Professors World Peace Academy

Professors World Peace Academy
THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Author(s): Anton Grizold
Source: International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 11, No. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1994), pp. 37-53
Published by: Professors World Peace Academy
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20751984 .
Accessed: 17/06/2014 03:59
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Professors World Peace Academy is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
International Journal on World Peace.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL
SECURITY IN THE
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Anton GrizoldDepartment of Political Science
Ljubljana University
Ljubljana
Slovenia
Dr. Anton Grizold received his Ph.D. at Ljubljana University and ispresently assistant
professor lecturing in comparative security systems and international security at Ljubljana
University. He is also head of the security studies department at the faculty of social
sciences.After earlierwork in research studies in theYugoslav securitysystem,he currently
does research on the relation between military forces and society. He has published
numerous articles in thisfield in both domestic and foreign journals. In 1990, he published
a book,Militarization and the Military-Industrial Complex.
Many changes in the inter INTRODUCTION

national community which The newly emerging situation in Eu
affect the content of tradi
tional national security con rope and in the restof theworld, follow
cepts have occurred in recent ing the end of the "cold war55 (1990) has
years. A new, condensed de the need to revise and rede
strengthened
lineation of contemporary fine the content of the national security
security is presented by the
author.
policies of themodern states.The shaping
of a new securitystructure,inwhich the
It is suggested that a "co
traditionalrole of themilitary factormight
operative55model of interna
tional securitymay represent now be lessened (where the principle of
the starting point for the armed security would not be the predomi
a new and more
forming of nant factor), and substituted by a wider
efficiently adjusted national of common mea
and global security structure implementation security
in our modern world. sures, seems to have become an
impera
tive.The increasinglygrowing interdepen
dence among the states calls for theuse of
themethods of "cooperation53and for the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 37

VOL. XI NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 1994

THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY
designing of the "common objectives" in ensuring the securityof individual

states, group of states or of the whole international The
community.
securityendeavors of themost of the statesnowadays seem to derive from
an awareness thatmodern security is a complex of ingredients,embracing
various areas of social life (economy, politics, social welfare, health,
education, culture,ecology,military affairs,etc.), and thatmodern (national
and international)securitycan be effectively ensured only if the concept of
securityis considered in all itscomplexity.Therefore, the security interests
of individual states should be harmonized, adjusted and linked to the
interestsof thewhole internationalcommunity.
The aim ofmy article is to discuss the basic determinants ofmodern
cultural and civilizational circumstances in our present-day world which are
influencingthe traditionalnational securityconcept.The analysiswill focus

upon two basic problem areas: (I) delineation of the content and terminol
ogy of security,and (II) security in contemporary internationalcircum
stances.
I. DELINEALTION OF THE NOTION AND TERMINOLOGY

RELATED TO SECURITY
Security: General Concept
The great master of belles lettres, Aldous once wrote that the
Huxley,
essence of a new view lies in its are many different eyes,
variety, that there
which see different scenes. Different people explain the same event
And then thereare also differentdisciplines (biology, chemistry,
differently.
sees different of an event, different
history, etc.). Each professional aspects
layersof reality.1In the search for the truth,events or phenomena should
be viewed with differenteyes at the same time.
The ideas ofHuxley's novelPoint Counterpointare timelessand are valid
for any scientificactivityfor at least two reasons. Firsdy, theymake us
aware that life is far more than our reason can
complicated comprehend,
and secondly, that the recognitionof entiretyand interconnectionon the
one hand, and the relative autonomy of individual segments of life and
work in societyand innature on theother, is particularly important in the
scientificsearch for the truth inmultilayered life.An understanding of the
complexityof social lifeaswell as of differentphenomena in it,requires an
38 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE


approach,which extendswell beyond any singlediscipline.

interdisciplinary
One of the problems?that has been immanent to the life of the
individual and of society at large from the remote past to themodern
days?the understanding of which requires an integrated approach, is
The of security both in classic as well as in modern
"security." problem
socio-political thought,has been mainly dealt with either too partiallyor
too generally.Consequently, the concept of security in its entiretyhas not
yet been delineated.
The notion of securityis connectedwith a seriesof differentaspects of
human existence andwith theprocesses and activitiesin societyand nature.
From the evolutionary viewpoint, security is embedded as a biological
mechanism, as the tendencyof an organism to survive,as an adaptation of
the organism to themenace coming from the environment. Biologically
speaking,2security is the basic precondition for the operation of the basic
lifefunctions(eating,human reproduction,etc.). Security is thus a leverof
a deliberate, conscious human activity to
development and involves
establish a state of security (as a positive act).
However, the above delineation of thenotion of "security"describes an
idealized state.The notion is defined in termsof the absence of certain
elements (similarlyto the definitionof "health"which is generally defined
as the absence of disease).
The conscious endeavor to establish the state of security is a civil
izational as well as a cultural which embraces all aspects of
category,
modern life atregional, national, international, and global (universal) levels.
Therefore, can be defined as a conscious human endeavor to

security
establish the state of security through social activityorganized into an
adequate system.
seems to be an immanent structural element of society. It
Security
involves a state inwhich the balanced physical, spiritual, psychical and
material existenceof an individualand the communityas awhole is ensured
in relation to other individuals, communities as well as to natural environ
ment.
as to the international
Security relates to a particular society as well
community. In the formercasewe speak of national security,while in the
latter of international security.


National and State Security

isof ratherrecentorigin. Its elements
The collocation "national security35
can be alreadyfound in theworks ofMadison, andmore recentlyinWalter
Lippman3swork "US Foreign Policy55published in 1943.3 Itwas not until
World War II that the term "national security55 acquired its place in the
dictionary amidst the traditional terms, such asmilitary affairs,
"strategic55
external andmilitary policy, etc.
The termnational securityis even at thepresent levelof social develop
ment linkedalmost exclusivelywith a sovereignnation state in the sense of
protection of itsphysical integrity.
This can be seen innumerous delineations of "national security55 in social
science literature. Let us examine some of them to illustrate, rather than to
present the issue in its entirety.

Professor of international law, Vojin Dimitrijevic, identified five
characteristic features which he considers the basic elements of national
security:
ensuring the existence of the state as a political community,
existenceof thenation (which is not identicalwith the existence of
a particular state) and the physical survivalof itspopulation;
protecting territorialintegrityas the basic rightof the state;
maintaining political independence as an attributeof internationally
national status of the state;
recognized
ensuring quality of life;
of the state in thenational security
embedding of the ccvitalinterest35
policy.4
Another scholarwho studies the securityaspectsofmodern international
relations isMario Nobilo. He defines national security as "an intricate
interactionbetween political, economic, military, ideological, legal, social
and other internal and external social factors throughwhich individual
states attempt to ensure tomaintain their sovereignty,
acceptable provisions
territorial integrity, the physical survival of its population, political
independence and possibilities for a balanced and rapid social development
on an
equal footing.555
Amin Hewedy, an expert in internationalrelations, and a diplomat of
as an
long standing, defines "national security55 activity of nation-states with


which the stateswithin the rangeof theirsocial capacities at present and in

future,consideringglobal changes and development, protect their identity,
existence and interests.6 This activity involves:
specificmeasures (in trade and economy, culture, etc.) to protect

and defend themselvesagainst any kind of threatfrom the environ
ment;
measures of the society and short-termed),
security (long-termed
which must be in tunewith the capacities of the society (otherwise
-
theymay lead to theopposite insecurity),and adjusted to global
and regional changes in theworld.
Thus national securitycan be inmost general termsdefined as a stateof
securityof the nation-state. It involves: securityof the national territory,
(including air-space and territorialwaters), protection of the lives and
property of its population, existence and maintenance of its national
sovereignty,and exercise of the basic functionsof its society (economic,
sociopolitical, cultural, ecological, social, etc.).
It seems that the classical concept of national security
which is so closely
linkedwith thenation-stateneeds revision.The processes of international
ization and globalization have in our times surpassed some which
postulates
are characteristic of a classical conception of the sovereignty of the
nation-state.This typeof sovereigntyin fact assumes the almost complete
controlof thenation-stateover its territory,
people, and natural resources.
But the present level of social development has gradually loosened this
supremacy of the nation-state.
There is an increasing engagement by individuals, social groups,
associations, and by the civil society, operating beyond and above the
nation-states (e.g. the activities of supra-national ecological, peace and other
organizations such as: Greenpeace, Amnesty International, Professors

World Peace Academy, etc.).7
The processes of internationalizationand globalization have brought
about a higher levelof unificationof the entireworld order, compared to
the systems of individual sovereign states.8This will in the near future
undoubtedly be reflected in the redefinedcontent of the national security
of the modern states.
strategies


International and Global or Universal Security

Whenever the state of security refers to the global international
community
we refer to it as international, global
or universal
security.
International security does not only signify the total of individual
national securities, but also means an option for values in international
relations as well as in relationswithin thenation-states.
National survival in an ever more interdependent world calls for a
permanent internationalframeof generallyaccepted values as a basis for the

regulationof the relations among internationalsubjects.
Considering the intricacyand stratification
of internationalrelations (the
levels of the processes of integrationand globalization, the efficiencyor
inefficiencyof themechanisms for ensuring national and international
security, the state of affairs inmilitary, political, economic and other
relations among states) it seems that internationalsecurity should be a
bunch ofmeasures which would ensure the existence of all states and is a
condition sine qua non for the existence and development of the interna
tional community.9
The ideas of how to attain internationalsecurity (as a goal) go farback
into the history of international relations. A permanent international
framework, within which internationalsecuritycould be ensured,was first

created by the establishment of the Concert of European Forces in the
nineteenthcenturyand laterby theLeague ofNations and its successor the
organization ofUnited Nations. The main instrumentfor the protectionof
internationalsecurity,first in theLeague ofNations, and today in theUN,
is the conception of collective security.The two basic characteristicsof the
mechanism of collective securitywithin theUN are the following:
it represents a states to an aggressor-state as
joint response by (war
a means of foreign policy is outlawed, and
preventive actions to
obviate an outbreak of war are
envisaged),
it assumes thatall stateshave an automatic and inalienable right to
security.
The national securitypolicy ofmodern states in the post-WorldWar II
period to achieve internationalsecurityhas rested upon the "strategyof
balance of power.55 The essence of this strategy as a mechanism for securing
peace and securityin internationalrelationshas lied in the endeavors of the


states to maintain their in an unamiable or even hostile

independence
internationalenvironmentby limitingthepower of other states.The basic
operating principlehas been thatone stategains at the expense of theother
one. New elements in themodern world?which are the result of the
present levelof social development aswell as of the radical changes in the
internationalcommunityover the lastfewyears?limit inmany respects the
effectivenessof the strategyof the "balance of power.5310
The solutionofmany economic, ecological and developmental problems
requires cooperation among the states in order to gain a common benefit
rather than to achieve an one state at the expense of another.
advantage by
Although the present system of collective securitywithin the UN
represents an important step forward from the traditional concept of
security at the level of the nation-state, the elements of deterrence and
competition among thenation-statesstillprevail.Therefore, it is necessary
to create in internationalrelations the conditions for
cooperativeness and
trust in all spheres of the life and work of modern states. Only such
relations can offer a realistic startingpoint for the creation of a new
"cooperativemodel55of internationalsecurity, which would be based on the
participation of all states (including social groups, organizations and
individuals) in achieving an optimum level of securitywithin each
individual state and among all of them together.
An optimum level of internationalsecuritycan thus be achieved only
when all members of the international community reach a consensus on the
rules of conduct and on the practical implementationof these rules.11
The National Security System

In the lightof thepreviouslydetermined contentof security,ithas to be
noted that security is not simply amatter of the absence of threator of a
controllable, low level of sources of threat in nature or society. It should
also be understood as an activityand a systemthroughwhich the exercise
of thebasic functionsof societycan be ensured.The securing and execution
of these functionsrepresentsawider, positive aspect of security which goes
well beyondmere absence of threat (negativeunderstandingof security).12
Security is the contraryof insecurityor threat.The latteris the resultof
theoperation of various sources of threatarising innature, in a societyor
in the relations among societies. The sources of threatdiffer as to: the


reason (subjective, objective), contents (natural forces, the interplayof

circumstances and the consequences of human activities in society), level
a
(presence, absence), place (withinor outside of particular social system),
etc.
consequences (direct/indirect), Security is a primary structuralelement
of the social system since allmembers of society are affected.Any social
system tends to organize its individual spheres so that they operate
interdependentlyand that they are structured in such a way as to comply
with the need for security in society at large. In this respect, the security
systemof a society is aimed at ensuring securityin itsbroadest sense for all
members of the society. The basic principle of the national security
system?according to which any social system also provides for the
realizationof its securityfunctions?derives from structurallinksbetween
securityand human needs which have existed throughouthuman history,
rightup to the present.
At national level,modern states ensure the securityof their citizens
through the activitiesof theirnational securitysystems.The efficiencyof
these systems nowadays reflectsnot only the capacity of the states to
protect their basic social values internal or external threats (i.e. to
against
maintain peace and guarantee freedom), to prevent danger and fear?but
also their ability to ensure social
development
as well as the of
well-being
their
population.
The basic elements of the national securitysystem are the operational
activitiesof the society to ensure its security.The following threenational
seem to be common to the national
security elements security systems of
our modern states: (See Fig.l):
SECURITY POLICY
Securitypolicy in itsbroader sense relates to any advance preparations
against threats deriving from nature, society and relations among societies.
The aim of securitypolicy in this sense is tomaintain and to protect the
fundamentalvalues of the society and to ensure securityfrom all possible
sources of threat.
in its narrow sense entails a network of measures,
Security policy
activities and operations aimed at establishing a national security system.
The aim of security policy in this sense is to design instrumentsand
mechanism bymeans ofwhich the internaland externalsecurityof a society


can be ensured; itmeans an operationalization of the political, organiza

tional, technical and other principlesof securitypolicy in itsbroader sense.
SECURITY STRUCTURE
It is the structureaimed at ensuring securityat the level of the society
as a whole and is to each individual state. However, most states
specific
have three elements of their security structure in common: defense and
internalsecurityand self-organizationof civil society.13
a) The basic functionsof defense are:
deterrence of a potential aggressor,
defense of territoryin case of aggression,
protection of the population and ofmaterial goods, and ameliora
tion of the consequences following an act of aggression,
non-armed revolt against an aggressor,
organizing
ensuring the functioningof political and other social subsystems in
times of war.
In order to carryout the above functions,defense as an element of the
securitysystem,has two basic ingredients:armed forces and civil defense.
b) The basic functionsof internalsecurityare:
maintenance of law and order,
informationgathering ("intelligence55)and
protection of thewhole social infrastructure(in peace andwar).
The structural elements which carry out these functions are: the
police,
other agencies of control and the courts.
c) Security self-organizationof civil society

In addition to institutionalized securityprovisions at the level of the
state, modern states also have to ensure at individual or
provisions security
community level. These embrace: spontaneous self-protection (self-defense)
activitiesof individuals,and various formsand levelsof self-organizationof
social groups (interestgroups, local communities).However, the security
activitiesof civil societyare still immanentlylinkedwith the securitysystem
of each particular society.


THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

OF A MODERN SOCIETY
SECURITY POLICY Security: self-organization of

-Foreign policy
-Defense policy
-Economic policy
-Social policy
-Ecological policy
-Health policy
-Energypolicy
-Educational policy
-Cultural policy
SECURITY STRUCTURE
DEFENSE ELEMENT INTERNAL SECURITY

-Regular police bodies
-Judiciary
-Special police
-Semi-militarypolice corps
ARMED FORCES CIVIL DEFENSE

-Regular army -Civilian protection
-Preparations for the economy in war
reserve forces
-Army
-Territorial-police troops of (economy defense)political system in

armed forces -Measures to ensure the functioning of
-Specialized military-police squads state of emergency and war
-Non-armed resistance to
aggression
-Information-communication activities
-Observation and information gathering
Figure 1


II. SECURITY IN INTERNATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Recent changes in the international community
In view of the radical changes in the international community, the
period of the last two years can be considered as a singular turningpoint
in relations among modern states. The new relations among the states,
which are now being instituted,will have far-reachingconsequences for
individual states and for theworld as awhole. Changes such as: the end of
the coldwar, the removal of the "iron curtain53(which kept the states apart
for several decades), the fall of communist system in the "East", the
dissolution ofWarsaw Pact, German Reunification, the disintegration of
the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia (and emergence of new sovereign states
on the territories of these ex-states), the institutionalization of the
Conference on European Security and Cooperation (CESC), have all
furtherstrengthenedtheneed to form, indeed to implementa qualitatively
new approach in ensuring security in themodern world. These and other
changes in the international have created favorable conditions
community
for:
general detente,
overcoming the ideological-political antagonisms which have for
decades divided modern states,
shaping of new structures to ensure national and international
securityintendedfor thepeaceful settlementof conflicts (within the

states and among them);
realizationof the thus farUtopian ideas and initiativesfor a renewal
of the military-defense systems of nation-states, which since the end
ofWorld War II have been based almost exclusivelyon thedoctrine
of armed threat and armed defense.
The accomplishment of the above-mentioned
developments in the area
ofmodern securitycan contributeto theconsolidation of new civilizational
circumstances in theworld, inwhich the following seem to be of particular
importance:
military force, traditionallythe central ingredientof the power of
nation-states, isbeing increasinglysuperseded by othermeans such
as: the communicational, and institutional
organizational capabilities
of themodern state;


due to an ever greater between the states, the

interdependence
boundaries of national sovereignty?when overlapping with state
borders?are a hindrance to successful and democratic
becoming
solution of numerous transnationalproblems of themodern world
(ecology, epidemics, terrorism,etc.);
democratic libertiesand human rightsare becoming established as
thehighest values of each society and of the internationalcommu
as a whole.
nity
Concomitantly with the positive trends in the sphere of national and
international some new tensions and threats have in our
security, appeared
world. These are:
present-day multipolar
thewar on the territory of formerYugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina);
the changes inEast European countries,which signal the transition
from totalitarian social systems to pluralist and democratic ones,
have so far involvedonly political systemswhereas socio-economic,
national and other problems are growing increasinglymore
intricate;
west-European integrationprocesses entailmany unknowns and

which create new new forms of ethnic
problems dangers (e.g.
competition and confrontation, problems of the legitimacy of
individual states and theirgovernments);
thewhole structureof political power in theworld has changed. At
the top of the pyramid is theUSA, with Germany and Japan very
likely to join it. In the case of the latter there exists an evident
asymmetrybetween its economic-political role in theworld on the
one hand, and its status in the decision-making process regarding
most importantworld issues on the other;
despite theongoing talksbetween the adversaries in theNear East,
there seems to be no foreseeableend to threatsand hostilities in this
part of theworld. The existingproblems of the Israeli-Arab conflict,
theArab-Arab conflict (Iran-Iraq, Iran-Syria, etc.), the Kurdish
in Iran, Iraq and Turkey, seem unsolvable at least in the
question
near future;


two huge states, India and China, are at themoment immersed in

their internalproblems, above all those of economic development.
While in India, this question is linked to the country's unsettled
relations with Pakistan, in China it is connected with regional
imbalances;
developing countries (which inmy view includemost of theThird

World Countries) remain an importantfactor forworld peace and
security. In addition to the specific problems which these states
experience in contrastto other, richerones (indebtednessetc.), they
are also facedwith huge problems inside their societies (ethnic and
other conflicts in the statesof Latin America, Africa, Asia);
the reshaping of warfare and military doctrines inmany states
proceeds not so much in the direction of the abolition of the
military, but ratherin thedirection of formingsmaller,professional
armed forceswith modern equipment and armaments;
the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the
Warsaw Pact have brought about a blockmonism (NATO) on the
one hand, andmade theUSA a singlemilitary superpower, on the
other.
The impact of these changes on contemporary security concept

One of thekey questions of ourmodern world is how to ensure such a
levelof securityaswill provide the preconditions for creating an optimum
quality of life for the individual, society and nature.Modern societies
attempt through theirnational securitysystemsto ensure various aspects of
securityat the level of society at large.However, experience shows that
most of the states are not very successful in accomplishing their security
functions. It should however be noted that, firstly, it is impossible to
guarantee the absolute securityof a society by any system,we can only
approximate towards thisgoal to a lesseror greater degree; and, secondly,
the stateshave in theirnational securitysystems?practicallyup to themost
recent times?devoted theirgreatest attentionto the strengtheningof their
armed forces.
There are certain signs that an increasingnumber ofmodern states are
becoming evermore aware thateven at the levelof presentdevelopment of
civilization, the content of security is structurallylinkedwith other basic


needs of the social community, and that it has become significantly

extended. state and the whole international commu
Every society?the
nity?is faced with an imperative to reshape the content of security
following two concepts.The firstisuniversality,i.e. taking into account the
notion of security in all its complexity, and the second, demilitarization,
which can abolish the hitherto asymmetricways of ensuring national and
international security,which have so far relied nearly exclusively upon
military mechanisms.
Thus, along with the traditional systemof securityat the level of the
nation-state and of the international various alternative
community,
schemes have been continuously emerging. An important attempt to
establish an alternative internationalsecuritysystem is representedby the
collective securitymeasures within the League of Nations, which were
carriedover through theprocess of internationalization duringWorld War
II, and have since been sustained through theUN, re-emerging as the
ideas on "common
present security,55 "alternative security,55 "shared
security,55 "nonprovocative defense,55 etc.14

A common denominator of various ideas on an alternative scheme for
modern securityis a transitionfrom the traditionalmodels of national and
internationalsecurity (based on the principles of armed national defense,
deterrence and competition among the states) to themodern model of
national and global securitywhich would be to a higher degree geared
towards the common interests of the states.
CONCLUSION
The neo-detente between the two superpowers?the USA and the
USSR?(by the end of the 1980s) triggered the rearrangementof the
power-relations among the states of the international These
community.
changes,however, require a redefinitionof some of the traditionalelements
of the internationalorder (e.g. sovereignty,balance of power, national and
global sources of threat,etc.),within which individual statesoperate. The
present experience in ensuringnational and internationalsecurity indicates
that the internationalcommunityhas found itselfin a situationwhich on
theone hand leads to a higher levelof cooperativeness among themajority
of itsmembers (e.g. collective response to Iraqi aggression in Kuwait,
settlementof theYugoslav crisisbyUN forces) and, on the other hand, to


the structuralchanges of the internationalorder.This instillsinsecurityand

poses a series of new threats to individual nation-states in their continuous
endeavors to achievemost favorable position in the internationalcommu
nity.
We are in the era of a new "turningpoint55in theprocess of "reforming55
the structure of the international community and of (re)shaping the
mechanisms for ensuringnational and internationalsecurity,which should
?in contrast to the past, inwhich the logic of ideological and geopolitical
globalism of two continuously antagonistic super powers prevailed?to a
greater extent be geared towards the assertion of some of the common
interestsand common securityof all themembers of the international
community.Otherwise, the structureof the internationalcommunitywill
again be "reshaped55 merely in linewith the interestsof a smallergroup of
modern states,with theUSA being at the forefront. This would mean only
a new asymmetricformof the
existing"internationalorder,55
which is based
on the rule of the economic, ideological-political and above all on the rule
of themilitary power of themodern stateswhich ensure their security
interestsat the expense of other less powerful ones. In order to avoid the
above mentioned it is necessary to ensure the
dangers, constitutionally
realization of the basic values of the post industrialnation-states. This
should also be the basis of itsnational securitysystems.The endeavors for
a democratic internationalorder, based on common security should be
therefore an element of the national security strategy.
The structureof thenational securitysystem should open the possibili
ties for its inclusion into the systemof collective security.
The firstconcrete steps toward thisgoal can be achieved by:
balancing themilitary and non-military elements in the national
security systems,
diminishing the size of theArmed Forces
cutting themilitary budgets, and
reorganizing the internationalorganizations created in the frameof
bipolar systemand the cold war.


NOTES
1.Aldous Huxley, Point Counterpoint,Ljubljana: Cankarjeva zalozba, 1971,

p. 267.
2. All livingbeings are equipped with mechanisms which make above all
protection of the integrityof an individual,
two thingspossible: firstly,
and secondly, the reproductionof species. Their behavior is to a great
extentconditioned by theirmotivation and emotional state.The former
can be illustratedby hunger, thirstor pain. Such states direct living
or to search
beings either to avoid harmfuleffectsfrom the environment
for food. Emotional states, such as frustration, anger, fear, etc. primarily
or to alleviate the
direct livingbeings to avoid risks,to act in self-defense
untoward stateof distress inwhich they findthemselves.Percy Lowen
hard, cTsWar Inevitable,35 InternationalJournal onWorld Peace, March
1991, pp.19-20.
3. Apart from Lippman, there are also other importantAmerican authors
etc.) who in their
(e.g. Hartman, Kennan, Morgenthau, Kaplan,
on relations focus on
theories international national security. National
securityis directly linkedwith the so-called national interests.
National
existence, national security, independence, and territorial integrity, are
as the most interests.
considered being among important national
Andreja Miletic, National Interests in theUS Theory ofInternational
Relations, Sarajevo, Beograd: Savremena Administracija, 1978,
pp.131-169 and 193-217.
4. Vojin Dimitrijevic, The Concept of Security in InternationalRelations,
Beograd: Savremena Administracija, 1973, p. 11.
5. Mario Nobilo, "The Concept of Security in the Terminology of
InternationalRelations,55Political Thought,October-December, 1988,
pp.72-73
6. Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Securityin the
Middle East, London:
Pinter Publishers, 1989, p. 16.
7. Zdravko Mlinar, "Sovereignty, Interdependence and Menace,55 Theory
and Practice,October-November, 1991, pp. 1163-1174.


8. Zdravko Mlinar, ibid.,p. 1169.

9.Mario Nobilo, ibid.,p. 74.
10. JosephS. Nye, Jr. listsfourmain elements (trends) in the present-day
world which significantlylimittheuse ofmilitary forces and the strategy
of the balance of power as traditional instrumentsof a successful state
securitypolicy. These are:
a) strengtheningof economic interdependenceamong states (which in
turn strengthens the need for establishing efficient communication
among them),
b) the process of modernization and urbanization as well as the
development of communication systems in the developing countries
(these encourage the transferof power from state administration to the
private sector).
c) availabilityofmilitary technology increasesthepower of underdevel
oped countries.
d) changed order of priorities in solvingvolatile internationalproblems

in world politics (the solution of many questions of transnational
interdependencerequires collectiveengagement and cooperation among
the states). JosephS. Nye, Jr.,"The Changing Nature ofWorld Power,53
PREGLED, January,1991, p. 5.
11. Ken Booth, "Steps Towards Stable Peace in Europe: a theory and
practice of coexistence,55InternationalAffairs^ January,1990, pp. 27.
12. Joseph S. Nye, differentiatesbetween securityas a primarilynegative
goal, i.e. absence of threat to the existence of the state, and security as
a positive aim, i.e. a higher level of security,beyond mere survival.
Joseph S. Nye, ibid.p. 5.
13.Robert Rudney, Luc Reychler (eds.),European Security Beyond theTear
2000, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988, pp. 259-261.
14. Anton Grizold, "Defense InitiativesofWestern European Countries:
Members of NATO,55 Theory and Practice, March-April, 1988, pp.
456-462.



Professors World Peace Academy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Professors World Peace Academy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Professors World Peace Academy

THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

Anton GrizoldDepartment of Political Science

Many changes in the inter INTRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 37

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

designing of the "common objectives" in ensuring the securityof individual

influencingthe traditionalnational securityconcept.The analysiswill focus

I. DELINEALTION OF THE NOTION AND TERMINOLOGY

38 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

approach,which extendswell beyond any singlediscipline.

Therefore, can be defined as a conscious human endeavor to

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 39

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

National and State Security

present the issue in its entirety.

40 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

which the stateswithin the rangeof theirsocial capacities at present and in

specificmeasures (in trade and economy, culture, etc.) to protect

organizations such as: Greenpeace, Amnesty International, Professors

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 41

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

International and Global or Universal Security

permanent internationalframeof generallyaccepted values as a basis for the

framework, within which internationalsecuritycould be ensured,was first

peace and securityin internationalrelationshas lied in the endeavors of the

42 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

states to maintain their in an unamiable or even hostile

The National Security System

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 43

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

reason (subjective, objective), contents (natural forces, the interplayof

44 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

can be ensured; itmeans an operationalization of the political, organiza

c) Security self-organizationof civil society

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 45

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM

SECURITY POLICY Security: self-organization of

DEFENSE ELEMENT INTERNAL SECURITY

ARMED FORCES CIVIL DEFENSE

-Territorial-police troops of (economy defense)political system in

-Observation and information gathering

46 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

II. SECURITY IN INTERNATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

securityintendedfor thepeaceful settlementof conflicts (within the

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 47

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

due to an ever greater between the states, the

west-European integrationprocesses entailmany unknowns and

48 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM

two huge states, India and China, are at themoment immersed in

developing countries (which inmy view includemost of theThird

The impact of these changes on contemporary security concept

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WORLD PEACE 49

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.149 on Tue, 17 Jun 2014 03:59:51 AM