All right, here we go. Western encroachment in Asia. So we're starting our third unit.

The age of New

Imperialism and just a word about what that means, first and foremost, the age of New Imperialism is
roughly 1870 we're going to look back here to the Opium War in the 1840s. So, um,.

I want you to kind of think of it, those.

To about World War One guy that's the age of New Imperialism and it's new for variety of reasons, but
we'll get to that.

First and foremost, it's staggering. How much of the world is conquered by the Western powers and in
this age of New Imperialism.

We're going to add Japan and the United States to that collective Western powers, but just look at this,
just from 1872 1900 just in 30 years we've got the British adding 4 million square miles to her territory,
France, adding three and a half million square miles to its.

Empire Russia will add 3 million square miles, Germany and additional 1 million Belgium and additional 1
million Italy additional 1 million.

So we see a tremendous amount of colonization in a very, very short period of time. Okay, so today
we're just looking at Western encroachment in Asia. Now the 19th century, right after the Napoleonic
Wars and up to the outbreak of World War One.

We see Europe being dominated by an authority of the nation state system. Okay. A dominated balance
of power between those nation states.

After the Treaty of Westphalia and 1648 if you recall, we've got the birth of the nation states that treaty
will maintain the balance of power until Napoleon Rex that.

And then the Congress of Vienna, which, you know, sort of brings peace and stability back to Europe
from the chaos of Napoleon's wars, the Congress of Vienna will structure, again, a balance of power in
Europe that lasts for.

What over 100 years.

Almost 130 years before Adolf Hitler will on disrupt that as well.

Anyways, each nation states, trying to achieve security. And that makes sense. That's what states do and
in part to do that. They are going to gobble up some land.

And then we have these great powers emerge and we've got Britain, Germany, France, I've added
pressure here pressure will become part of Germany. But until that happens pressures its own its own
big power, Russia, the Austrian Hungarian empire, Japan and the United States.

So how do we get these great powers. What does it mean to be a great power to have great power
status. Well, it's often defined by these isms. And you can kind of think of it in a way as a checklist is your
country industrialized.

Do you have a sense of nationalism, a sense of national pride, where the state truly as a nation state.

Um, do you have a strong military.

And then what we end up seeing to with the definition of the great powers is are you an imperial power.
Do you have colonies and that.

Colonization in this period of New Imperialism is often driven by economic factors, but it's also driven by
racism. Racism is cloaked into Social Darwinism, which we'll talk about here later.

And then there's two different political structures of the great power some practice of Liberalism and
Progressivism as seen mostly in Britain, France and the United States, of course, they had revolutions.

And then we have a more conservative politics as practiced by Russia Germany and Austria, Hungary.

So just very quickly, you have these slides. You can look at them at your leisure. But industrialism here
begins in Britain, but you can see by 1870s, Germany has become a powerhouse. We need that industry
because that industry is going to provide the tools to support militarism imperialism.

Nationalism becomes really important. It's a bond of common culture or shared historical experience
and will lead to a sense of patriotism.

I leaders can create the feeling of nationalism through the press. So for instance, the Crimean War that's
waging in the mid 19th century we end up seeing war correspondence.

On site and they're able to telegraph back their stories and that's printed in the evening press and so the
people of Great Britain can read along, for instance.

What's going on in the Crimean War and feel a sense of patriotism and pride. So that's what I mean by
and large by the press. The press can.

How the readers help the people, the populace understand all of the great things that their country is
doing, of course, public education.

Is certainly essential in instilling a sense of patriotism. Now, it can be a benign or it can be very extreme.
We will see later, you have a document on.

The document is.

I think it's Japan on the turn.

At 1900. No, it's not. It's not. You have a document called rape of me and King, and that is.

In this unit just you probably haven't read it yet. But anyways, in the rape of man. King and talks about.

Public education in Japan and how public education is used to create what we would call like Ultra
nationalism.

Universal military service is a great way to foster a sense of patriotism and a sense of allegiance to a
nation.

You know, the United States does not have universal military service melt universal.

That universal military service is conscription right you turn 18, you have to serve two, three years in the
army and then you can go live the rest of your life. That's what that means.
And use the Social Darwinism right Social Darwinism. This idea of Anglo Saxon superiority, we're better
than you. And therefore, I have a sense of pride. I'm happy to be.

German or British or American or honestly, even the Japanese practice as a form of social Darwinism.
The Japanese very much feel themselves superior to other Asian countries, so on and so forth.

And militarism. Honestly, Napoleon kind of gives us this with his Napoleonic code and then the way he
was able to organize the French military.

And so when we talk about militarism, we have that establishment of a permanent military institution.

On the United States again is the only exception, all of the other great powers in here to the sense of
militarism it unites the upper classes.

It's perfected I mentioned it started with Napoleon, but it's perfected under the Prussian Chancellor
Otto von Bismarck, who has the warm and fuzzy nickname The Iron Chancellor.

And all of this led to a concentration of military planning and I, this becomes important when we look at
the cause of World War One.

Because all of these countries had a plan, if you will, in the desk drawer. Then it was very difficult. Once
the countries began to mobilize for World War One, it became very difficult to call the troops back.

Liberalism based on the Enlightenment, the philosophers and certainly john Locke's writings with the
social contract.

Is the continued democratization of Europe and is embodied with these freedoms that we are very
comfortable with here in the United States.

Conversely conservative ism is being practiced and other countries conservative ism. I think should
probably be most associated with Otto von Bismarck. Now what's interesting here and I want to make
note of this is Bismarck is pretty shrewd guy.

This this photograph of him, and certainly his nickname The Iron Chancellor portrays a man who is pretty
rigid and stern and not warm and fuzzy, as I mentioned, and yet.

He's the first to give universal male suffrage. That means the vote to all adult men, and he also in it.
Social Security. He's.

Pressure is the first country to offer a social security system United States doesn't introduce Social
Security until the 1930s during the Great Depression.

Now you might think to yourself, oh geez why is he letting all the men vote. And why is he giving social
security to all the people. Well, you have to remember pressure.

Which will become part of Germany, i is at the you know the the hotbed if you will of communism and
of labor unions and of discontent. And remember, Germany has surpassed Great Britain and France and
industrialization.

And so what out of them. This mark is doing is he's taking the wind out of the sails of people who could
be his opposition or what I like to say is he outflanked the Communists.
So if he gives the people a bone. If he throws them a bone and says you can vote. And I'll give you some
social security. Well, then he just has solidified for himself.

The votes of these people, they're like, Yeah, you know, cut me a piece of that cake slice me a piece of
that pie. I'm all for the Chancellor, so it's really quite true.

You can see the.

unification of Germany for pressure will fight a lot of wars, the last one being in that 1870 Franco
Prussian war that unites Germany. Now we're talking about Darwinism. Excuse me.

Kipling Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem called the white man's burden and I asked her, What is it all
about, well, the white man's burden is written in.

In fact,.

And it's written.

Actually for President McKinley.

President McKinley, which will look out when we get to the new kids on the block is debating what to do
with the Philippines and what Rudyard Kipling British poet says.

He says is that these civilized Great Powers United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, so on and so
forth that these civilized powers.

They have a responsibility and you might even call it a burden in which to bring their civilization to the
peoples of the world who are less advanced and.

You know, let's call a spade a spade less white than we are. And so if you read the poem, and I
encourage you to do it. It's a little lengthy, but I encourage you still to take a look at it sometime, but.

He does not characterize people who are falling under imperial control in Asia, the Middle East and
Africa. He does not characterize them.

In in very positive adjectives, you know. They're wild and wretched and so on and so forth. But he talks
about how United States would be shirking its duty.

If they let the Filipinos just have independence, because clearly the Filipinos are ready for civilization
and self government.

And so even if McKinley didn't want to do it. He had to take up that burden because he was white, right,
the white man's burden. And so that's what that's all about. Well, so that fits right into Social Darwinism
right we have Charles Darwin and Darwinism is, you know, the.

Origins of man and the evolution of the human race.

You had an a&e biography five minute thing on him. I can't remember now where he ranked but I don't
know. I think he was seven or six on that list.

Of top 10 influential of the last millennium. But that idea that quote unquote survival of the fittest idea
gets co opted.
By some philosophers in England and the United States and become Social Darwinism. And this racism
and Social Darwinism. Just go hand in hand.

And once you have that sense of superiority, as a nation, then it becomes very easy to justify your
conquering other peoples.

And just give you an example here. This is a textbook page from the 1870s that lists the typical man.
Now we know today that there's only one.

Race. That's just the human race. There aren't different races biologically. And yet, in the late 19th, early
20th century, we have the pseudoscience and there's this idea of different races and clearly you can see
the racism played out just in a child's textbook.

And the methods and motives behind New Imperialism.

It's a tremendous explosion of territorial conquest in which the Western powers then brought into a
global economy.

13 million square miles are colonized I gave you the breakdown at the beginning of this they have
political motives of cultural motives and they have economic motives.

And their their their motives are sometimes, you know, a little, a little wacky, and of course the tools
that they use come from the Industrial Revolution.

You've got the steamships. The reason why the Europeans never colonized Africa during the Age of
Exploration when the Portuguese and Spanish.

And the Dutch and they're all creating ports slave trading ports. The reason why the Europeans never
ventured into Africa. The interior and conquered the way the Spaniards and the Portuguese did.

In Latin America is two, there's two reasons. One, they were selling guns to the Africans.

In exchange for the slaves. So it would have been a fair fight the Europeans and the Africans would have
had the same military hardware. So they didn't want to go up against that.

But more important, just as the Aztecs and the Incas were dying of smallpox, the Europeans were dying
of malaria in Africa. So now until the medical advances with quinine, and being able to inoculate yourself
against malaria or the Europeans able to safely conquer that continent.

So the British venture East India becomes the crown jewel of the British Empire becomes the British Raj.
And the question here is how and why.

Well, the British East India Company has been given a little port in India Bombay, long, long time ago
early 1600s.

The King of England married a Portuguese princess. And so her dad be stowed as part of her dowry
Bombay to the British. And so the British East India Company basically had administrative powers over
this territory and eventually the British control in India will become greater and greater.

Particularly as the mobile's empire recedes there is a rebellion in.

See boy rebellion that your textbook will talk about. And it's that rebellion that makes the Brits back in
London.

sit up and take notice and they realize that maybe the system that they have in place with the East India
Company.

isn't really the best and they realized that they don't want to lose India as a colony India.

As I mentioned, here is the crown jewel. What does that mean, it means it's the most important colony,
Great Britain has and it's extremely important, particularly with this industrialization because India has
two.

roles for Great Britain. One is it's a producer of raw material cotton, essentially, but more important it
second role is. It's a market for finished English products. So we see the British flooding India with cheap
goods.

Basically, eliminating indigenous Indian industries and when we fast forward and look at Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi who leads the independence movement of the Indian people to break free from
British rule. He wears very simple garb and he encourages the Indian people to spin thread.

During the day, certain number of minutes during the day and and that is in response to it's a protest
that the British had really single handedly taken away very vibrant industry that India had had.

For for centuries. So anyways, um, that's why the subcontinent becomes so important for the British. So
after the sea boy rebellion. Um, the crown. It's Queen Victoria and her her advisors decide that.

The government, the British government is going to take a more active role and Queen Victoria will
become a.

Princess of India. Now I'm now I'm pausing here. I can't remember what her title is but anyhow I you
know she basically crowns herself Queen of India as well.

Talk about the civil service in the Indian National Congress a bit later, the British also have interest in
China. And I think I've got a map here. Let's see.

Well, let me finish this slide here, we'll go back to China, the British do have.

A colony in Australia, and that is that the down under being Australia and that colony is a settlement of
people versus a trading colony India's a trading colony.

Not many British people actually live in India and of course the Australians are set up with a self
government and that is a lesson.

That the British learn from the British North American colonies. They didn't want the Australians to rebel
so that they can just set the stage for themselves. Set the government up for themselves.

So here we have the Ming Dynasty in the blue, we add that read to the Ching dynasty and remember I
said when we get to the Chinese Revolution.

Many Chinese will see the chains as foreigners themselves as not ethnic Chinese. This is a good
demonstration of them.
So the last thing, then here is the indeed were in in.

Oh, I forgot to tell you guys something shoot, I'm okay. We're going to go back to going to go back to
India. Sorry. Hold on.

Because I think I have. Yeah, taken too much time with this. Okay, here we go. I'll just keep this on.

There, I want to read to you from something. This is a book called Punjabi century. The author is third
generation Indian who writes this book about.

Well, about about the history of his family. Really, but also about Great Britain in in the subcontinent
anyways.

He says, couple of things that I want to read to, first of all, he says, when I was at school, our textbooks
dividing Indian history into three periods.

It was the Hindu period, the Muslim period and the British period and it ended with a short chapter
called the blessings of the English Raj.

And that was or this was always a standard question in our examinations. There was a list of about a
dozen blessings and the blessings were law in order irrigation.

roads, canals bridges, schools, railways Telegraph's public health in my generation. These things were
taken for granted but my father used to explain that while he too was born in an era of peace.

To his elders. The new law and order really meant something, having lived through the breakup of the
Sikh empire.

Human rights and respect for life and property were an unfamiliar concept to them and they really
understood what it meant not to be harassed anymore. By monitoring groups of disbanded soldiers and
they had the legends.

That you'd have to know about that. But anyways, they had.

The legends de de de de and now suddenly the soldiers stopped.

raping and pillaging and forging when the British showed up. And in fact, many soldiers of the of the Sikh
armies who might otherwise have rampage rampaged around.

were engaged in the new armies and given a regular living the British soldiers were simple and instead
of helping themselves.

Paid fancy prices and if our generation began to be amused at the textbook blessings of the British Raj.

My grandfather's generation took them seriously and praised unreservedly so did my father and his
generation. So I could ask this question. Um, is imperialism inherently bad.

Where we have kind of a negative connotation with it for sure, but is it inherently bad and just reading
this passage. There are some good things.

At least to a few people there are some good things irrigation railroads lawn order schools, hospitals,.

Something to think about.

In that same book there's kind of a fun story I want to share with you.

The early years when the new services were being organized the new civil services that the British were
organizing.

They were according to our Father, full of problems, some human and amusing one aspect of the British,
which was not understood was their sense of discipline.

Something quite new and alien to our people, our grandfather related. The story of one of his colleagues
who was appointed a record keeper.

It was a simple enough job required the barest of training in maintaining a register of land records and
transfers.

But like all jobs in a new regime in imposed to type of discipline which this man found hard to grasp. He
was asked to maintain a diary.

And which entries were made of his daily work, but he was told that every Sunday was a holiday.

When he needs not work. There were of course the festival days which were also holidays. But the idea
of not working on Sunday, which up to now had been a day, like any other was new.

And one which this man never quite understood. Sometime later, the British revenue officer paid an
inspection visit and looked into his diary and found that very little work had been done and.

Kind of in a way. What, however, disgusted. The officer most was a frequent entry quote today a Sunday
was celebrated and quote.

The officer decided that the wrong man had been recruited and discharged him this man did not very
much mind losing his job as in those days as simple wants and plentiful food living in a village without a
job was no particular hardship. But what really upset him was the.

The lack of appreciation of the British British civil servant, the lack of appreciation of his gesture in
celebrating this Christian holiday with such flattering frequency.

So I thought that was absolutely hysterical right that he didn't understand what not working on a
Sunday meant to the British so when he wasn't working. He said, well, celebrating a Sunday and the
British civil servant didn't think that was particularly funny so lost in translation.

Okay, so then, last thing here is what happens to China. So it's a good illustration of what happens to
China.

It will get gobbled up by the Europeans, China is not a colony of any of the Europeans, but it will get.

gobbled up and I don't have to say too much about the Opium Wars, because you've got a great article
coffee.

Coffee, tea or opium or something to that effect that you have to read, which will help fill in the blanks
from the textbook. But what I do want to make mention here is that a ton of opium is being dumped
into.

Into China, of course it's illegal in England, and it's illegal in China as well. But the English still dumping.
You know addictive substances make good exports, you know, they're highly valuable that can be
exchanged for hard currency and obviously people will always have a demand for it. What I love here is
an.

And this is in your article, but I just want to emphasize it in 1839 the leader of the Asian protest against
the British.

Had 20,000 chests of opium destroyed into the harbor in Canada, on which I think is absolutely fantastic.
It's basically the Boston Tea Party, and it's the British East Indian company that the tea was spilled into in
the port of Boston as well so.

They've had a hard time at it anyhow. What's most important here is the Treaty of nanchang, which is
why I have this here on the on the slide. The treatment came first and foremost is humiliating.

Actually humiliating for China. Remember the, the Emperor of China was telling ward McCartney, listen,
your barbarian. I don't need you.

You know, please go away, so on and so forth, where the Middle Kingdom. We have everything we don't
need anything of yours.

And then of course they're defeated here in a fairly short period of time by the British and made to sign
a treaty that becomes very humiliating to them.

Is going to require the Chinese to pay $21 million in reparations. And it also opened five ports to British
trade prior to this.

Nobody could trade with China, except in camera on and even in Canton, you couldn't get to the
Chinese mainland. You were walled off. It was truly just the port. So five more ports were open. That's
what the British wanted the British got Hong Kong.

Um, and hopefully you guys saw on the news Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister of Great Britain and just
said,.

Was it yesterday. Maybe it was the day before, but that he was willing to let the people of Hong Kong.

Who are eligible for British passport are come to Great Britain and become British citizens.

And maybe you guys saw that in the news and you thought to yourself, Well, what does, what does
Great Britain has to do with Hong Kong. Well, the Treaty of name King and the Opium Wars because
Hong Kong was a territory of Great Britain for a long, long time.

Right. I think that's it. Um, you know, lots more here.

In your textbook, but I think I covered everything that's certainly a good visualization of exactly how
much of the East.

Southeast Asia, Central Asia Eastern Asia comes under.

European control.||