Name: Ancog, Justin Lowel A.

BSN February 25, 2021

Section: GEC108 A2-2

Intellectual Revolutions
Question for Reflection
1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial?
- Because these intellectual ideas contradicted the widely accepted beliefs of that time. For
example, Galileo Galilei was prosecuted by the catholic church for his support of
heliocentrism which contradicted the popular and common belief of geocentrism which
stated that the heavenly bodies and the universe orbited around the earth.
2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what
was widely accepted at that time?
- In my opinion, a majority of people accept these new discoveries as a way to open up a
new perspective or oppose an idea that they deem unjustified or lacking in depth. The
acceptance of new ideas and discoveries also lead to new possibilities to discover and
explore. For example, had King Charles the 1st of Spain had rejected Ferdinand Magellan’s
idea to find a western sea route to the spice islands, the discovery of the Philippines would
have been much sooner.
References:

https://www.history.com/news/10-surprising-facts-about-magellans-circumnavigation-of-the-globe#:~:text=While%20Ferdinand
%20Magellan%20was%20originally,an%20attempt%20to%20assassinate%20him.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/magellans-expedition-circumnavigates-globe

3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?

- To my way of thinking I think intellectual revolutions transform societies by giving new
ideas and insights from applying logic, reason, or to consciously make sense of things that
were, things that are, and some things that have yet come to pass. For instance, actions of
previous historical figures might be viewed differently from a 21 st century perspective even
though those actions were deemed favorable or unfavorable during that era.
4. Can you name other scientific revolutions that happened in the following places?
a. Meso-America
- Mayans were noted to have predictions of eclipses, they could predict the season
but not the day.
Reference
https://humanities.byu.edu/the-maya-and-eclipses-the-end-of-a-world/#:~:text=Allen%20Christenson%2C%20professor%20of
%20comparative,the%20horizon%20just%20before%20sunrise.

b. Asia
- The compass was first used in China and was built from lodestone, however. Its
first use was not for navigation but rather for geomancy and fortune telling.
Reference:
M. Guarnieri, "Once Upon a Time?The Compass [Historical]," in IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 60-63,
June 2014, doi: 10.1109/MIE.2014.2316044.

c. Middle East
- Al-Zahrawi who is sometimes referred to as “the father of modern surgery” wrote
the “Kitab al-Tasriff” a 30-volume Arabic encyclopedia on medicine and surgery,
written near the year 1000. It also became the standard textbook in Europe for the
next five hundred years. Al-Zahrawi's pioneering contributions to the field of surgical
procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into
the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to
this day.
Reference
Ahmad, Z. (St Thomas' Hospital) (2007), "Al-Zahrawi - The Father of Surgery", ANZ Journal of Surgery, 77 (Suppl. 1): A83,
doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x, S2CID 57308997

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahrawi#cite_note-Ahmad-5

d. Africa
- In Africa it has been state that Egyptian papyrus was the precursor for the
invention of paper
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus
 5. Can you name other scientific revolutions that happened in the Nursing profession?
- Florence Nightingale laid the foundations for nursing as a profession in her book “Notes on
Nursing” and came up with the environmental theory which involves the nurse’s initiative to
configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient’s health,
and that external factors associated with the patient’s surroundings affect life or biologic and
physiologic processes, and his development.
- Nursing Informatics merges nursing science with information management and computer
science. It “identifies, manages, and communicates patient care or provider data, along with
the resultant insights, to both the patient community and the broader medical practice”
- Paradigm Shift in Nursing. Thomas Khun’s concept of “normal science” influenced nursing
knowledge, resulting in the development of nursing metaparadigm and paradigms.
Reference:

https://journals.lww.com/advancesinnursingscience/Abstract/2019/07000/Implications_for_Paradigm_Shift_in_Nursing__A.9.aspx

https://nurseslabs.com/florence-nightingales-environmental-theory/

https://www.amia.org/programs/working-groups/nursing-informatics