02 Technical Guide EU Council Directives

Technical guide No.
2
ABB drives
EU Council Directives and adjustable speed
electrical power drive systems
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2 Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives
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ABB drives
EU Council Directives and adjustable speed
electrical power drive systems
Technical guide No. 2
3AFE61253980 REV D
EFFECTIVE: 8.10.2007
© Copyright 2007 ABB. All rights reserved.
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Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ 9

This guide’s purpose .................................................................................... 9
How to use this guide................................................................................. 10
Responsibilities and actions .................................................................. 10
Tickboxes ............................................................................................. 10
Cross-referencing .................................................................................. 10
Chapter 2 - General questions and answers ....................................... 11

What are these EU Council Directives? .................................................. 11
How does EMC affect me? ................................................................... 11
What is EMC? ....................................................................................... 11
What is an electromagnetic environment? ............................................. 12
How does electromagnetic interference show up? ................................ 12
What emissions can drives cause? ........................................................ 12
How is this emission seen? ................................................................... 13
How do I avoid electromagnetic interference? ....................................... 13
Drives manufacturers must comply with EMC standards then? ............. 13
If a drive is CE marked, I need not worry. True? ..................................... 13
Chapter 3 - CE marking ....................................................................... 15

What is CE marking and how relevant is it for drives? ................................. 15
What is CE marking for? ........................................................................ 15
Is CE marking a quality mark? ............................................................... 16
What is the legal position regarding CE marking? .................................. 16
What is the importance of CE marking for purchasers of drives? ........... 16
If I buy a CE marked drive, will I meet the technical requirements
of the directives? ................................................................................... 16
What happens if, as an end-user, I put together a system - ................... 17
do I have to put CE marking on? ........................................................... 17
What about spare parts that I buy for a drive?
Do I negate the CE mark if I replace a component? ............................... 17
If drives are classed as components, on subassemlies they
cannot be EMC certified or carry a CE mark. Is this true? ...................... 17
In summary ................................................................................................ 18
Components or subassemblies intended for incorporation into an
apparatus by the end users ................................................................... 18
apparatus by the other manufacturer or assembler................................ 18
Finished appliance................................................................................. 19
Finished appliance intended for the end users ....................................... 19
Finished appliance intended for the other manufacturer or assembler .... 19
Systems (Combination of finished appliances) ....................................... 19
Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives 5
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All provisions of the EMC Directive, as defined for apparatus,
apply to the combination as a whole. .................................................... 20
Apparatus ............................................................................................. 20
Fixed installation .................................................................................... 20
Equipment............................................................................................. 20
Chapter 4 - Purchasing decisionsfor PDSs .......................................... 21

What you need to know and do ................................................................. 21
If you are a machine builder buying a PDS... ............................................... 25
Actions you must take ........................................................................... 26
If you are a system designer buying a PDS... .............................................. 28
Path 1 ................................................................................................... 29
Path 2 ................................................................................................... 30
Path 3 ................................................................................................... 30
If you are an end-user buying a CDM/BDM or PDS .................................... 31
...You have the following responsibilities ................................................ 31
If you are a panelbuilder buying a CDM/BDM ............................................. 32
Additional actions .................................................................................. 34
If you are a distributor buying a CDM/BDM... .............................................. 35
If you are an installer buying a CDM/BDM or PDS....................................... 35
Chapter 5 - Terminology ...................................................................... 36

Technical documentation (TD)..................................................................... 36
What is technical documentation? ......................................................... 36
Why is technical documentation deemed to be important?.................... 36
Will customers always receive a copy of technical documentation? ....... 37
What is the shelf life of technical documentation? .................................. 37
How do I ensure that tests are always carried out?................................ 37
Can drive manufacturers help more? ..................................................... 37
How to make up a TD ................................................................................ 38
1. Description of the product ................................................................. 38
2. Procedures used to ensure product conformity ................................. 38
3. If chosen a statement from notified body ........................................... 39
4. Actions by the notified body .............................................................. 39
Technical file (for mechanical safety aspects) .............................................. 40
What is a technical file? ........................................................................ 40
How to make up a technical file .................................................................. 40
Drawings and diagrams......................................................................... 40
Health and safety .................................................................................. 40
Machine design ..................................................................................... 40
Other certificates required ..................................................................... 40
Certificate of Adequacy .............................................................................. 41
What if standards cannot be wholly implemented? ..................................... 41
How to obtain a Certificate of Adequacy..................................................... 41
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Statement .................................................................................................. 41
When the statement is needed .............................................................. 41
How to obtain a report ............................................................................... 42
Declaration of conformity (for EMC and electrical safety aspects) .......... 43
How to obtain a Declaration of conformity ............................................. 43
What is a Declaration of incorporation? ................................................. 44
Is there no way out of this type of declaration? ...................................... 45
What a Declaration of incorporation contains......................................... 45
Type certification......................................................................................... 46
How to obtain type certification .................................................................. 46
Chapter 6 - Authorities and bodies...................................................... 47

Competent authority................................................................................... 47
Notified body .............................................................................................. 47
Chapter 7 - Standards and directives .................................................. 48

Directive or standard? ................................................................................ 48
Harmonised standards for PDSs ................................................................ 48
How to recognise a European standard................................................. 49
Your questions answered ........................................................................... 50
Which standards directly relate to drives? .............................................. 50
What are the issues of EN 61800-3 and drives? .................................... 50
What are the solutions to radiated emissions? ....................................... 51
Do I have to conform to the standards? ................................................ 51
Can I be fined for not conforming? ............................................................ 51
The Product Specific Standard EN 61800-3 ............................................... 51
PDS of category C1: ............................................................................. 52
PDS of category C2: ............................................................................. 52
PDS of category C3: ............................................................................. 53
PDS of category C4: ............................................................................. 53
Examples concerning applications of different approaches .................... 54
Machinery Directive 98/37/EC .................................................................... 55
How does the Machinery Directive affect my drive? ............................... 55
Where can I obtain a Machinery Directive copy? .................................... 56
Low Voltage Directive ................................................................................. 56
How does the LVD affect my drive? ....................................................... 56
Why is the Declaration of conformity important? .................................... 57
EMC Directive ............................................................................................ 57
How does the EMC Directive affect my drive? ....................................... 57
Who has the responsibility to ensure CE marking? ................................ 58
Summary of responsibilities ................................................................... 59
Achieving conformity with EC Safety Directives...................................... 60
Index ................................................................................................... 61
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
This guide’s purpose

The aim of this Technical guide No. 2* is to give a straight-forward
explanation of how the various EU Council Directives relate to
power drive systems (PDSs). For an explanation of the terminolo-
gy of PDSs, see pages 21 and 22.
While Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is the subject of

most concern within the industry, it must be realised that the
EMC Directive is only part of the overall EU initiative on com-
mon safety standards.
It is the intention of this guide to offer users of AC or DC power

drive systems - whether machine builders, system designers,
distributors, OEMs, end-users or installers - some clear practical
guidelines and courses of action.
*Notes
1 The content of this technical guide is ABB Oy’s, Drives in-

terpretation of events as of July 2007. However, we reserve
the right to develop and evolve these interpretations as more
details become available from notified bodies (see chapter
6), competent authorities (see chapter 6), organisations and
from our own tests.
2 Other technical guides available in this series include:
Technical guide No. 1 -

Direct torque control (3AFE58056685)

EMC compliant installation and configuration for a power
drive system (3AFE61348280)

Guide to variable speed drives (3AFE61389211)

Bearing currents in modern AC drive systems
(3AFE64230247)

Guide to harmonics with AC drives (3AFE64292714)

Dimensioning of a drive system (3AFE64362569)
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Introduction

Electrical braking (3AFE64362534)

Guide to motion control drives (3AFE68695201)
How to use this guide

The guide is divided into 7 sections.
Section 4 looks at purchasing decisions for PDSs. Please note

the following about the structure of this section:
Responsibilities and actions
Each type of purchaser is offered an explanation of their respon-

sibilities. This is for awareness. No action is needed.
Following the responsibilities is a set of actions. If the purchaser

follows these actions, step-by-step, then conforming to the
relevant directives will be straightforward.
Tickboxes
Alongside the actions are tickboxes. Purchasers can photocopy

the relevant pages and use them as a checklist with each item
being ticked off as it is achieved.
Cross-referencing
Because of the complexity of conforming to each directive, this

guide inevitably carries a lot of cross-references to other sec-
tions. In the margin you will come across:
Defined on page XX
You are advised to turn to the page number reference.
You will also notice other references within the text. These
can be referred to if the item is unclear but is not essential for
achieving compliance.
Key point:
Within the text you will see:
Key point
These are key observations that must be observed.
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Chapter 2 - General questions and
answers
It is very important that users of PDSs fully understand all the

various rules and regulations and how they apply to PDSs. That
is the purpose of this guide.
What are these EU Council Directives?
It is important to realise that EMC cannot be divorced from

other European legislation. So before answering this question,
we need to look at the other legislation and how it affects the
purchase and installation of drives.
Quite simply there are three directives that mainly affect a

drive’s safety against risks and hazards. These are:
Directive Mandatory Page
Machinery Directive 1995-01-01 pg 55

Low Voltage Directive 1997-01-01 pg 56
EMC Directive 1996-01-01 pg 57
But more on each of these directives later. Let us first explain

EMC and look at some concerns of the industry.
How does EMC affect me?
From January 1, 1996 the EU Council’s Electromagnetic Com-

patibility Directive (89/336/EEC and it’s successor 2004/108/EC)
has been compulsory. It applies to all electrical and electronic
equipment sold within the EU and affects virtually all manufac-
turers and importers of electrical and electronic goods.
Key point:
Electrical equipment that does not conform to the regulations
may not be sold anywhere in the EEA (European Economic
Area).
What is EMC?
EMC stands for Electromagnetic Compatibility. It is the abil-

ity of electrical/electronic equipment to operate problem-free
within an electromagnetic environment. Likewise, the equipment
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General questions and answers
must not disturb or interfere with any other products or systems

within its locality.
What is an electromagnetic environment?
The electromagnetic environment is everywhere but it varies

from place to place. The reason is that there are many different
sources of disturbance which can be natural or man-made.
Natural sources consist of electrical discharge between clouds,

lightning or other atmospheric disturbances. While we cannot
influence these sources we can protect our products and sys-
tems from their effects.
Man-made disturbances are those generated by, for exam-

ple, electrical contacts and semiconductors, digital systems
like microprocessors, mobile radio transmitters, walkie-talkies,
portable car telephones and power drive systems.
Such a variety of equipment, each with its own emission char-

acteristics, is often used so near to other electrical equipment
that the field strengths they create may cause interferences.
Key point:
It is important that all PDSs are immune to these natural and
man-made disturbances. While drives manufacturers strive to
make their products immune, the directive lays down minimum
standards for immunity, thereby ensuring all manufacturers
achieve the same basic level.
How does electromagnetic interference show up?
Electromagnetic interference shows up in a variety of ways.

Typical examples of interference include a poorly suppressed
automobile engine or dynamo; an electric drill causing patterning
on the TV screen; or crackling from an AM radio.
The microprocessor and power electronic component, switch

rapidly and therefore, can cause interference at high frequen-
cies, unless proper precautions are taken.
What emissions can drives cause?
The normal operation of any drive involves rapid switching of

high voltages and this can produce radio frequency emission.
It is this radiation and emission that have been seen to have
the potential to disturb other circuits at frequencies below 200
MHz.
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Modern equipment contains considerable communications and

other digital electronics. This can cause considerable emissions
at frequencies above 200 MHz.
How is this emission seen?
The main emission is via conduction to the mains. Radiation

from the converter and conducting cables is another type of
emission and it is especially demanding to achieve the radiated
emission limits.
How do I avoid electromagnetic interference?
You need to ensure two things:
• that the equipment generates minimum emission.
• that the equipment is immune to outside effects.
Key point:
In the case of power drive systems, a lot hinges on the quality
of the installation.
Electromagnetic interference needs to be conducted to earth

(ground potential) and no system can work unless it is properly
connected.
Drives manufacturers must comply with EMC standards then?
Unfortunately, the process is not that simple. Virtually everyone

in the supply chain has a responsibility to ensure a product, a
system and an installation complies with the essential require-
ments of the EMC Directive.
The key is to clearly understand who has responsibility for

what. In the forthcoming pages we take a look at various types
of purchasers and examine the steps each should take to meet
all three directives mentioned on page 11.
Everyone from manufacturer to installer to user has a respon-

sibility in complying with EMC rules.
If a drive is CE marked, I need not worry. True?
Again this is a big misconception. Just because a drive has CE

marking does not necessarily mean it meets the EMC Direc-
tive.
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Key point:
This will all become clear by referring to the section purchasing
decisions for PDSs, page 21.
CE marking according to the EMC Directive cannot normally

be applied to a module that is no more than a chassis with
exposed terminals.
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Chapter 3 - CE marking
What is CE marking and how relevant is it for drives?

CE marking, shown below, is the official signature of the Dec-
laration of conformity (see pages 43 and 44) as governed by
the European Commission. It is a very specific graphic symbol
and must be separated from other marks.
CE marking is a system of self certification to identify equipment

that complies with the relevant applicable directives.
If a drive is the subject of several directives and, for example,

conforms with the Low Voltage Directive (see page 56), then,
from 1997, it is compulsory that it shows CE marking. That
marking shall indicate that the drive also conforms to the EMC
Directive (page 57). CE marking shall indicate conformity only
to the directive(s) applied by the manufacturer.
Key point:
NOTE: There must be technical documentation supporting the
Declaration of conformity.
For more on technical documentation, please refer to pages
from 36 to 41.
What is CE marking for?
CE marking is mainly for the benefit of authorities throughout

the EU and EEA countries who control the movement of goods.
CE marking shows that the product complies with the essential
requirements of all relevant directives, mainly in the area of
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CE marking
technical safety, compatibility issues and conformity assess-

ment. There are three directives that are relevant to drives, but
CE marking may be attached to indicate compliance with one
of them only (see the previous page).
Is CE marking a quality mark?
Most definitely not. As CE marking is self certification, you can

be assured that certification has been carried out.
What is the legal position regarding CE marking?
Anyone applying CE marking is legally liable and must be able

to prove the validity of his actions to the authorities. CE marking
confirms compliance with the directives listed in the Declaration
of conformity (see pages 43 and 44).
What is the importance of CE marking for purchasers of drives?
As far as a purchaser of a drive is concerned, anything that car-

ries the CE mark must have a functional value to him.
Thus, a complete drive product, which can be safely cabled and

powered up on its own, shall carry the CE marking.
If I buy a CE marked drive, will I meet the technical requirements

of the directives?
In practice, you will see drive products with CE marking. But it

is important to understand just why the product was given CE
marking in the first place.
Basically a drive has no functional value. It is only of practical

use when connected to, say, a motor which in turn is connected
to a load.
Therefore, as far as the Machinery Directive is concerned a

drive cannot have CE marking unless it is part of a “process”
comprising the drive, motor and load.
As for the EMC Directive, the equipment that make up a “proc-

ess” include cabling, drives and motor. CE marking can only
be affixed if all items forming such a “process” conform to the
requirements of the directive. Therefore, the drive manuals in-
clude detailed instructions for installation.
However, in the eyes of the Low Voltage Directive, a built drive

does have functionality. That is, through the drive’s parameters
you can program the drive and obtain an input and output
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CE marking
signal. Thus, if a drive conforms to the Low Voltage Directive it

can carry CE marking. Refer to pages from 55 to 57 for explana-
tions of the three directives.
What happens if, as an end-user, I put together a system -

do I have to put CE marking on?
Yes. Anyone putting together a system and commissioning it is

responsible for the appropriate CE marking.
Key point:
Turn to page 31 for more details about the end-user’s respon-
sibilities.
What about spare parts that I buy for a drive? Do I negate the CE
mark if I replace a component?
Equipment supplied before the application of the directives,

can be repaired and supplied with spare parts to bring it back
to the original specification. However, it cannot be enhanced or
reinstalled without meeting the directives.
For equipment supplied after the application of the directives,

the use of the manufacturer’s spare parts should not negate the
CE marking. However, the manufacturer or supplier should be
consulted about upgrading, as some actions could affect the
CE marking criteria.
If drives are classed as components, on subassemlies they cannot

be EMC certified or carry a CE mark. Is this true?
You need to first understand the terminology now being applied

to drives. See below and pages 21 and 22 for this.
A Complete Drive Module (CDM) is normally a component in a

system and as such has no functional value unless it is con-
nected to the motor when it becomes a PDS.
The CDM shall be CE marked if it is to be installed with simple

connections and adjustments that do not require any EMC-
knowledge.
If awareness of the EMC implication is needed in order to install

a CDM, it is not considered as an apparatus. Thus, it shall not
be CE marked according to the EMC directives.
If a CDM or BDM is intended for incorporation in PDS by profes-

sional manufacturers only (panel builders, machine builders), it
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CE marking
shall not be CE marked, nor is Declaration of conformity given by

the CDM/BDM manufacturer. Instead installation instructions shall
be supplied in order to help the professional manufacturers.
In summary
The EMC Directive defines equipment as any apparatus or fixed
installation. As there are separate provisions for apparatus and
fixed installations, it is important that the correct category of
the equipment is determined.
In technical-commercial classifications the following terminology is

frequently used: components, sub-assemblies, finished appliances
(i.e. finished products), a combination of finished appliances (i.e. a
system), apparatus, fixed installations and equipment.
The key issue here is whether the item to be considered is for

end users or not:
• If it meant for end users, the EMC directive applies
• If it meant for manufacturers or assemblers, the EMC direc-
tive does not apply

apparatus by the end users
A manufacturer may place components or sub-assemblies on

the market which are:
• For incorporation into an apparatus by the end-user,
• Available to end users and likely to be used by them.
These components or sub-assemblies are to be considered as

apparatus with regard to the application of the EMC. The instruc-
tions for use accompanying the component or sub-assembly
should include all relevant information, and should assume that
adjustments or connections can be performed by an end-user
not aware of the EMC implications.
In such case the component is considered equivalent to appa-

ratus. Some variable speed power drive products fall into this
category, e.g. a drive with enclosure and sold as a complete
unit (CDM) to the enduser who installs it into his own system. All
provisions of the EMC Directive will apply (CE mark, Declaration
of conformity and technical documentation).

apparatus by the other manufacturer or assembler
Components or sub-assemblies intended for incorporation into

an apparatus or an other sub-assembly by other manufacturers
or assemblers are not considered to be “apparatus” and are
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CE marking
therefore not covered by the EMC Directive. These components

include resistors, cables, terminal blocks, etc.
Some variable speed power drive products fall into this category
as well, e.g. basic drive module (BDM). These are meant to be
assembled by a professional assembler (e.g. panel builder or
system manufacturer) into a cabinet not in the scope of delivery
of the manufacturer of the BDM. According to the EMC Directive,
the requirement for the BDM supplier is to provide instructions
for installation and use.
Note:
The manufacturer or assembler of the panel or system is re-
sponsible for CE mark, Declaration of conformity and technical
documentation.
Finished appliance
A finished appliance is any device or unit containing electrical

and/or electronic components or sub-assemblies that delivers a
function and has its own enclosure. Similarly than components,
the interpretation finished appliance can be divided into two
categories: it can be intended for the end users, or for the other
manufacturers or assemblers.
Finished appliance intended for the end users
A finished appliance is considered as apparatus in the sense of

the EMC Directive, if it is intended for the end-user and thus has
to fulfill all the applicable provisions of the Directive.
Finished appliance intended for the other manufacturer or assembler
When the finished appliance is intended exclusively for an

industrial assembly operation for incorporation into other ap-
paratus, it is not an apparatus in the sense of the EMC Directive
and consequently the EMC Directive does not apply for such
finished appliances.
Systems (Combination of finished appliances)
A combination of several finished appliances which is combined,

and/or designed and/or put together by the same person (i.e.
the system manufacturer) and is intended to be placed on the
market for distribution as a single functional unit for an end-user
and intended to be installed and operated together to perform
a specific task.
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CE marking
All provisions of the EMC Directive, as defined for apparatus, apply

to the combination as a whole.
Apparatus
Apparatus means any finished appliance or combination thereof

made commercially available (i.e. placed on the market) as a
single functional unit, intended for the end-user, and liable to
generate electromagnetic disturbance, or the performance of
which is liable to be affected by such disturbance.
Fixed installation
A particular combination of several types of apparatus, equip-

ment and/or components, which are assembled, installed and
intended to be used permanently at a predefined location.
Equipment
Any apparatus or fixed installation
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Chapter 4 - Purchasing decisions
for PDSs
What you need to know and do

Starting on page 23, we offer a step-by-step guide re-
lating to your purchasing requirements for power drive
systems.
Key point:
Before turning to page 23, you need to know the following terms
for PDSs and their component parts, which may be unfamiliar
to many users.
TERMS THAT YOU MUST KNOW

1. Basic Drive Module (BDM) consists of the converter
section and the control circuits needed for torque or
speed. A BDM is the essential part of the power drive
system taking electrical power from a 50 Hz constant
frequency supply and converting it into a variable form
for an electric motor.
2. Complete Drive Module (CDM) consists of the drive

system without the motor and the sensors mechanically
coupled to the motor shaft. The CDM also includes the
Basic Drive Module (BDM) and a feeder section. Devices
such as an incoming phase-shift transformer for a 12-
pulse drive are considered part of the CDM.
3. Power Drive System, or PDS, is a term used through-

out this technical guide. A PDS includes the frequency
converter and feeding section (the CDM and BDM),
motors, sensors, all cabling, filters, panels and any
other components needed to make the PDS work ef-
fectively.
Note: The load is not considered part of the PDS, but

the CDM can incorporate the supply sections and
ventilation.
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Purchasing decisions for PDSs
HOW THE TERMS

FIT TOGETHER
Installation or part of installation
Power drive system (PDS)

CDM
(Complete drive module)
System control and sequencing
BDM (Basic drive

module)
Control section
Converter section
Feeder section
Field supply
Auxiliaries
Others
Motor & sensors
Driven equipment
or load
Now we strongly advise you turn to page 22, to discover the type of person you are.
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To make this technical guide easy to use, we have also

identified certain types of people who will be involved in
the purchasing of drives.
Please identify the type nearest to your job function and turn
to the relevant section
WHO ARE YOU?

IF THIS IS
YOU, TURN
NOW TO
PAGE.....
Machine builder
is a person who buys either a PDS, CDM or BDM and 25
other mechanical or electrical component parts, such as
a pump, and assembles these into a machine.
Note: A machine is defined as an assembly of linked
parts or components, at least one of which moves. It
includes the appropriate actuators, control and power
circuits joined together for a specific application, in
particular for processing, treatment, moving or packaging
of a material.
System designer
carries out all the electrical design of the power drive 28
system, specifying all component parts which comprise
a PDS.
End-user
is the final customer who will actually use the machine, 31
PDS or CDM/BDM.
Panelbuilder
constructs enclosures into which a panelbuilder will 32
install a variety of components, including a CDM/BDM
and sometimes the motor. However, the built enclosure
does not constitute a machine.
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WHO ARE YOU?

IF THIS IS
YOU, TURN
NOW TO
PAGE........
Distributor
acts as the sales distribution channel between the CDM/ 35
BDM manufacturer and the end-user, machine builder,
OEM, panelbuilder or System Designer.
Installer
carries out the entire electrical installation of the PDS. 35
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

For the purposes of purchasing drives, an OEM will
normally fall into the category of a machine builder, 25
system designer or panelbuilder. Therefore, if you identify
yourself as an OEM, refer to the relevant pages for each 28
of these job functions. 32
Drive manufacturer
System designer Distributor

- p.28 - p.35
Machine
builder
Panelbuilder Panelbuilder
or OEM
- p.32 - p.32
- p.25
Installer - p.35 Installer - p.35
End-user - page 31
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NOTE: Before reading this section we strongly urge you

to familiarise yourself with the terms explained on pages
21-24.
If you are a machine builder buying a PDS...

...You have the following responsibilities:
1. Because you are building a complete machine, which in-

cludes coupling up the motors to the PDS and providing the
mechanical guarding and so on, you are liable for the total
mechanical and electrical safety of the machine as specified
in the Machinery Directive.
Therefore, the PDS is ultimately your responsibility. You need

to ensure that the entire PDS meets the Machinery Direc-
tive. Only then can CE marking be applied to the whole
machine.
2. You are also responsible for the electrical safety of all parts
of the PDS as specified in the Low Voltage Directive.
3. You must ensure electrical equipment and components are

manufactured in accordance with the EMC Directive. The
manufacturer of these parts is responsible for EMC for that
particular part. Nevertheless you are responsible for EMC for
the machine. You may choose electrical parts not in accord-
ance with the EMC directive, but then you have the respon-
sibility for compliance of parts.
Note: Be aware that combining CE marked sub-assemblies

may not automatically produce an apparatus that meets the
requirements.
4. You must ensure that the PDS or its component parts carry
declarations of conformity in accordance with the electrical
safety requirements of the Low Voltage Directive.
5. You must be able to assure an authority and customers

that the machine has been built according to the Machinery
Directive, the Low Voltage Directive and the EMC Direc-
tive. It may be necessary to issue technical documentation
to demonstrate compliance. You must keep in mind that you
and only you have responsibility for compliance with direc-
tives.
6. A Declaration of conformity according to the directives

above must be issued by the machine builder and CE mark-
ing must then be affixed to the machine or system.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 25 8.11.2007 7:59:37

7. Any machine that does not comply must be withdrawn from

the market.
Actions you must take
To meet the Machinery Directive (see page 55) you need to:
a. Comply with the following mechanical safety checklist.

The aim is to eliminate any risk of accident throughout the
machinery’s life. This is not a complete list, the detailed list
is contained within the Machinery Directive:
Eliminate risk as far as possible, taking the necessary

protective measures if some risks cannot be eliminated.
Inform users of the residual risks; indicate whether any

training is required and stress the need for personal
protective equipment.
Machinery design, construction and instructions must

consider any abnormal use.
Under the intended conditions of use, the discomfort,

fatigue and stress of the operator must be reduced.
The manufacturer must take account of the operator’s

constraints resulting from the use of personal protective
equipment.
Machinery must be supplied with all essential equipment

to enable it to be used without risk.
b. Comply with the following electrical safety checklist: To ensure

the electrical safety of all parts of the PDS as specified in the
Low Voltage Directive (refer to page 56) you need to comply
with the following safety checklist, which is not necessarily
complete.
The electricity supply should be equipped with a discon-

necting device and with emergency devices for prevention
of unexpected start-up.
The equipment shall provide protection of persons against

electric shock from direct or indirect contact.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 26 8.11.2007 7:59:37

The equipment is protected against the effects of:
overcurrent arising from a short circuit.
overload current.
abnormal temperatures.
loss of, or reduction in, the supply voltage.
overspeed of machines/machine elements.
The electrical equipment is equipped with an equipotential

bonding circuit consisting of the:
• PE terminal.
• conductive structural parts of the electrical equipment and
the machine.
• protective conductors in the equipment or the machine.
The control circuits and control functions ensure safe

operation including the necessary inter-lockings,
emergency stop, prevention of automatic re-start, etc.
Defined on page 40
c. Compile a technical file for the machine, including the

PDS.
Key point:
Generally, must carry CE marking and have a Declaration of
conformity.
For machines that pose a high risk of accident, a type certi-

fication (see page 46) is required from a notified body. Such
machinery is included in Annex IV of the Machinery Direc-
tive.
The type certificate issued should be included in the tech-

nical file for the machine or safety component. Refer now to
page 41.
2. Declarations of conformity from each of the

component suppliers whose products make up the PDS
and incorporate them into the technical documenta-
tion, referring to all three directives. If buying a PDS
from a system designer (see below), he should be able
to provide all declarations. If system designer or
component supplier cannot provide a Declaration of
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 27 8.11.2007 7:59:38

conformity, the responsibility of demonstrating

compliance according to EMC Directive or Low
Voltage Directive lies on machine builder.
3. Pass this technical documentation to a notified

body. The machine builder SHOULD NOT pass
the file on to an end-user. Based on the technical
documentation, obtain a Certificate of Adequacy or
technical report from a notified body.
Defined on pages 43, 45 and 46
4. Issue a Declaration of conformity for the entire

machine. Only then can you apply CE marking.
5. Pass the Declaration of conformity related to all

three directives on to the end-user of the machine.
6. Apply CE marking to the machine.
7. Congratulations! You have successfully complied with

the main requirements for safe and efficient operation
of a machine.
When buying a PDS...

1. The PDS is a complex component of the machine. Therefore,

the Machinery Directive has to be complied with by issuing
a Declaration of incorporation.
2. Because a PDS is not a machine, the only directives which

need to be complied with are the Low Voltage Directive and
the EMC Directive.
3. The responsibility for Declaration of conformity and apply-

ing CE marking rests with both the system designer and the
supplier of the component parts which make up the power
drive system.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 28 8.11.2007 7:59:38

The system designer has to decide if he is going to place his

delivery on the market as a single functional unit or not
• if the answer is YES, the delivery shall be classified as a

system.
• if the answer is NO, the delivery shall be classified as an

installation.
A. If the delivery is classified as a system, the system designer

has to choose one of two paths to follow:
Path 1
All components have EMC compliance
1. EMC behaviour is based on a component’s perform-

ance.
2. Responsibility lies with the component suppliers for CE

marking of individual complex components
3. PDS is an system according to the EMC Directive (as placed

on the market as a single functional unit).
4. The Declaration of conformity as well as the instructions for

use must refer to the system as whole. The system designer
assumes responsibility for compliance with the Directive.
Note 1: The system designer is responsible for producing the

instructions for use for the particular system as whole.
Note 2: Be aware that combining two or more CE marked sub-
assemblies may not automatically produce a system that meets
the requirements.
5. No CE marking is required for a system as whole, as long as

each part bears the CE mark.
1. Follow all installation guidelines issued by each of

the component suppliers.
2. Issue instructions for use in order to operate the

system.
3. Issue technical documentation for the system.
4. Issue a Declaration of conformity.
5. DO NOT issue a CE mark.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 29 8.11.2007 7:59:38

Path 2
Components without EMC compliance
1. EMC behaviour is designed at the system level

(no accumulated cost by device specific filters etc).
2. Responsibility lies with the system designer who decides

the configuration (place or a specific filter etc).
3. PDS is a system according to the EMC Directive

(as placed on the market as a single functional unit).
4. Declaration of conformity and CE marking are required

for the system.
1. Follow the installation guidelines issued by each

of the component suppliers.
2. Optimise the construction of the installation to ensure

the design meets the required EMC behaviour, i.e. the
location of filters.
Defined on pages 36 - 46

system.
5. Issue a Declaration of conformity and CE mark.
B. If the delivery is an installation, the system designer has one

path to follow:
Path 3
All components have EMC compliance
1. EMC behaviour is based on a component’s performance.
2. Responsibility lies with the component suppliers for CE

marking of individual complex components.
3. PDS is an installation according to the EMC Directive.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 30 8.11.2007 7:59:38

4. No Declaration of conformity or CE marking is required

for a fixed installation, (such as an outside broadcast radio
station) DOC and CE marking are needed.
1. Follow all installation guidelines issued by each of

2. Transfer all installation guidelines and Declaration

of conformity for each of the components, as issued
by suppliers, to the machine builder.
3. DO NOT issue a Declaration of conformity or CE

marking as this is not allowed for fixed
installations.
If you are an end-user buying a CDM/BDM or PDS
Key point:
An end-user can make an agreement with the drive’s supplier
so that the supplier acts as the machine builder. However, the
end-user is still responsible for the machine’s safety.
The supplier who acts as the machine builder will issue a

Declaration of conformity when the work is complete.
Once an intermediary panelbuilder incorporates a CDM/BDM

into a panel, he creates a part of a PDS.
The panelbuilder then has the same responsibilities as the

drive’s manufacturer.
...You have the following responsibilities
1. For the total mechanical and electrical safety of the machine

of which the drive is part of, as specified in the Machinery
Directive.
2. For the electrical safety of the drive as specified in the Low

Voltage Directive.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 31 8.11.2007 7:59:38

3. To ensure the drive carries a Declaration of conformity in

accordance with the electrical safety requirements of the Low
Voltage Directive.
4. To be able to demonstrate to the authorities that the machine

to which the drive is being fitted has been built to both the
Machinery Directive and Low Voltage Directive.
5. The manufacturer of the drive is responsible for determining

the EMC behaviour of the drive.
6. The resulting EMC behaviour is the responsibility of the as-

sembler of the final product, by following the manufacturer’s
recommendations and guidelines.
The following needs to be completed by either the end-user

directly or the third party engaged to build the machine.
1. To meet the Machinery Directive (refer to page 55) you

need to follow the actions listed for a machine builder
on pages 25-28.
2. Follow installation instruction issued by manufacturers in

order to fulfill the requirements of the EMC Directive and
the Low Voltage Directive.
3. Ensure that equipment (CDM/BDM/PDS) is operated accord-

ing to manufacturer’s instruction in order to guarentee right
way of operation.
If you are a panelbuilder buying a CDM/BDM

1. The panelbuilder has two options:
Option A - To buy non-CE marked components
This could save the panelbuilder money because he buys

components which are not tested for EMC or safety. However,
the responsibility is then the panelbuilder’s and this will incur
considerable costs as the entire panel needs to be tested.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 32 8.11.2007 7:59:38

If the panelbuilder buys non-CE marked components, the

drive may be made to conform without further testing if the
components themselves have been tested. However, tested
components do not carry the CE mark but must carry suitable
instructions for installation. It is these instructions which must
be demonstrably met.
Option A - Actions to meet these responsibilities
1. Follow the installation guidelines issued by each of

2. Optimise the construction of the installation to ensure

the design meets the required EMC behaviour, i.e. the
location of filters.
4. If you choose to assess yourself you must make

reference to EMC Directives:
2004/108/EC;
And to harmonised standard:
EN 61800-3
And you must make reference to LVD Directive:
2006/95/EC
And corresponding harmonized standard:
EN 61800-5-1 or EN 50178
Defined on pages 36-46
5. Once testing is completed, the results need to be

included in the technical documentation (TD)
for the panel.
6. Technical documentation shall be assessed by

youself in order to demonstrate compliance. You
may use Notified Body for assessment as well.
7. You must then issue the Declaration of conformity

and CE marking for the panel.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 33 8.11.2007 7:59:38

Option B - To buy CE marked components
Option B - Actions to meet these responsibilities
1. Buying CE marked components creates a system or

an apparatus (refer to page 17-20) depending on the
nature of the panel.
2. Although the panelbuilder does not have to carry out

tests, he must ensure he conforms to the installation
guidelines given by each of the component
manufacturers.
Note: Be aware that combining two or more CE-
marked components may not automatically produce
a system, which meets the requirements.
3. Beware! These guidelines could differ greatly from

those given for normal installation purposes because
the components will be in close proximity to each
other.

system or apparatus.
5. Issue technical documentation.
6. Issue a Declaration of conformity.
7. Apply CE marking to your panel in the case of an

apparatus. In the case of a system DO NOT apply CE
marking.
Additional actions
The panel can be either sold on the open market or use as part
of a machine. For each option there is a different requirement:
1. If you know that the panel is to be used as part of a

machine then you must request from the CDM / BDM
manufacturer a Declaration of incorporation.
2. The Declaration of incorporation must be supplied

with the panel to the machine builder, but CE
marking based on Machinery Directive MUST NOT be
affixed. This is because CE marking always needs a
Declaration of conformity.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 34 8.11.2007 7:59:38

Key point:
The Declaration of incorporation CAN NOT be used to apply
CE marking.
3. The machine builder will need this Declaration of

incorporation because he has to construct a
technical documentation (TD) for the machine and
in that file all the declarations need to be included.
If you are a distributor buying a CDM/BDM...

1. If a distributor is selling boxed products, like CDMs and BDMs

(drives), direct from the manufacturer, his only responsibility
is to pass on the installation guidelines to the end-user,
machine builder or system designer. In addition, the
Declaration of conformity must be passed to the machine
builder or system designer.
2. Both the installation guidelines and the Declaration of

conformity are available from the manufacturer.
Actions you must take to meet these responsibilities
1. Pass all installation guidelines and declaration of con-

formities to either the end-user, machine builder or sys-
tem designer.
If you are an installer buying a CDM/BDM or PDS...

1. You must ensure that the installation guidelines of the

machine builder and/or system designer are adhered to.
Actions you must take to meet these responsibilities
1. Follow machinery builder and/or system designer Instal-

lation guidelines.
2. See Technical guide No. 3 for recommended installation

guidelines.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 35 8.11.2007 7:59:38

Chapter 5 - Terminology
Technical documentation (TD)

APPLIED TO: electrical equipment
RESPONSIBILITY: electrical equipment manufacturer,

system designer, panelbuilder, OEM,
installer
REQUIRED BY: EMC Directive, Low Voltage Directive
What is technical documentation?
Technical documentation (TD) must be provided for the entire

equipment or system and if required is to show a competent
authority that you have met the essential requirements of the
EMC Directive (see page 57) and Low Voltage Directive (see
page 56).
The TD consists of three parts:
1. A description of the product.
2. Procedures used to ensure conformity of the product to the

requirements.
3. A statement from a notified body, if third party assessment

route is chosen.
Note: Using a notified body is voluntary and can be decided
by the manufacturer
Key point:
The full content of the technical documentation are given on
pages 36-39.
Why is technical documentation deemed to be important?
Anyone placing a product onto the market within the EU must

be able to show that the product meets the requirements of the
appropriate EU Council Directive and must be able to demon-
strate this to a competent authority without further testing.
Technical documentation allows the appropriate Declaration

of conformity to be drawn up.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 36 8.11.2007 7:59:38

Terminology
Will customers always receive a copy of technical documentation?
The content of the technical documentation is meant for the

authorities, and thus the electrical equipment manufacturer
does not have to give the technical documentation or any part
of it to the customer.
However, as the customer needs to know whether the product

is in conformance, he will obtain this assurance from the docu-
mentation delivered with the product. It is not required to supply
a declaration of conformity with the product, but the end-user
may ask for this from the manufacturer.
What is the shelf life of technical documentation?
Any technical documentation must be accessible to the ap-

propriate authorities for 10 years from the last relevant product
being delivered.
How do I ensure that tests are always carried out?
The whole system is based on self certification and good faith.

In various parts of Europe the methods of ensuring compliance
will vary. Supervision of these regulations is achieved through
market control by a competent authority. If the equipment fails
to meet the requirements of the EMC and Low Voltage Direc-
tives competent authorities can use the safeguard clause of the
Directives (withdraw the product from the market, take legal
action).
Can drive manufacturers help more?
Manufacturers accept that there is a need to work more closely

with OEMs and machine builders where the converter can be
mounted on the machine. A standard assembly or design should
be achieved so that no new parts of technical documentation
need to be created.
However, the idea of mounting drives in motor control centres

(MCCs) must be much more carefully thought out by system
specifiers.
The concept of mounting several drives in a motor control

centre must be more carefully thought out, as the summing of
high frequency emissions to determine the effects at the MCC
terminals is a complex issue and the possibilities of cross cou-
pling are multiplied.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 37 8.11.2007 7:59:38

Terminology
How to make up a TD
1. Description of the product
(Note: You can photocopy these pages and use as a tickbox

checklist)
i. identification of product
a. brand name.
b. model number.
c. name and address of manufacturer or agent.
d. a description of the intended function of the apparatus.
e. any limitation on the intended operating environment.
ii. a technical description
a. a block diagram showing the relationship between

the different functional areas of the product.
b. relevant technical drawings, including circuit diagrams,

assembly diagrams, parts lists, installation
diagrams.
c. description of intended interconnections with

other products, devices, etc.
d. description of product variants.
2. Procedures used to ensure product conformity
i. details of significant design elements
a. design features adopted specifically to address EMC

and electrical safety problems.
b. relevant component specifications.
c. an explanation of the procedures used to control variants

in the design together with an explanation of the
procedures used to assess whether a particular change
in the design will require the apparatus to be re-tested.
d. details and results of any theoretical modelling of

performance aspects of the apparatus.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 38 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
e. a list of standards applied in whole or part.
f. the description of the solution adopted in order to

comply with the directive.
ii. test evidence where appropriate
a. a list of the EMC and electrical safety tests performed

on the product, and test reports relating to them,
including details of test methods, etc.
b. an overview of the logical processes used to decide

whether the tests performed on the apparatus were
adequate to ensure compliance with the directive.
c. a list of the tests performed on critical sub-assemblies,

and test reports or certificates relating to them.
3. If chosen a statement from notified body
This will include:
i. reference to the exact build state of the apparatus

assessed
ii. comment on the technical documentation.
iii. statement of work done to verify the contents and

authenticity of the design information.
iv. statement, where appropriate, on the procedures

used to control variants, and on environmental,
installation and maintenance factors that may be
relevant.
4. Actions by the notified body
The notified body will study the technical documentation and

issue the statement and this should be included in the techni-
cal documentation.
Note: When compiling the technical documentation you may

need all Declarations from suppliers, i.e. Declaration of
conformity and Declaration of incorporation depending on
the parts, to ensure they carry CE marking.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 39 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
Technical file (for mechanical safety aspects)

APPLIED TO: machines and safety components
RESPONSIBILITY: machine builder / system designer
REQUIRED BY: Machinery Directive
What is a technical file?
A technical file is the internal design file which should show how
and where the standards are met and is all that is needed if self
certifying the equipment by the standards compliance route.
If a Declaration of incorporation is included in a set of papers

and this claims to meet the appropriate parts of the standards
and simply instructs the user to meet the standards with other
parts of his machine, it is possible to use this as a part of a
technical file.
How to make up a technical file
Drawings and diagrams
1. Overall drawings of the machine.
2. Control circuit diagrams.
Health and safety
1. All drawings, calculations and test results used to check

the machine’s conformity with essential health and safety
requirements.
Machine design
1. Lists of the essential health and safety requirements, harmo-

nised standards, other standards and technical specifica-
tions used when designing the machine.
2. Description of methods used to eliminate hazards presented

by the machine.
Other certificates required
1. A technical report or certificate issued by a notified body

- if required.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 40 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
2. A copy of the instructions for the machine.
3. For series produced machines, the control measures that

are used to ensure that subsequent manufacture remains in
conformity with the directive.
Certificate of Adequacy
APPLIED TO: machines / safety components
RESPONSIBILITY: notified body / machine builder
What if standards cannot be wholly implemented?
In this case the adequacy of the technical file is proved by a

Certificate of Adequacy issued by a notified body.
How to obtain a Certificate of Adequacy

The Certificate of Adequacy is a document drawn up by a
notified body. Once the body has established that the techni-
cal file contains all the necessary information, the Certificate
of Adequacy will be issued.
Key point:
The Certificate of Adequacy provided should be included in
the technical file.
Statement
RESPONSIBILITY: notified body
REQUIRED BY: EMC Directive
When the statement is needed
The primary way for manufacturer (or his authorised repre-

sentative in the Community) to demonstrate the compliance is
to use internal production control method. If the manufacturer
chooses, he may use other method based on an assessment
of a notified body.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 41 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
How to obtain the statement

The manufacturer shall present the technical documentation
to the notified body and request the notified body for an as-
sessment thereof. The manufacturer shall specify to the noti-
fied body which aspects of the essential requirements must
be assessed.
The notified body shall review the technical documentation

and assess whether the technical documentation properly
demonstrates that the requirements of the Directive. If the
compliance of the apparatus is confirmed, the notified body
shall issue a statement confirming the compliance of the ap-
paratus.
Key point:
The statement provided shall be included in the technical
documentation.
Report
RESPONSIBILITY: notified body / competent body
REQUIRED BY: Low Voltage Directive
What if standards cannot be wholly implemented?
In the event of a challenge the manufacturer or importer may

submit a report issued by a notified body. This report is based
on the technical file.
How to obtain a report

The report is a document drawn up by a notified body. Once
the body has established that the technical documentation
contains all the necessary information and the equipment fulfils
the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive, the report will
be issued.
Key point:
The report provided should be included in the technical docu-
mentation.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 42 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
Declaration of conformity
(for EMC and electrical safety aspects)
APPLIED TO: electrical equipment and electrical
equipment of machines
RESPONSIBILITY: equipment manufacturer
REQUIRED BY: Low Voltage

Directive and EMC Directive
How to obtain a Declaration of conformity

You need to provide the following:
1. a reference to the Directive(s),
2. an identification of the apparatus to which it refers (including

name, type and serial number),
3. the name and address of the manufacturer and, where appli-

cable, the name and address of his authorised representative
in the Community,
4. a dated reference to the specifications under which conformity

is declared,
5. the date of the declaration,
6. the identity and signature of the person empowered to bind

the manufacturer or his authorised representative.
Declaration of conformity (for mechanical safety aspects)

APPLIED TO: machines
RESPONSIBILITY: machine builder
How to obtain a Declaration of conformity

You need to provide the following:
1. business name and full address of the manufacturer or, his

authorised representative;
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 43 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
2. name and address of the person authorised to compile the

technical file, who must be established in the Community;
3. description and identification of the machinery, including

generic denomination, function, model, type, serial number
and commercial name;
4. a sentence expressly declaring that the machinery fulfils all

the relevant provisions of the machinery Directive
5. where appropriate, the name, address and identification

number of the notified body which carried out the EC type-
examination and the number of the EC type-examination
certificate;
6. where appropriate, the name, address and identification

number of the notified body which approved the full quality
assurance system;
7. a list to the harmonised standards or the other technical

standards and specifications used;
9. the place and date of the declaration as well as the iden-

tity and signature of the person empowered to draw up the
declaration on behalf of the manufacturer or his authorised
representative.
Declaration of incorporation
APPLIED TO: machines or equipment intended for
incorporation into other machinery
RESPONSIBILITY: drives manufacturer / machine builder /

panelbuilder
What is a Declaration of incorporation?
Drives manufacturers must meet the appropriate parts of the

Machinery Directive and provide a Declaration of incorporation
which states that the drive does not comply on its own and must
be incorporated in other equipment.
This declaration will show the standards that have been applied
to the parts of the system within the manufacturer’s scope.
This declaration includes a statement restricting the user from

putting the equipment into service until the machinery into which
it is to be incorporated, or of which it is to be a component, has
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 44 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
been found, and declared, to be in conformity with the provi-

sions of the Machinery Directive and the national implementing
legislation, i.e. as a whole including the equipment referred to
in this declaration.
The declaration then lists the standards relating to the Machinery

and Low Voltage Directives which the manufacturer has met.
It concludes that the entire equipment must meet the provisions

of the directive.
Quite simply, the manufacturer passes on the responsibility to

the machine or system builder.
Is there no way out of this type of declaration?
No. You must understand that because the manufacturer may

be supplying only one part in a machinery, such as the inverter,
the manufacturer is legally obliged to ensure that whoever puts
the system together must check that it is safe.
Only then can the machine or system builder use the Declaration
of incorporation in his technical file of the machine.
Key point:
Most manufacturers will include a Declaration of incorporation
covering the Machinery Directive for all built PDS products.
What a Declaration of incorporation contains
1. business name and full address of the manufacturer or his

authorised representative;
2. description and identification of the partly completed machin-

ery including generic denomination, function, model, type,
serial number and commercial name;
3. a sentence declaring which essential requirements of the

Directive are applied and fulfilled;
4. an undertaking to transmit, in response to a reasoned request

by the national authorities, relevant information on the partly
completed machinery;
5. a statement that the partly completed machinery must not

be put into service until the final machinery into which it is
to be incorporated has been declared in conformity with the
provisions of the Directive;
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 45 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Terminology
6. the place and date of the declaration as well as the iden-

tity and signature of the person empowered to draw up the
declaration on behalf of the manufacturer or his authorised
representative.
Type certification
APPLIED TO: machines and safety components
RESPONSIBILITY: machine builder / approved body
How to obtain type certification

Type certification is carried out by an notified body who will
establish that the unit supplied, along with a technical file,
may be used safely and that any standards have been cor-
rectly applied.
Once the type certification has established this, a type ex-

amination certificate will be issued.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 46 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Chapter 6 - Authorities and bodies
The responsibility for product conformity is given to the manu-

facturer. If there is any doubt about conformity, then the Authori-
ties can demand technical documentation to show that a product
complies with the directives concerning the product.
When assessing product conformity, a manufacturer can use a

third party to examine the conformity.
The following types of authorities and bodies exist:
Competent authority
A competent authority in any EU or EEA country supervises
markets to prevent hazardous products being sold and mar-
keted. They can also withdraw such products from markets.
Notified body
A notified body issues type certificates for products, which
have their own directives and/or require type testing.
To find a suitable competent authority or notified body you

can contact:
EU Commission
Enterprise and Industry DG
Information and Documentation Centre
BREY 5 / 150
B-1049 Brussels
Belgium
Ph: +32 2 296 45 51
Or you may find contact through web.site: http://ec.europa.

eu/enterprice/electr_equipment/
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 47 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Chapter 7 - Standards and directives
The use of standards is voluntary, but compliance with direc-

tives without the use of harmonised standards is extremely
difficult.
There are two ways to show that a power drive system or part
of it conform:
• Use of harmonised standards (EN).
• By way of a technical documentation when no harmonised

standards exist, or if all parts of a harmonised standard can-
not be applied.
Key point:
It is recommended to use technical documentation even when
standards are harmonised as it makes it easier to show conform-
ity afterwards, if required by authorities.
Directive or standard?
The legislation of the European Union is defined by different
directives.
The directives concerning power drive systems are known as

new approach directives, which means that they do not include
exact figures or limits for products. What they do include is es-
sential requirements mainly for health and safety which make the
application of the relevant harmonised standards mandatory.
The requirements of directives are firmly established in stand-

ards. Standards give exact figures and limits for products.
The responsibility for defining standards in Europe rests with

three committees: CEN, for areas of common safety, CENELEC,
for electrical equipment and ETSI, for telecommunications.
Harmonised standards for PDSs

To remove technical barriers to trade in EU or EEA countries,
the standards are harmonised in member states.
In the harmonisation procedure, all member states are involved

in developing the Committee’s proposals for their own national
standard. A standard becomes harmonised when published in
the Official Journal of the EU.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 48 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Standards and Directives
The idea is that if a product conforms to the harmonised

standard, it is legally manufactured and when placed onto
the market in one country, it must be freely marketed in other
member countries.
How to recognise a European standard
Harmonised standards come in the following format:
XX EN 60204-1
where
XX = the national prefix (eg BS = UK; SFS = Finland)

EN = the abbreviation of Euronorm
60204-1 = an example of a standard number
The numbering of European standards follows a well structured

and organized sequence:
• EN 50225:1996 (the year of availability of the EN is separated
from the number by a colon)
• EN 50157-2-1:1996 (the part number is indicated by a hy-
phen)
The first two numerals indicate the origin of the standard:

• 40xxx to 44xxx cover domains of common CEN/CENELEC
activities in the IT field
• 45xxx to 49xxx cover domains of common CEN/CENELEC
activities outside the IT field
• 50xxx to 59xxx cover CENELEC activities, where
• EN 50xxx refer to the standards issued by CENELEC
only
• EN 55xxx refer to the implementation of CISPR docu-
ments
• 60000 to 69999 refer to the CENELEC implementation of IEC
documents with or without changes
European standards are adopted and confirmed by CENELEC

member countries by adding national prefix before the stand-
ard id (for example: SFS-EN 60601-1, DIN EN 60601-1, BS EN
60601-1).
There is also some clue as to a standard’s status:
prEN 50082-2 = proposal for standard sent to member states

ENV 50 = pre-standard which is in force for 3 years to
obtain practical experience from member
states
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 49 8.11.2007 7:59:39

Your questions answered
Which standards directly relate to drives?
At the moment, there are three Product Specific Standards

(see page 50) which relate to the compliance with EU directives.
They are called as “EN 61800-3 Adjustable speed electrical
power drive systems. Part 3: EMC product standard includ-
ing specific test methods”, which relates to EMC Directive,
“EN 61800-5-1 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems.
Part 5-1: Safety requirements. Electrical, thermal and energy”,
which relates to Low Voltage Directive and EN 61800-5-2,
Part 5-1: Safety requirements. Electrical, thermal and energy”,
which relates to Low Voltage Directive and “EN 61800-5-2
Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems. Part 5-2: Safety
requirements. Functional safety”, which relates to Machinery
Directive.
In addition there are other standards which need to be taken

account:
• EN 60204-1, Electrical Equipment of Machines, which, in

addition to being a Low Voltage Directive standard for all
electrical equipment, is also an electrical safety standard
under the Machinery Directive.
• EN 50178 according to Low Voltage Directive and
• EN 61800-1/2/4, which give rating specifications for Power
Drive Systems (LV DC, LV AC and MV AC PDS respec-
tively).
• EN 61000-3-2 and EN 61000-3-12 which give requirements
for harmonic current caused by equipment
What are the issues of EN 61800-3 and drives?
For emissions there are two main aspects to be considered:
Conducted emissions: these are seen on the power supply

cables and will also be measured on the control connections,
while radiated emissions are air borne.
Conducted emissions at low frequencies are known as har-

monics which have been a familiar problem to many users of a
PDS. Where harmonics are concerned EN 61800-3 refers to EN
61000-3-2 which applies for equipment under 16 A per phase.
In addition, the harmonics standard EN 61000-3-12 applies up
to 75A per phase.
At the moment following groups can be separated

• Below 16 A per phase
• Professional, over 1kW => No limits.
• Other > the limits specified.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 50 8.11.2007 7:59:40

• Between 16A and 75A per phase

• Equipment for public low voltage systems => the limits
specified.
• Equipment for other systems => the limits specified
Conformity with conducted emissions can be helped by good

product design and is readily achieved, in most situations, using
filters, providing this is for a single drive.
Radiated emissions: These are more problematic. While it is

possible to make the drive enclosure into a Faraday cage and
thereby have all radiation attenuated to earth, in practice it is
the outgoing connections where inadequate cabling radiates
emissions and cross couples with other cables in the vicinity.
Important attenuation methods are shielded cables and 360o
grounding.
What are the solutions to radiated emissions?
The most important solutions are good installation practice, tight

enclosure, shielded cables and 360o grounding. (See Technical
guide No. 3 for tips and advice).
Do I have to conform to the standards?
The use of standards is voluntary, but compliance with a Direc-

tive without the use of Harmonised Standards is difficult in
the majority of cases.
Can I be fined for not conforming?
Yes. Failure to comply with any of the Directives will be a crimi-

nal offence.
The Product Specific Standard EN 61800-3

This standard defines the required emission and immunity levels
of PDSs and the test methods to measure the levels. In Europe,
the standard takes precedence over all generic or product family
EMC standards previously applicable.
The standard defines two environments where equipment can

be used:
first environment
• environment that includes domestic premises, it also includes
establishments directly connected without intermediate
transformers to a low-voltage power supply network which
supplies buildings used for domestic purposes. Houses,
apartments, commercial premises or offices in a residential
building are examples of this kind of locations.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 51 8.11.2007 7:59:40

second environment
• environment that includes all establishments other than
those directly connected to a low voltage power supply net-
work which supplies buildings used for domestic purposes.
Industrial areas, technical areas of any building fed from a
dedicated transformer are examples of second environment
locations
The standard divides PDSs and their component parts into four
categories depending on the intended use
PDS of category C1:
A PDS with rated voltage less than 1000V and intended

for use in the first environment. A (PDS (or CDM) sold “as
built” to the End-User.
Description
Placed on the market. Free movement based on compliance
with the EMC Directive. The EC Declaration of Conformity
and CE Marking are required.
The PDS manufacturer is responsible for EMC behaviour of the

PDS under specified conditions. Additional EMC measures are
described in an easy-to-understand way and can be imple-
mented by a layman.
When PDS/CDM is going to be incorporated with another prod-

uct, the resulting EMC behaviour of that product is the respon-
sibility of the assembler of the final product, by following the
manufacturer’s recommendations and guidelines.
PDS of category C2:
PDS with rated voltage less than 1 000 V, which is neither

a plug in device nor a movable device and is intended to
be installed and commissioned only by a professional.
A PDS (or CDM/BDM) sold to be incorporated into an ap-

paratus, system or installation.
Description:
Placed on the market. Intended only for professional assemblers
or installers who have the level of technical competence of EMC
necessary to install a PDS (or CDM/BDM) correctly. The manu-
facturer of the PDS (or CDM/BDM) is responsible for providing
Installation Guidelines. The EC Declaration of Conformity
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 52 8.11.2007 7:59:40

When a PDS/CDM/BDM is to be incorporated with another

product, the resulting EMC behaviour of that product is the
responsibility of the assembler of the final product.
PDS of category C3:
PDS with rated voltage less than 1 000 V, intended for use
in the second environment.
A PDS (or CDM/BDM) sold “as built” to the End-User or

in order to be incorporated into an apparatus, system or
installation.
Description
Placed on the market. Free movement based on compliance
with the EMC Directive. The EC Declaration of Conformity
The PDS manufacturer is responsible for EMC behaviour of the

PDS under specified conditions. Additional EMC measures are
described in an easy-to-understand way and can be imple-
mented by a layman.
When PDS/CDM is going to be incorporated with another prod-

uct, the resulting EMC behaviour of that product is the respon-
sibility of the assembler of the final product, by following the
manufacturer’s recommendations and guidelines.
PDS of category C4:
PDS with rated voltage equal to or above 1 000 V, or rated

current equal to or above 400 A, or intended for use in
complex systems in the second environment.
A PDS (or CDM/BDM) sold to be incorporated into an ap-

paratus, system or installation.
Description
Category C4 requirements include all other EMC requirements
but radio frequency emission. They assessed only when it is
installed in its intended location. Therefore category C4 PDS is
treated as a fixed installation, and thus has no requirement for
EC Declaration of Conformity or CE Marking.
The EMC directive requires the accompanying documentation

to identify the fixed installation, its electromagnetic compat-
ibility characteristics and responsible person, and to indicate
the precautions to be taken in order not to compromise the
conformity of that installation.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 53 8.11.2007 7:59:40

In order to comply the above requirements in the case of cat-

egory C4 PDS (or CDM/BDM), the user and the manufacturer
shall agree on an EMC plan to meet the EMC requirements of
the intended application. In this situation, the user defines the
EMC characteristics of the environment including the whole in-
stallation and the neighborhood. The manufacturer of PDS shall
provide information on typical emission levels and installation
guidelines of the PDS which is to be installed. Resulting EMC
behaviour is the responsibility of the Installer (e.g. by following
the EMC plan).
Where there are indications of non-compliance of the category

C4 PDS after commissioning, the standard includes procedure
for measuring the emission limits outside the boundary of an
installation.
Examples concerning applications of different approaches
1. BDM used in domestic or industrial premises, sold with-

out any control of the application.
The manufacturer is responsible that sufficient EMC will be

achieved even by a layman. Although the EMC Directive ap-
plies to the apparatus and fixed installations only (generally
components are excluded), it states that the components which
are intended for incorporation into apparatus by the end user
and which liable to generate electromagnetic disturbances
are included. Thus, if members of the public (End-Users) buy
a component off the shelf, they will not have to worry about
compliance when they fit it to their machine. Therefore, the re-
sponsibility for compliance and CE Marking such components
under EMC lies with the manufacturer. Depending of intended
installation location category C1 or C3 equipment is allowed.
2. PDS or CDM/BDM for domestic or industrial purposes,

sold to professional assembler.
This is sold as a sub-assembly to a professional assembler who

incorporates it into a machine, apparatus or system. Condi-
tions of use are specified in the manufacturer’s documentation.
Exchange of technical data allows optimisation of the EMC
solutions. In addition of categories C1 and C3, also category
C2 is allowed.
3. PDS or CDM/BDM for use in installations.
The conditions of use are specified at the time by the purchase

order; consequently an exchange of technical data between
supplier and client is possible. It can consist of different com-
mercial units (PDS, mechanics, process control etc).
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 54 8.11.2007 7:59:40

The combination of systems in the installation should be con-

sidered in order to define the mitigation methods to be used to
limit emissions. Harmonic compensation is an evident example
of this, both for technical and economical reasons.
In addition of categories C1, C2 and C3, also category C4 is

allowed.
4. PDS or CDM/BDM for use in machine.
PDS or CDM/BDM combined with application device (machine)

such as a vacuum cleaner, fan, pump or such like, i.e. ready
to use apparatus. Similarly inverters (E.Q. subassemblies of
BDMs) come under this class of components. On their own
they do not have an intrinsic function for the End-User, but
are sold to professional Installers who incorporate them into
a machine, apparatus or system. They are not on sale directly
to the End-User.
Therefore for EMC Directive point of view the PDS/CDM/BDM

here is a component which is excluded from the directive. The
machine builder is responsible for all EMC issues. The manufac-
turer of PDS/CDM/BDM is responsible for providing installation,
maintenance and operation instructions to the machine builder
in order to achieve compliance with EMC Directive.
Nevertheless, it is recommended to use category C1, C2, C3

or C4 PDS/CDM/BDM rather than drives without any compli-
ance.
Machinery Directive 98/37/EC
How does the Machinery Directive affect my drive?
This directive concerns all combinations of mechanically joined

components, where at least one part is moving and which have
the necessary control equipment and control and power input
circuits.
The directive concerns all machines but not those like lifts, which
have a specific directive.
The new machinery Directive 2006/42/EC has been published.

Since the old directive 98/37/EC can be used until December
29th, 2009, the changes due to the new directive will be consider
in the future editions of this Guide.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 55 8.11.2007 7:59:40

Key point:
As far as drives are concerned, the new version of EN 60204-1,
ed.5, is already published. The old and the new versions can be
used until June 1st, 2009. After that date only the new version
shall be applied.
On its own, the Complete Drive Module (CDM) does not have a
functional value to the user. It always needs its motor coupled to
the driven load before it can function effectively. Thus, it cannot
carry the CE marking based on the Machinery Directive.
Where can I obtain a Machinery Directive copy?
To obtain a copy of the Machinery Directive you can contact

a local competent authority or download it from European
Unions web-site related to the legislation (http://europa.eu.int/
eur-lex/).
Low Voltage Directive
How does the LVD affect my drive?
2006/95/EC
This directive concerns all electrical equipment with nominal

voltages from 50 V to 1 kV AC and 75 V to 1.5 kV DC.
The aim of the directive is to protect against electrical, mechani-

cal, fire and radiation hazards. It tries to ensure only inherently
safe products are placed on the market.
All parts of a PDS from converters and motors to control gear

must conform with the Low Voltage Directive.
To guarantee that a product complies, the manufacturer must

provide a Declaration of conformity. This is a Declaration that
the product conforms to the requirements laid down within this
Directive.
If a product conforms to the Directive and has a Declara-

tion of conformity, then it must carry the CE marking.
In the case of a power drive system, the Declaration of con-

formity is needed for each of its component parts. Thus, the
Declaration of conformity for the complete drive module
(CDM) and for the motor have to be given separately by the
manufacturer of each product.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 56 8.11.2007 7:59:40

Key point:
Most manufacturers will include a Declaration of conformity
covering the Low Voltage Directive for all built PDS/CDMs.
These are drives built into an enclosure, which can be wired
up to the supply and switched on without any further work be-
ing undertaken. This is in contrast to an open chassis (BDM),
which is a component and needs an enclosure.
Why is the Declaration of conformity important?
Key point:
Without the Declaration of conformity the CDM could not
carry the CE marking and therefore it could not be sold within
EEA countries and therefore could not be used legally in any
system.
EMC Directive
How does the EMC Directive affect my drive?
2004/108/EC
The intention of the EMC Directive is, as its name implies, to

achieve EMC compatibility with other products and systems.
The directive aims to ensure emissions from one product are
low enough so as not to impinge on the immunity levels of
another product.
There are two aspects to consider with the EMC Directive:
• the immunity of the product.

• the emissions from that product.
Although the directive expects that EMC should be taken into ac-
count when designing a product, in fact EMC cannot be handled
by design only – it shall be measured quantitatively as well.
Key point:
Most drives bear CE-marking. Newertheless, some cases
drives are part of the machinery or process equipment/system
and classified as components they are not included into the
EMC directive.
The machine builder, therefore, has the final responsibility to

ensure that the machine including any PDS and other electrical
devices, meets the EMC requirements.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 57 8.11.2007 7:59:40

At each stage of the manufacturing process, from component

to system, each manufacturer is responsible for applying the
appropriate parts of the directive. This may be in the form of
instructions on how to install or fit the equipment without causing
problems. It does not imply that there is a string of Declarations
of conformity to be compiled into a manual.
Who has the responsibility to ensure CE marking?
A frequency converter is likely to be only a part of a power drive

system.
Yet it is the entire system or machinery that must meet the re-
quirements of the EMC Directive.
So, drives manufacturers are in a position to choose whether to

put CE marking on to a frequency converter to indicate com-
pliance with the EMC Directive or to deliver it as a component
without CE marking.
Key point:
It is the responsibility of the person who finally implements the
system to ensure EMC compliance.
Either the machine builder or system supplier has the final

responsibility that the machine or system including the drive
and other electrical and electronic devices will meet the EMC
requirements.
A drive manufacturer is able to help machine builder or system

supplier by providing BDM/CDM/PDS which are according to
the EMC directive and CE-marked.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 58 8.11.2007 7:59:40

Summary of responsibilities
Summary of manufacturer’s responsibilities in the application

of EC Directives to systems containing a PDS:
Warnings & guide

Power drive system
Machinery Directive Low Voltage EMC Directive

Directive
Any safety relevant EN 61800-5-1 EN 61800-3
standard such as EN 50178
EN 61800-5-2, EN 60204-1
EN 60204-1, etc
TECHNICAL FILE TECHNICAL FILE TECHNICAL

DOCUMENTATION
Apply Harmonised Apply Harmonised Apply Harmonised

Standards as far as Standards Standards
possible
Declaration of EU Declaration of EU Declaration of

Incorporation Conformity Conformity
No CE marking CE mark applied CE mark applied

as the PDS is a
component of the
machine
If some of the directives result in CE marking, the PDS (or CDM

or BDM) can be CE marked with the corresponding Declaration of
conformity.
An analogue of this procedure occurs for each end product which is

to be combined with a PDS. However, check all directives applicable
to the end product.
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 59 8.11.2007 7:59:40

Achieving conformity with EC Safety Directives
Machine
Technical Declaration
documenta- of
tion conformity
PDS
* ** ** *
Notified
body **
for Statement
MD,
EMCD
and LVD
Competent authority
* Only if required during market surveillance

** Optional procedure, if chosen by the manufacturer
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 60 8.11.2007 7:59:40

Index
A L
abnormal temperatures 27 Low Voltage Directive 11, 56, 57, 59
apparatus 38
M
B machine builder 23, 24, 25, 40, 41, 46
Basic Drive Module 22 machinery builder 35
BDM 22, 31, 32, 35, 57, 59 Machinery Directive 11, 40, 41, 46, 59
microprocessor 12
C mobile radio transmitters 12
CDM 22, 31, 32, 34, 35, 57, 59 motor 22
CE mark 32, 34, 59 motor control centre 37
CEN 48, 49
CENELEC 48, 49 N
certificate of adequacy 41 notified body 40, 41
competent authority 47, 60
Complete Drive Module 22 O
components 30, 34 OEM 24
component supplier 29, 30, 33 overload current 27
conducted emissions 51 P
control circuit diagrams 40 panelbuilder 23, 24
D parameters 16
Declaration of conformity 29, 30, 31, PDS 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
34, 57, 59 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 48, 57, 59, 60
Declaration of incorporation 34, 35, 59 phase-shift transformer 21
distributor 24 portable car telephones 12
drive 22, 24, 55, 56, 57, 59 Power Drive System 22, 59
E S
EEA 11, 15, 47, 48, 57 safety component 40, 41, 46
electrical safety 25, 26, 31, 32, 50 screen 12
electromagnetic compatibility 53 self certification 15, 16, 37
EMC 11, 29, 30, 33, 36, 39, 57, 59 sensor 22
EMC Directive 30 short circuit 27
EN61800-3 33, 50 single functional unit 29, 30
end user 23, 24, 31 standards 39, 40, 46, 48, 50, 51
ETSI 48 system designer 23, 24, 30
EU 11, 49, 59 systems 1, 3, 9, 12, 13, 21, 48, 50, 51,
EU Council Directives 1, 11 53, 55, 57, 59
European Union 48 T
F TD 33, 35, 36, 38
Faraday cage 51 technical construction file 38
filter 30, 33 technical documentation 15, 28, 29, 30,
frequency converter 21, 58 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 47, 48
technical file 27, 59, 60
H type certificate 27
harmonics 9, 50 type certification 46
harmonised standard 48, 49 type examination certificate 46
I W
IEC 49 walkie-talkies 12
indirect contact 26
installation 22, 29, 30, 33, 38
installation guidelines 29, 30
installation instructions 18
installer 24, 35
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 61 8.11.2007 7:59:40

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 62 8.11.2007 7:59:40

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 63 8.11.2007 7:59:41

Ad agency PIIRTEK#13275
© Copyright 2007 ABB. All rights reserved. 3AFE61253980 REV D EN 8.10.2007 Specifications subject to change without notice.
ABB Oy
Drives
P. O. Box 184
FI - 00381 Helsinki
Finland
Telephone +358 10 22 11
Fax +358 10 22 22681
Internet www.abb.com/drives
TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 64 8.11.2007 7:59:41

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Technical guide No.

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 1 8.11.2007 7:59:31

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 2 8.11.2007 7:59:32

Technical guide No. 2

© Copyright 2007 ABB. All rights reserved.

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 3 8.11.2007 7:59:32

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 4 8.11.2007 7:59:32

Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ 9

Chapter 2 - General questions and answers ....................................... 11

Chapter 3 - CE marking ....................................................................... 15

Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives 5

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 5 8.11.2007 7:59:32

Chapter 4 - Purchasing decisionsfor PDSs .......................................... 21

Chapter 5 - Terminology ...................................................................... 36

6 Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 6 8.11.2007 7:59:32

Chapter 6 - Authorities and bodies...................................................... 47

Chapter 7 - Standards and directives .................................................. 48

Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives 7

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 7 8.11.2007 7:59:32

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 8 8.11.2007 7:59:32

This guide’s purpose

While Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is the subject of

It is the intention of this guide to offer users of AC or DC power

1 The content of this technical guide is ABB Oy’s, Drives in-

2 Other technical guides available in this series include:

Technical guide No. 1 -

Technical guide No. 3 -

Technical guide No. 4 -

Technical guide No. 5 -

Technical guide No. 6 -

Technical guide No. 7 -

Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives 9

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 9 8.11.2007 7:59:32

Technical guide No. 8 -

Technical guide No. 9 -

How to use this guide

Section 4 looks at purchasing decisions for PDSs. Please note

Responsibilities and actions

Each type of purchaser is offered an explanation of their respon-

Following the responsibilities is a set of actions. If the purchaser

Alongside the actions are tickboxes. Purchasers can photocopy

Because of the complexity of conforming to each directive, this

10 Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 10 8.11.2007 7:59:32

It is very important that users of PDSs fully understand all the

What are these EU Council Directives?

It is important to realise that EMC cannot be divorced from

Quite simply there are three directives that mainly affect a

Directive Mandatory Page

Machinery Directive 1995-01-01 pg 55

But more on each of these directives later. Let us first explain

How does EMC affect me?

From January 1, 1996 the EU Council’s Electromagnetic Com-

EMC stands for Electromagnetic Compatibility. It is the abil-

Technical guide No. 2 - EU Council Directives 11

TG2_EN_revD_61253980.indd 11 8.11.2007 7:59:32

must not disturb or interfere with any other products or systems

What is an electromagnetic environment?

The electromagnetic environment is everywhere but it varies

Natural sources consist of electrical discharge between clouds,

Man-made disturbances are those generated by, for exam-

Such a variety of equipment, each with its own emission char-

How does electromagnetic interference show up?