With that technology
you will no longer loose any signal details. The signal integrity and
purity is tremendously improved, so that the result is a very stable,
precise and a minimum distorted output signal with a small jitter.
The built-in standard memory can store up to 8 million points
(Mpts) of an arbitrary waveform and can optionally be extended to
16 Mpts. The PC software “UltraStation” is included as standard
accessory kit for free. With this software it is possible to create
customer-defined waveforms and directly download these data to
the generator. The two fully functional and independently operating
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 15
04-04-16 09:27
 business Fraunhofer Sensirion
Figure 2. Arbitrary Function Generator DG1000Z
channels distinguish themselves with ±1 ppm frequency stability
and a low phase noise of typically –125 dBc/Hz. The instruments
are able to generate defined harmonics (up to 8th order). They
have also a 7-digit frequency counter with 200-MHz bandwidth
integrated. Additionally there are around 160 pre-defined wave-
forms selectable. Many different types of modulations like AM,
FM, PM, ASK, FSK, PSK and PWM are available and enable the
DG1000Z series to be used in many different applications.
The DG1000Z is available as a 30 MHz and a 60 MHz model
and starts at €499 plus VAT. Beyond that, Rigol’s portfolio most
probably offers the widest range of arbitrary function generators,
starting at the 20 MHz level model DG1022 for unbeatable €299
up to the 2-channel high performance generator (DG5000 series)
with 350-MHz bandwidth and an arbitrary waveform memory size
of 128 million points.
RF Instruments
The new models DSG815 and DSG830 extend Rigol’s family of
High Frequency Generators (DSG3000) with frequency ranges of
1.5 GHz and 3.0 GHz. The instruments distinguish themselves
with very good specifications, which are beyond the expectation
when compared to other RF signal generators in this price range.
For example the phase noise is typically at –105 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz
offset. In addition the output signals are very clean. These two
facts make this series of generators the first choice, if you are
looking for a stimulation source with best price/performance. The
maximum output power can reach +20 dBm. The output power
stability is in the range of very good typical 0.5 dB. Together with
the “Oven-Controlled-Clock” Option (OCXO) the generator offers
a frequency stability of 5ppb (parts per billion). With these specifi-
cations the generator is the ideal reference source for calibrations.
On top of the great specifications at the low price it is possible to
equip the DSG800 series with an additional pulse generator func-
tion. This option can output single pulses but also defined pulse
trains. There are two pulse options available. One can only do the
pulse modulation, the other is a combination of pulse modulator
16 | business
16.110-Rigol-UK-02.indd 2
Rigol Infographics
and pulse (train) generator.
Rigol will of course present their very successful series of spectrum
analyzers (DSA800) at the Embedded World. This will include also
the higher performance models DSA832/875, which can cover
frequency bands up to 7.5 GHz. The low SSB Phase Noise of –98
dBc/Hz @10 kHz Offset enables engineers and technicians to do
more accurate analysis of signals close to modulation signals
and the surrounding noise. This is very important when searching
errors and for emission tests of transmitters and receivers. The
maximum bandwidth of 7.5 GHz makes it possible to analyze also
the 3rd Harmonic of critical 2.4-GHz applications. The smallest
resolution bandwidth (RBW) is at 10 Hz. With that it is possible
to clearly separate two very close signals and also make very low
power RF signals visible. The option DSA800-EMI includes three
additional EMI Filters (200 Hz, 9 kHz, 120 kHz) and the Quasi-
Peak Detector, which are both necessary if EMI pre-compliance
measurements must be done.
Rigol introduces a new VSWR-Bridge, which can be used together
Figure 3. RF-Signal Source Model DSG815/830
with all spectrum analyzers to enable the measurement of input
and output matching (50 ohms) of e.g. filters up to 3.2 GHz. The
frequency range starts at 1 MHz. The VSWR Bridge can also be
used for performing antenna matching.
To complete the offer for EMI pre-compliance measurements, Rigol
will introduce their new, own Near Field Probes. Their specifica-
tions are very competitive to the already in the market available
NFPs and are pricewise much more attractive.
Test Software
As soon as any manufacturer plans to import or sell their electronic
or electro-mechanical product into a country within Europe they
have to make sure that these products are satisfying the standards
of the respective country. Labels like CE, FCC or CCC are only
given after passing the conformity tests. It makes sense to start
EMI testing already during the development phase, to avoid later
problems with the certification of the finished product. Implemen-
ting changes in early stages are much easier und hence cheaper
compared to change an almost finished product. If a company
04-04-16 09:27
 FLIR Epson European Automation
owns an EMI Pre-Compliance Test System, which is reasonably
priced, it is possible to do EMI pre-testing with the new product
before going to a quite expensive, certified EMC test lab to do
the final compliance testing.
The PC-based EMI Test System Software, which was introduced
by Rigol Technologies last year, has been completely revised and
offers now in combination with the Rigol Spectrum Analyzer series
DSA1000 and DSA800(+DSA800-EMI option) a compact and cheap
test solution. The new version enhances the pre-compliance tes-
ting of components, subassemblies and complete systems and
products and makes it easier and more comfortable.
The EMI test system (Figure 5) contains the Software plus Rigol
Spectrum Analyzer together with the EMI Filters and Quasi-Peak
detector (DSA800-EMI option) defined in CISPR16.1. In addition
it is possible to combine this setup with the also new released
Near Field Probes. Near Field Probes are normally not used to do
Figure 4. EMI PC Measurement Software for Pre-Compliance Tests.
the emission measurements. These are mainly used to localize
the source of the emission found on the design. To be able to do
conducted emission tests it is necessary to have a Linear Impe-
dance Stability Network (LISN). The technical requirements for
that are also defined in the CISPR publications (16-1).
The Test Software offers different functions to make the EMC
pre-compliance measurements easier. It is possible to define dif-
ferent frequency ranges, different RBWs (resolution bandwidth)
and measurement times in the configuration form (table style).
After finishing the pre-scans the results can be displayed either
linear or logarithmic or with different units dBm, dBµV etc. Within
specific ranges it is possible to search peaks. It is then possible
to measure selected peaks again with the Quasi-Peak Detector.
All results are written in a table and this table as well as the graph
can be added to the report.
Rigol continuously extents the offer of available Ultra-Series „Soft-
ware-Tools“, to ease the entrance into PC controlled measure-
16.110-Rigol-UK-02.indd 3
Talking Heads News
ments. Products like Ultra-Scope (for all scope families), Ultra-
Station (for arbitrary functions generators) and Ultra-IQ-Station (for
RF signal generators of the DSG3000 series) are already available
for free download from Rigol’s website. This offer will be completed
with licensed software packages at extra costs, like Ultra-Spect-
rum (for all spectrum analyzers DSA series), Ultra-View (for DMM
series DM3058(E)) and Ultra-Acquire-Pro (for the Data Acquisition
System M300, M301).
Power Supply Models
Rigol Technologies extended the DP800 series of power supplies
with three new models. The new introduced power supplies are the
non-A version of the already well-known DP800A series (Figure 6).
It is designed for easy deployment in research, development and
all laboratory applications. The DP800 series is Rigol’s next gene-
ration of power supply solutions and extends the existing product
line offering an optimal price performance ratio.
Figure 5. DP800 Series Power Supplies
Model Power DC output
DP831 160W +/-30V / 2A; 8V / 5A
DP821 140W 60V / 1A; 8V / 10A
DP811 200W 40V / 5A oder 20V / 10A
Designed to target the requirements of R&D engineers, educa-
tion and research labs as well as production test engineers and
advanced researchers with its innovative technology, industry-
leading specifications, and powerful functions, Rigol’s DP800
series is the ideal solution for applications in the communica-
tions, aerospace/defense, research and education, industrial and
consumer electronics, computing and instrumentation industries
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 17
04-04-16 09:27
 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

A wide variety in applications

An indication of the variety in sensor applications, as given by Libelium,
a company specialized in interfacing between (all kinds of) sensors and
networks, first and foremost the Internet.

Growth in sensors connected to a network

According to IDC some 30 billion sensors will be connected to a network
in 2020, with a great potential after 2020, given the number of sensors
that could be in principle be connected to a network, primarily the
Internet. (Image source: IBM; data source IDC)

212 billion available sensor

enabled objects by 2020

30 billion sensor enabled objects

connected to a network by 2020

The type of sensors consumers want

When asked “If you could get a small, inexpensive sensor device to help
with the following scenarios, which ones would you be interested in?”
the following was the result (source: Forrester):

Interested in using
Currently using Growth in sensors for differe
60
Taking the last year and the coming year
56% growth in ‘smart city connected devices’ —
50 54%
50% with actuators included — will be substa
40 range of applications.
41%
39%
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(Source: Gemalto; connected devices in m
31%
20

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18 | business

16.110-Infographics-UK-03.indd 1 04-04-16 09:32

s FLIR Epson European Automation Talking Heads News

rs for different applications 1067

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the coming year as reference points, the Source: IC Insights
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Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 19

16.110-Infographics-UK-03.indd 2 04-04-16 09:32

 business Fraunhofer Sensirion
Thermal Imaging Cameras
Help Researchers Monitor and Evaluate Innovative
Joining Techniques
By Christiaan Maras, Marketing Director, FLIR Commercial
Systems BV
The FLIR SC7650 has a
number of unique features that are
of great value in research environments,
such as FLIR’s CNUCTM calibration technology.
Industries like automobile, aircraft and railway
manufacturing are increasingly using new compos-
ite materials like carbon. Although these materials
hold many benefits for the design and production of
these vehicles (high performance and light weight
to name a few), they also come with new challenges
in terms of manufacturing, inspection and mainte-
nance. At the Laboratory for Materials and Joining
Technology (LWF), part of the University of Pader-
born in Germany, researchers particularly focus on
the development of joining techniques for compos-
ite materials. In their search for the most durable
and energy-efficient materials, they use the power
of thermal imaging cameras from FLIR Systems to
test novel joining techniques.
The Laboratory for Materials and Joining Technology (Laboratorium
für Werkstoff- und Fügetechnik, LWF) is a nationally and inter-
nationally recognized research organization focusing on joining
technology and materials engineering. New and optimized join-
20 | business
16.110-Flir-UK-05.indd 1
Rigol Infographics
Thermal measurement of a high-speed tensile test on metal
specimen (passive thermography). Source: LWF
ing techniques are necessary for pure material combinations as
well as hybrid or composite materials. These techniques include
mechanical joining, adhesive bonding, thermal bonding or weld-
ing, and hybrid joining (which is a combination of the previously
mentioned techniques). A major goal of the LWF is the economic
development and manufacturing of energy-efficient and afford-
able lightweight structures by specific research in materials and
joining technology.
Thermal imaging for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
In addition to the development of new joining processes, the LWF
also performs experimental and numerical process simulations,
stress analysis and life prediction tests with joined hybrid struc-
tures under application-related conditions. For these tests, the
LWF now relies on cameras from FLIR Systems.
“In our domain of research, you need a technology that allows you
to rapidly inspect large areas, without the need to disassemble
anything, and that allows you to easily analyse your inspection
results,” says Eng. Frederik Bröckling, researcher at the LWF.
“Thermal imaging provides just that technology.”
The LWF benefits from the use of both active and passive thermal
imaging techniques. Basically, IR thermography can be divided
into two approaches. The passive approach tests materials and
04-04-16 09:35
 FLIR Epson European Automation
structures which are naturally at different (often higher) temperature
than ambient while in the case of the active approach, an external
stimulus is necessary in order to induce relevant thermal contrasts.
Passive thermography
At the LWF, passive thermography with a FLIR SC7650 cam-
era is especially used for research and testing of welding pro-
cesses (thermal joining), since welding naturally includes extreme
temperatures. The monitoring of resistance spot welding pro-
cesses with thermal imaging enables additional information
Active thermography from a Resistance Spot Welding (RSW)
specimen with flash-light in pulse-thermography mode. Source: LWF
In the Laboratory for Materials and Joining Technology at the
University of Paderborn researchers are specifically focusing
on developing joining methods for composite materials.
on the inhomogeneity within a joint. A good weld requires the
metal to be heated uniformly to melting temperature. By look-
ing at the thermal image of a weld, it is possible to see how the
temperature varies across and along the weld. The temperature
measured by the camera is a proper indicator for the strength
of the weld: a weld is considered acceptable if its average
temperature and the standard deviation of the temperature fall
within specified limits.
Active thermography
The LWF also applies the active thermography techniques to
research mechanical joining, adhesive bonding and hybrid join-
ing. In this set-up, the LWF relies on a dedicated NDT solution
including a FLIR SC7650 camera, designed by German vision sen-
sor specialist Automation Technology. The total solution, called
IRNDT, supports a wide variety of NDT techniques based on active
thermography, including Lock-In Thermography (with a periodic
16.110-Flir-UK-05.indd 2
Talking Heads News
heat stimulus), Pulse Thermography (with short energy pulses)
and Thermal Stress Analysis (inspecting the mechanical stress
of components by the thermoelastic effect).
In the set-up provided by Automation Technology, a heat source
gives the inspected material a thermal excitation. The flow of
thermal energy through the material has a direct influence on
the temperature development on the object’s surface. This tem-
perature development is recorded over a certain period of time
with a FLIR SC7650 camera and subsequently analyzed by the
IRNDT software. The software calculates a resulting image by a
Thermal measurement of Friction Element Welding (FEW) process
(passive thermography), Source: LWF
The LWF uses FLIR cameras to test joined hybrid structures under
application-related conditions. Source: LWF
mathematical analysis and provides the LWF researchers with
information about the internal structure of the material as well as
or about possible defects within the material.
FLIR SC7650 camera
Research applications rank among the most demanding appli-
cations for thermal imaging cameras. The same is true for this
project. According to Eng. Frederik Bröckling, the FLIR SC7650
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 21
04-04-16 09:35
 business Fraunhofer Sensirion
proved to be the best choice, for a variety of reasons.
“The speed and frame rate of the camera were very important
for us due to the conductivity of certain materials. For example,
if you cast a heat impulse on aluminum, the speed with which
aluminum absorbs and gives off heat is so fast, that you need a
high-speed camera for accurate recording.” Depending on the
model and detector, the FLIR SC7000 series can deliver thermal
images up to a speed of 62,000 Hz. Windowing allows a subset
of the total image to be selectively read out with user-adjustable
window size at a much higher frame rate.
“We also needed a camera that can be triggered externally and
that can be combined with various lenses. Sometimes, we need
to be able to monitor closely. Other times, for example with weld-
ing applications, we need to keep a certain distance, so that the
camera will not suffer from electrical and thermal interference. For
these different set-ups, you need different lenses.”
FLIR Systems also brings a number of unique features to the
table that have proven to be of great value in research environ-
ments. FLIR’s CNUC™ technology for example is a proprietary
Active thermography from an adhesive specimen with halogen-light in lock-in-thermography mode (with different defects). Source: LWF
The Author
Christiaan Maras has been working at FLIR Systems since 2000.
He was involved with marketing for thermal imaging cameras
that can measure temperatures as well as for thermal imaging
cameras for night vision systems. Today he is Marketing Direc-
tor EMEA for the full FLIR product range.
22 | business
16.110-Flir-UK-05.indd 3
Rigol Infographics
FLIR Infrared are available from:
FLIR Systems GmbH
Berner Strasse 81, D-60437 Frankfurt, Germany.
Tel.: +49 69/950090- 0, Fax: -40, E-Mail: research@flir.com
calibration process that provides beautiful imagery and accurate
measurement stability. CNUC™ calibration also produces accurate
measurement stability regardless of camera exposure to ambient
temperature variations. The FLIR proprietary Hypercal™ feature
ensures the best measurement range with the highest sensitivity.
Users can simply set the desired lower and upper temperature
limits and the camera will automatically adjust to the appropriate
integration (exposure) time.
At the Laboratory for Materials and Joining Technology (LWF),
part of the University of Paderborn in Germany, researchers par-
ticularly focus on the development of joining techniques for com-
posite materials.
For more information about thermal imaging cameras or about
this application, please visit:
www.flir.com/research
Note
The images displayed may not be representative of the actual reso-
lution of the camera shown. Images for illustrative purposes only.
04-04-16 09:36
 FLIR Epson European Automation
Measure RH, Temperature, and Pressure
Data through Bluetooth
New from Mouser Electronics is the MEAS wireless sensor deve-
lopment board from TE Connectivity (TE). The board reports
relative humidity, temperature and barometric pressure through
Bluetooth 4.0 connectivity, providing environmental data for
evaluating weather stations, HVAC systems, and other industrial
applications. The development board is intended for demons-
tration or evaluation purposes only. It is not tested to meet any
FCC certifications and is not considered by TE to be a finished
end-product fit for general consumer use.
The wireless sensor development board is based on two MEAS
low-power sensors: the HTU21D(F) digital humidity sensor
with temperature output and the MS5637 micro-altimeter.
The HTU21D(F) sensor provides calibrated, linearized signals
to detect relative humidity from 0 to 100 percent and tempe-
rature from –20 to +85 degrees Celsius. The MS5637 micro-
altimeter is based on MEMS technology and includes a high-
linearity pressure sensor and an ultra-low-power ADC with
internal factory-calibrated coefficients. The MS5637 sensor
provides barometric pressure readings from 300 to 1,200 mBar.
The sensor development board is available from Mouser Elec-
tronics in two versions. The WPP100B001 version enables
engineers to use the board with smartphones and tablets run-
ning the free TE Sensor Tag application, downloadable from
the Google Play Store for Android or the App Store for iOS.
Through the free application, engineers can use a smartphone
or tablet as a display or datalog terminal for the board. The
WPP109B001 version includes a USB dongle that connects
the board to a computer running Windows, allowing engineers
to use the provided software to access the board’s features.
www.mouser.com/new/measurement-specialties/
msi-bluetooth-board/.
16.110-News-23-UK-02.indd 1
Talking Heads News
Photo-diode, Low-noise Amplifier,
and 16-bit ADC in One
A new high-accuracy digital ambient light sensor for flat-panel
televisions and consumer handheld devices, the Vishay Semi-
conductors VEML7700 combines a photo-diode, low-noise
amplifier, and 16-bit ADC in a miniature, transparent surface-
mount package measuring 6.8 mm by 3.0 mm by 2.35 mm.
The sensor adopts Filtron™ technology and supports an I²C
bus interface for simple operation.
With its compact size and mounting flexibility as a side- or
top-view device, the sensor allows designers to save space in
compact televisions, CCTV cameras, smartphones, PDAs, and
GPS units. When used in conjunction with Vishay IR receivers
such as the TSOP772, the VEML7700’s side-view package
offering the same dimensions and optical axis height greatly
simplifies window designs.
Filtron technology enables ambient light spectral sensitivity
close to that of the human eye, while the sensor’s adoption of
O-Trim™ technology provides an output tolerance of ≤ 10 %.
The device offers detection from 0 lx to 167 klx and resolution
down to 0.005 lx/ct, allowing for operation in applications with
low-transmittance (dark) lens designs. The VEML7700 pro-
vides 100 Hz and 120 Hz flicker noise rejection and excellent
temperature compensation from –25 °C to +85 °C. The device
offers low power consumption down to just 2 μA in operating
mode and 0.5 μA in shutdown mode.
The VEML7700›s supply voltage range is from 2.5 V to 3.6 V,
while its I²C bus voltage range is from 1.7 V to 3.6 V. Offered in
a lead (Pb)-free, 4-pin molded package, the device is RoHS-
compliant, halogen-free, and Vishay Green.
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 23
04-04-16 09:36
 business Fraunhofer
What is an RFC ? (Resistance-to-Frequency Converter)
By Armin Schmid, Product Marketing Engineer MCU,
Epson Europe Electronics GmbH
The majority of Epson microcontrollers feature is
a functional block called the RFC (Resistance-
Frequency Converter) which is used as a cost-ef-
fective and power-efficient substitute for an A/D
converter. As the name implies, the RFC meas-
ures resistance using a capacitor-resistor (CR)
oscillation circuit whose frequency varies with
the resistance. This article explores the deeper
operation of a relatively unknown but interesting
electronic device as far as sensor technology is
concerned.
A basic block diagram of one channel of RFC in DC Mode is given
in Figure 1 (AC Mode will be explained later). Each RFC channel
(in DC Mode) has a fixed-value reference resistor (RREF), a fixed-
value reference capacitor (CREF, typically 1000 pF), and up to two
sensor resistors (RSENA and RSENB) whose resistance changes with
a parameter of interest (such temperature or humidity).
The basic concept is to measure the frequency of oscillation of
each resistor, one at a time. Based on the known value of the
fixed reference resistor (RREF), the resistance of the sensor resis-
tor (RSENA , RSENB) can be determined by measuring the frequency
of oscillation of the reference resistor and then the frequency of
oscillation of the sensor resistor.
24 | business
16.110-Epson-UK-03.indd 1
Sensirion Rigol
DC and AC Modes
The RFC has two modes of operation: DC Mode and AC Mode.
DC Mode operation is used in most applications. However, some
applications require AC Mode of operation.
DC Mode
In DC Mode, when oscillation is turned on, a DC voltage is applied
on REF/SENA/SENB which causes an oscillating (saw tooth) sig-
nal on RFIN.
AC Mode
Some resistive sensors (such as humidity sensor or conductivity
measurement of a liquid solution) cannot have DC bias across its
terminals. The AC Mode of operation of the RFC addresses this
issue. In AC Mode, the CR Oscillator of the RFC will cause the
two terminals of the sensor to have oscillating signals of opposite
phase (180 degrees).
The RFC connections are different in AC Mode and only one sen-
sor is supported instead of two. Figure 2 shows the RFC con-
nections for AC Mode.
Comparison between RFC and ADC measurement
principles
Sampling of measurement signals with an ADC (Analog Digital
Converter) are possible only at short time slots like shown in Fig-
ure 3. Sampling with an RFC circuit in opposite will be done more
often over same time period. An ADC measure every time just
04-04-16 09:38
 FLIR Epson Infographics Talking Heads News

an absolute value of an analog signal. In terms of accuracy, it is
much harder and more expensive to achieve similar accuracy with
ADC measurement comparing with RFC measurement, because
measurement value of an RFC circuit is based on average value of
much more measurements than an ADC can do. Also measuring
with an RFC circuit allows much lower noise sensitive measure-
ments than an ADC. Chapter 4 describes advantages of an RFC
measurement versus ADC measurement.
The general principle behind accurate measurement of sensor
resistance over combined variations in operating condition (tem-
perature, voltage, and IC batch) is that the slope P remains rel-
atively constant. If the fixed-value reference resistor has small
frequency error over operating variations, and we measure the
reference resistor frequency of oscillation and measure the sen-
sor resistor frequency of oscillation at any operating condition,

The benefits of RFC versus ADC can be summarized as follows

a. Measurements are still possible at an operating voltage down
to 1.2 V of a microcontroller. An ADC operates only down to
an operating voltage from 2.2V-2.5 V
b. RFC measurements are less noise sensitive.
c. RFC measurements allow also lower clock frequencies to
achieve high accuracy which leads in the end to much lower cur-
rent consumption for an application. To achieve also high accu-
racy, an ADC need to be operated at higher clock frequencies.
d. Only a few external components (only passive components) are
necessary for operating an RFC. External circuitry of an ADC
need active components like opamps and transistors causing
leakage currents and consuming higher current consumption.
e. Costs for external components of RFC are lower compared
with costs for external components for an ADC.
f. An RFC measurement can achieve an accuracy of a measure-
ment comparable with a 24-bit ADC (for temperature meas-
urement this is equal for example with an accuracy of 0.1°C).
To achieve a similar accuracy an high resolution and more
expensive ADC would be required.

Theory of Operation

The Frequency versus Resistance of the CR Oscillator has an Figure 1. RFC Block Diagram and Sensor connection in DC mode.
exponential relationship given by the following general equation:
F = K × R–P
where R is the resistance (of RREF, RSENA, or RSENB) and F is the
oscillation frequency. The fixed CREF value (typically 1000 pF) is
lumped into the K constant. Taking the logarithm of both sides
of the equation we get:
log F = log K + (–P) log R

Figure 4 shows the logarithmic F vs. R graph of an RFC.

The exponent P is the slope in the logarithmic graph and it changes

very little over variations in operating condition (temperature, volt-
age, and IC batch). The K value varies with operating condition,
and it shifts the logarithmic graph up/down (Y-intercept).

The minimum resistance value is typically 10 k-ohms and the

maximum resistance value is typically 2 to 3 megohms. The high-
est frequency of oscillation is at 10 k-ohms and ranges from
around 150 kHz to 200 kHz. The lowest frequency of oscillation Figure 2. RFC Block Diagram and Sensor connection in DC mode.
at 2-3 megohms resistance is about 500 Hz to 1 kHz.

Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 25

16.110-Epson-UK-03.indd 2 04-04-16 09:38

 business Fraunhofer
since the slope P remains relatively constant, we can determine
the sensor resistance fairly accurately.
Figure 3. Temperature Measurement example with RFC and ADC.
Figure 4. RFC Frequency versus Resistance.
For a given K value (operating condition), and because the slope
P does not change, we can accurately determine the resistance
of a sensor resistor, Rsens, by measuring the frequency, Fref, of
a known fixed resistor, Rref, and measuring the frequency, Fsens,
of the sensor resistor without the need to know the value of K
as follows:
26 | business
16.110-Epson-UK-03.indd 3
Sensirion Rigol
Fref = K × Rref –P, Fsens = K × Rsens -P
K = (Fref / Rref –P) = (Fsens / Rsens -P)
(Fref / Fsens) = (Rref / Rsens) -P
(Fref / Fsens) –(1/P) = Rref / Rsens
Rsens = (Fref / Fsens) (1/P) × Rref
The Measurement Counter (MC[23:0]) value, N, is related to the
sampling period, Tsamp, and the frequency of oscillation, F, as
follows:
N = Tsamp × F
F = N / Tsamp
Substituting F = N / Tsamp, we get
Rsens = ((Nref / Tsamp) / (Nsens / Tsamp)) (1/P) × Rref
Rsens = (Nref / Nsens) (1/P) × Rref (Eq. 1)
The exponent calculation (1/P) for Rsens introduces computational
complexity. However, the value of P is typically close to 1 (0.96 to
0.99) and the Rsens calculation can be approximated linearly by
removing the exponent if accuracy requirement is not so strict.
For more accurate measurements, a reverse look-up table can be
generated for Nsens vs. Rsens by measuring Nsens as Rsens is varied
over the range of interest.
Selection of Rref and Nref
Rref should be chose to meet the desired ERRSPEC value. Given
Tsamp, FTCCLK, and ERRSPEC, the required minimum reference
oscillation frequency is
Fref = 1 / [ (ERRSPEC × Tsamp) – (6 / FTCCLK) ]
After Fref is determined, Rref can be determined from the F vs. R
graph and the Nref value is determined by the following equation:
Nref = Tsamp × Fref
Some additional facts and relationships which should be
considered by selecting suitable conditions:
1. Sampling error tolerance specification affects minimum sam-
pling period.
2. The sensor has a range of resistance values. Highest resist-
ance gives lowest frequency.
3. Minimum sample period/time is calculated from Timebase fre-
quency, lowest measurement frequency, and error tolerance.
Sample period can vary according the amount of resolution
bits needed. Longer sample period gives higher resolution at
the expense of lower battery life.
4. The reference resistance value should be selected to give low-
est current. Higher resistance gives lower frequency.
04-04-16 09:38
 FLIR Epson Infographics Talking Heads News

RFC Measurement Sequence

To determine the resistance of a sensor, there are two back-to-

back measurements involved: WELLER –
reference oscillation measurement and sensor oscillation meas-
urement. The following is a summary of the measurement steps OWNING THE BENCH
involved:

Reference Oscillation Measurement

Perfecting your work station.
1. Select a value for Nref (how many pulses to count for reference Weller Quality Products
oscillation). Criteria for the value to use for Nref is covered later.
2. Program the Timebase Counter TC[23:0] to 0. Making your work station perfect.
3. Program the Measurement Counter MC[23:0] to – Nref (2’s com-
plement of Nref).
4. Start reference oscillation measurement by writing 1 to the SREF
(start reference) bit. When SREF is set to 1, the RREF resistor is
connected and CR oscillation is started. The MC[23:0] incre-
ments on each clock edge of RFIN and the TC[23:0] increments
on each clock edge of the Timebase clock (typically higher
frequency than RFIN).
5. When Nref pulses have been counted, MC[23:0] overflows from
0xFFFFFF to 0x000000. When this MC[23:0] overflow occurs,
SREF bit is cleared to 0, the counters are stopped, RREF is dis-
connected, and oscillation is stopped. The value in TC[23:0] is
a measure of the sampling period Tsamp (when divided by the
TCCLK frequency) to count Nref clock pulses.

Sensor Oscillation Measurement

6. After MC[23:0] overflow is detected, program MC[23:0] to 0 to
set it up to count the sensor resistor oscillation clock pulses. Visit us in Hall A7, Stand 157
7. Start sensor oscillation measurement by writing 1 to the SSENx
(start sensor) bit. When SSENx is set to 1, the RSENx resistor is
connected and CR oscillation is started. The MC[23:0] incre- Your work. Your perfect tools.
ments on each clock edge of RFIN and the TC[23:0] decre- Soldering / Desoldering Systems | Microtools | Hot Air Tools |
ments on each clock edge of the timebase clock.
8. At the end of the sampling period of Tsamp TC[23:0] under-
Rework Systems | Fume Extraction Systems | Electronic
flows from 0x000000 to 0xFFFFFF. When TC[23:0] underflow Screwdrivers | Dispensing Systems | Cutters | Pliers |
occurs, SSENx bit is cleared to 0, the counters are stopped, Tweezers | Stripping Tools | Accessories |
RSENx is disconnected, and oscillation is stopped. The value
in MC[23:0] is Nsens and it is a measure of the number of clock
pulses of the sensor oscillation for the same Tsamp sampling
period as the reference oscillation measurement. Win...
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Nref and Rref are fixed, known, determined values for the reference
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Rsens is determined using Equation 1.
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Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 27

16.110-Epson-UK-03.indd 4 04-04-16 09:38

 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

Beyond IoT: Pervasive Sensing

By Jonathan Wilkins, Marketing Director,
European Automation

In manufacturing facilities, unplanned

outages force continuously operating
processes to go through shutdown
and start-up procedures. It’s under
these conditions that serious inci-
dents are most likely to occur. Ideally,
manufacturers should to be able to
anticipate equipment failures to pre-
vent these outages.

Previously, monitoring a wide range of pumps, drives, motors,

steam traps, relief valves, and other equipment was implausible
because of high operating costs. However, the increasing avail-
ability of inexpensive, wireless sensors now let’s facilities measure
safety, regulatory compliance, equipment reliability and energy
efficiency without breaking the bank.
To ensure operational excellence, industrial processes need better
predictive capabilities that can trigger responses quickly. It’s pre-
dicted there will be fewer process experts available in the future,
so it’s vital to consider how to get the best out of the expertise
on hand. This means ensuring experts aren’t spending most of
their time travelling to a site, but instead are able to apply their
knowledge remotely for plant diagnostics.
About European Automation
European Automation stocks and sells new, used, refurbished
and obsolete industrial automation spares. Its global network
of preferred partner warehouses, and wholly owned distribution
centres, enables it to offer a unique service within the automa-
tion industry, spanning the entire globe. It provides worldwide
express delivery on all products meaning it can supply any
part, to any destination, at very short notice.

Traditionally, the cost of adding a wired sensor to gather data was

very high. This has limited many manufacturers to only collecting
data from critical applications. Today’s innovative sensor tech-
nology, including wireless and non-invasive sensors, has made
installation cost-effective and maintenance straight-forward. The
embedded technology inside today’s sensors now allows them
to provide direct actionable information.
At the 2013 Emerson Exchange, the concept of pervasive sensing
was introduced to industry to explain how smart sensors gather
actionable information to improve operations and maintenance. [1]
Using the example of tire motoring, Emerson illustrated how tech-
nology is now being used to accomplish tasks that were previ-
ously carried out manually. Today, wireless sensors in each tire
constantly monitor the pressure and provide automated warn-
ings and specific maintenance instructions to the driver on the
car dashboard.
A pervasive sensor is a robust sensor with no requirement for
maintenance or calibration once installed. It’s typically a clamp-on
sensor or externally mounted. Pervasive sensing devices include
vibration sensing of rotating equipment, ultrasonic leak detec-
tors, wireless steam trap monitors, corrosion and erosion detec-
tion technology, as well as wireless bolt-on surface temperature
probes. Using multiple sensors to gather information makes it
possible to detect and respond to hazards before they become
a danger to people and equipment. The technology can also pre-
dict failures, reduce downtime, avoid environmental issues and
identify potential security threats.
In manufacturing, pervasive sensing helps in both process-critical

28 | business

16.110-EuropeanAutomation-UK-04.indd 1 04-04-16 09:40

 FLIR Epson European Automation Talking Heads News

BEYOND
and business-critical applications. Process-critical refers to pro-
cess control and process safety applications. This data requires
immediate response to prevent off-spec product or even plant

THE SURFACE
shutdown. Most of the equipment involved is already automated,
since sensors generally connect to an existing process control
system.

One drawback to keep in mind is the possibility of information Epson is the only manufacturer of electronic components
with in-house expertise of quartz-based timing devices and
overload, as most of the information gathered by pervasive
semiconductors. This combination is the basis for exceptional
sensors acts to keep plant operators informed, rather than and competitive products.
close process loops. If design engineers don’t apply design
principles that the workforce can manage, there may be so
many alerts and alarms that the operators cannot keep up
with them.

Business critical refers to site safety, reliability and energy effi-

ciency. While process safety is really about containment, site
safety is typically about worker safety or gas detection. Business
critical data requires a timely response, rather than the immedi-
ate response needed by process critical data. Failure to act on
it can lead to outcomes such as plant slowdown or increased
energy usage.

Pervasive sensing provides a better understanding of the con-

dition of assets and the process performance. This allows for a
more predictive, risk managed approach to intervention, ensuring
that the correct equipment or replacement parts are available
when required. The move to risk-based management together
with the emerging need to focus on collection of mobile assets
rather than a fixed site will drive the future demand for perva-
sive sensing.

Web Link

[1] http://www2.emersonprocess.com/en-us/plantweb/wireless/
pervasive-sensing/pages/index.aspx

The Author
Jonathan Wilkins is the Marketing Director of industrial auto-
mation components supplier, European Automation. A pro-
fessional brand advocate and commercial marketing stra-
tegist, Jon focuses on delivering growth via a multi-channel
approach that has a significant positive impact on business.
He has been part of the European Automation team since its
humble beginning seven years ago and has over a decade
of experience in marketing
[Advertisement]

EPSON_Anz_95x283mm_english.indd 1 23.03.16 10:05

Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 29

16.110-EuropeanAutomation-UK-04.indd 2 04-04-16 09:40

 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

Jonathan Wilkins,
Marketing Director, European Automation

In your line of business as in any other

line of business there are always challen-
ges ahead. During the coming years, what do
you consider to be the main challenge in your industry?

As Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing are becoming more com-
mon across industry sectors, the topic of equipment obsolescence
is gaining traction. Some industrial products that are less than five
years old are no longer being produced by their original equip-
ment manufacturer. To prepare for Industry 4.0, many companies
believe they need to replace entire production systems to ensure
compatibility with digital technologies. This begs the question:
how do we deal with obsolescence in the world of Industry 4.0?
Manufacturers around the world are investing in new cyber-physical
systems and incorporating higher levels of integrated communi-
cation between machines in ultra-modern
factories. This is a costly, and in some cases,
unnecessary process. Older systems can be upda-
ted through retrofitting, by adding sensors, monitoring
and control systems, human machine interfaces and updated
programmable logic controllers.
The move to Industry 4.0 should be a gradual one, an evolution
rather than a revolution. This is why continuity with legacy sys-
tems and obsolete parts will still be essential to manufacturing
in the years to come and shouldn‘t be disregarded as useless.

Armin Schmid,
Product Marketing Engineer MCU, Epson Europe Electronics GmbH

Would you agree that, in terms of sensors and measurement, research & development may come to
a halt because current products are almost perfect in terms of size and accuracy?

No, not at all. Because in our world no
product could be almost perfect — espe-
cially sensors and measurement principles are continuously
under research & development. This is because parameters
of interest are always changing and often new technologies
or new ideas are a ‘door opener’ for easier, smaller and more
accurate new designs.
Take the diff erences between RFC and ADC measurement
principles, RFC meaning Resistance-to-Frequency and ADC
meaning A/D conversion. As I make clear in my article (to be
found in this edition, Ed.) an A/D converter will be measuring
an absolute value of an analogue signal. This makes it harder
— and more expensive — to achieve similar accuracy when
comparing ADC with RFC measurement, since the measure-
ment value of an RFC circuit is based on an average value of
much more measurements than an ADC can carry out. Let alone
the fact that a RFC circuit allows much lower noise sensitive
measurements than an ADC. Here you see how a relatively
unknown electronic device can have its role in sensor techno-
logy, making sensor technology even better — and cheaper —
than it used to be.

30 | business

16.110-TalkingHeads-UK-02.indd 1 04-04-16 09:30

 FLIR Epson European Automation
Dr. Norbert Weber,
Deputy Head Integrated Circuits
and Systems, Fraunhofer
Institute for Integrated
circuits (IIS)
In terms of sensors and mea-
surement, research & deve-
lopment may come to a halt
because current products are
almost perfect in terms of size and
accuracy. Do you agree?
At first blush it would be possible to think
so, but in detail there are several reasons
that motivate research and development,
especially in the area of sensor devices. First
of all, the performance of most of the sensors
is not sufficient for all applications where users
would like to apply them. Take the example of sensors measuring
the magnetic field in one direction for industrial and vehicular
applications. These sensors are prone to inaccuracies caused
by temperature changes (please see the article by Fraunhofer
researcher Michael Hackner in this edition, Ed.).
Christiaan Maras, Marketing Director EMEA, FLIR
Monitoring and measuring (can) bring with them enormous amounts of data. There may
be privacy issues or security issues involved, due to cybercrime. If any, which role does your
company play in addressing (one of) these issues?
This is an interesting question, because it refers to something
which we did not originally consider an advantage of IR techno-
logy, but rather a disadvantage… In a thermal image you cannot
recognize a person. The camera captures only a temperature
signature of a person, not his or her looks. So to our surprise,
we found out this was an advantage in locations where privacy is
an issue. One example from Germany: unions do not want their
workers to be permanently monitored by CCTV cameras and
want to prevent companies from doing so. But a thermal ima-
ging camera, which does not identify anybody, is no problem for
them. (Before becoming Marketing Director for the full FLIR pro-
16.110-TalkingHeads-UK-02.indd 2
Talking Heads News
In other cases the price of
a certain sensor may be
too high so that additio-
nal research is called for to
make it cheaper for that particu-
lar application, either by reducing
the costs of the sensor hardware itself
or by reducing the testing costs after fab-
rication or by reducing the calibration costs
to make them accurate enough.
Especially with regard to IoT there is a growth in the number
of possible applications. So there is an increasing demand for
development of adapted ASICs with integrated sensor functio-
nalities to address these additional applications and their spe-
cific needs. So in fact the need for research and development
is going to increase, what also can be seen from the growing
number of filed patents in the past years. (Photo: Fraunhofer
IIS/Karoline Glasow)
duct range, Christiaan Maras was
responsible for marketing thermal imaging cameras, Ed.)
At any rate, we want to make our IR technology more affordable
so more users can profit from a technology which some years ago
was still considered very, very expensive. IR technology nowa-
days even gets integrated in everyday products like smartpho-
nes. Managing the change from pure ‘business to business’ to
‘business to consumer’ will be a major task for our company in
the years to come. Being both a world market leader and a tech-
nology leader, we know we have one thing to do: keep innovating.
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 31
04-04-16 09:30
 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

Highest Resolution Interline

Transfer CCD Image Sensor

The 47 megapixel (MP) KAI-47051 image sensor from ON Semi-

conductor was designed specifically to align with the growing
inspection demand for higher resolution smartphones, tablets,
computer monitors, and televisions; and to improve image qual-
ity and overall efficiency in surveillance applications such as
aerial mapping.

In addition to providing higher resolution through a larger opti-

cal format, the KAI-47051 incorporates a reduced-noise ampli-
fier that lowers read noise by 15% compared to the exist-
ing device, increasing dynamic range to 66 decibels (dB). A
16-output architecture enables a maximum frame rate of seven
frames per second; almost double that of the existing, lower The KAI-47051 is available in a RoHS-compliant PGA-201 package
resolution device. Customers moving to the new KAI-47051 in Monochrome, Bayer Color, and Sparse Color configurations.
can enjoy these performance improvements without sacrificing
the image quality or electronic shutter performance inherent www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/
in the CCD design. product.do?id=KAI-47051

Sensors and Actuator Modules from Tinkerforge

Tinkerforge is a complete modular set of electronic building blocks
that plug together allowing you to quickly and easily build your
next project. The system already offers over 70 different sensors
and actuator modules that you plug together and control with its
own software. High level libraries exist for the programming lan-
guages C/C++, C#, Delphi/Lazarus, Java, JavaScript, LabVIEW,
Mathematica, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Shell
und VB.NET which are sure to guarantee speedy success (e.g.
getTemperature() in °C or setVelocity() in m/s). Module control is
via USB, WiFi or Ethernet from an (embedded) PC, Raspberry
Pi, Smartphone or Tablet. The user programs can also execute
directly in the system without the need for external control.
www.tinkerforge.com

32 | business

16.110-News-UK-05.indd 1 04-04-16 14:46

 FLIR Epson European Automation Talking Heads News

Siglent SSA3000X Spectrum Analyzers

The Siglent SSA3000X range of spectrum analyzers offer band-

widths of 2.1 GHz and 3.2 GHz. They provide advanced pro-
fessional measuring capabilities at an affordable price. The use
of an all-digital IF stage guarantees reliability and significantly
improves the analyzer’s performance.

With its widescreen display, compact design and intuitive user

interface the SSA3000X spectrum analyzer is the ideal addition
to your lab work bench for use in circuit development, testing
and production of RF equipment. Small signal performance is
now improved thanks to the enhanced IF filters which also allow
a narrower resolution bandwidth and lower noise floor figure.
(the Tracking Generator hardware is already built in). In addition
Siglent offer an optional EMI filter, a Quasi-Peak detector and
a package to support more advanced measuring applications.

The SSA3000X includes a high quality signal pre-amp as stan- www.siglent.com

dard and a tracking generator is available as an optional add-on

Accurate Floor Level Altitude Detection

Bosch Sensortec´s pressure sensors enable a host of new mobile

applications, from indoor navigation with floor level tracking –
e.g. for asset and personnel tracking, emergency applications
such as E911 and Blue force tracking, and precise guidance in
shopping malls and enterprises – to weather forecast and calorie
consumption calculation in sports devices.

NextNav has demonstrated the ability to deliver precise ‘floor-

level’ altitude by using a high quality pressure sensor like the
BMP 280 in conjunction with a wide-area Metropolitan Beacon
System (“MBS”) network. An MBS network is not building-specific
but rather provides service across an entire metropolitan area,
and is architected to remain accurate even in the case of shif-
ting weather patterns or local microclimate effects. NextNav has
developed additional technologies to facilitate the conversion of
an accurate altitude to a projected floor number, among other
capabilities, and is collaborating closely with Bosch on the further
development and commercialization of these new capabilities.

Accurate altitude and floor detection is available through the

use of highly-scalable devices that offer flexible packaging while
maintaining high performance. Bosch Sensortec´s current state
of the art pressure sensors, for example, has a footprint of 2.5
x 2.0 mm2 and a height of 0.95 mm in an 8-pin metal-lid LGA
package, but draws only 2.7 µA. It maintains a very high relative
accuracy of ±0.08 hPa, equivalent to only ±70 cm difference in www.nextnav.com
altitude with resolution of 1.5 Pa. www.bosch-sensortec.com

Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 33

16.110-News-UK-05.indd 2 04-04-16 13:04

 business Fraunhofer Sensirion Rigol Infographics

New temperature Weller Zero Smog EL

sensor from — the cost effective solution for
Smartec fume extraction direct on the workbench

The new Weller Zero Smog EL is the per-

At the end of 2015 Smartec started to sell
a new temperature sensor type SMT172
as a successor to its “old” SMT160. The
SMT172 has a superior performance like
very low power consumption (60 μA), very
high accuracy (0.1 °C) and resolution (0.1
mK). Also, for battery application a low
voltage range of 2.7 V – 5.5 V. The sensor
has a PWM output for easy connection
to any type of microcontroller.
The SMT172 is available in TO18, TO92,
TO220, SOIC-8, SOT223, as a small hybrid
HEC and with a cable length of 5 meters.
www.smart-sensors.com
fect solution for small and cost efficient
soldering applications.
The high quality and reliable long life
maintenance free brushless EC blower
assures 150 m3/h suction volume and
offers a high extraction power with
2.500 Pa. With an on/off switch remote
and electronic filter alarm the Zero Smog
EL optimizes the operating conditions up � Active carbon foam for effective gas
to 2 workplaces and ensures an optimal cleaning
health protection of the user. � 4 speed adjustments for variable
The flexible and adjustable Easy-Click 60 power regulation
arms guarantees an effective adjustment � Portable fume extraction unit, to be
to the bench. With easy installation – it’s placed under or next to the bench-top
ready to use in less than 4 minutes. � Quick and simple installation with
Easy-Click System
All features at a glance: � Easy filter exchange
� Large EPA H13 filter surface of � Long life maintenance free brushless
2.4 m2. For long filter lifetime EC blower
� Separate changeable medium fine �
dust pre-filter M5 www.weller-tools.com

Colophon
Elektor Business Magazine Layout Advertising
Sensors and Measurement Technology Content and Brand Management Elektor Margriet Debeij
Edition April and May 2016 Jack Jamar Graphic Design, Maastricht Tel. +49 (0)24195509174
margriet.debeij@eimworld.com
Elektor Business offers electronics Printers
engineers information and insights into Senefelder Misset, Doetinchem Julia Grotenrath
the latest products from the industry. Tel. +49 (0)24195509177
Editor julia.grotenrath@eimworld.com
Jan Buiting, MA
(newsdesk@elektor.com)
Advertisers page
Publisher
Published by Don Akkermans Elektor 2
Elektor International Media bv (d.akkermans@elektor.com) Smartec 9
PO Box 11 Weller Tools 27
NL-6114-ZG Susteren Epson Europe Electronics 29
The Netherlands © Elektor International Media B.V. - 2016 Multi PCB Design 36

34 | business

16.110-News-UK-06.indd 3 04-04-16 16:21

 FLIR Epson
Advantech, ARM, Bosch Sensortec, Sensirion,
and Texas Instruments Cooperate for the M2.COM
IoT Sensor Platform
Feb. 24, 2016, Munich, Germany –
Advantech,along with ARM, Bosch Sen-
sortec, Sensirion and Texas Instruments
(TI), today announced the collaboration
of a new Internet of Things (IoT) sensor
platform called M2.COM; to be unveiled at
Embedded World 2016. The IoT era brings
new opportunities to traditional industries
and drives business evolution for the next-
generation of products and services. To
enable a diverse range of IoT applica-
tions, and to standardize different plat-
forms and technologies, an open platform
for IoT sensors and sensor nodes was
established by sensor makers and mod-
ule makers for more efficient IoT develop-
ment. By joining M2.COM, participants will
define and drive the leading platform to
empower the Internet of Things.
Miller Chang, VP of Advantech Embedded
Computing Group said, “Data collection
will be one of the main challenges for IoT.
Sensors, wireless technology, and embed-
ded computing will be the three major core
abilities for data acquisition, and that’s
the reason Advantech worked closely with
industrial partners to define the M2.COM
open standard. With this standardization,
we envision M2.COM will accelerate IoT
sensor device deployment.”
“A standards-based industrial comput-
ing and sensor format is key to fulfil the
changing demands of the IoT market,”
said Zach Shelby, vice president of mar-
keting, IoT business, ARM. “The ARM®
mbed™ OS provides the perfect founda-
tion for this new format, supporting the
needed communication protocols and
formats to securely and easily integrate
M2.COM based sensor devices with IoT
cloud applications.”
“One of the key challenges hindering a fast
growth of sensor enabled devices in IoT
relevant markets today is the lack of widely
adopted open Platform” said Jeanne For-
get, VP Marketing of Bosch Sensortec.
16.110-News-UK-05.indd 4
European Automation
“For Bosch Sensortec as the leader in
MEMS and other sensor technologies it’s
therefore essential to actively partici-
pate in developing open platforms
like the M2.COM. We believe
that through the collaboration
of these competent partners
the M2.COM open platform
will become a strong driver for
sensors in IoT markets.”
“Collecting Data and creating won-
derfully smart systems and devices will
only move the IoT forward if those things
are able to interoperate or communicate
with one another. Therefore we are proud
and convinced, that we are doing the right
thing by defining a standard -M2.COM
to simplify the integration of sensors IoT
development” says Pascal Gerner, Direc-
tor Product Management of Sensirion.
“In order to accelerate the change and
new business opportunities created by
the IoT, it’s important to have a platform
that saves development time and cost with
a with standardized sensor interface, like
M2.COM, where developers can connect
anything anywhere,” said Olivier Monnier,
marketing director wireless connectivity
solutions/IoT, Texas Instruments. “By lev-
eraging TI’s low-power SimpleLink™ Wi-Fi®
CC3200 wireless microcontroller, M2.COM
IoT developers have access to award-win-
ning hardware that will enable them to get
their design to market quickly and easily.”
Advantech reinforces its vision of „Ena-
bling an Intelligent Planet‘ in order to
accelerate the practice of smart city and
IoT solutions, and in the spirit of “Part-
nering for Smart City and IoT Solutions”
it will continue to collaborate with world-
wide partners. Through Advantech, ARM,
Bosch Sensortec, Sensirion and TI’s joint
promotion, we believe the M2.COM will
realize more IoT sensing possibilities and
accelerate the practice of smart city and
IoT solutions.
Elektor Business Magazine Sensors and Measurement | 35
Talking Heads News
About M2.COM Industrial
Sensor Node Open
Standard
M2.COM is a sen-
sor platform based
on a simple module
design that provides
a solid, standardized
solution for IoT sensor
nodes and sensors. The
M2.COM open standard brings
together IoT platform providers,
communication service providers,
system integrators, and technology
suppliers. The M2.COM open stand-
ard platform is specially developed
for complex system environments in
the IoT industry. (M2.COM Website:
www.M2COM-standard.org)
About Advantech
Founded in 1983, Advantech is a
leader in providing trusted, innova-
tive products, services, and solu-
tions. Advantech offers comprehen-
sive system integration, hardware,
software, customer-centric design
services, embedded systems, auto-
mation products, and global logistics
support. We cooperate closely with
our partners to help provide complete
solutions for a wide array of appli-
cations across a diverse range of
industries. Our mission is to enable an
intelligent planet with Automation and
Embedded Computing products and
solutions that empower the develop-
ment of smarter working and living.
With Advantech, there is no limit to
the applications and innovations our
products make possible. (Corporate
Website: www.advantech.com).
04-04-16 13:04
 HIGHTECH-OPTIONS
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16.110-Ads-UK.indd 2 04-04-16 09:47