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Fluid D 3
Fluid D 3
Laminar flow:
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2
Turbulent flow
and is given as –
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V Dρ VD
NR = =
η ν
Where NR – Reynolds number
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For 2000 < NR < 4000 – transition region or critical region –
flow can either be laminar of turbulent – difficult to pin down
exactly.
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Problem 8.1:
Glycerin at 25C
ρ = 1258 kg/m3
V Dρ
NR =
η
= 3.6 * 0.15 * 1258 / 0.96 = 708
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Friction losses in Pipes
note that the terms are added on the LHS of the equation!
hL = f * (L/D) * v2/2g
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Similarly,
32 η L V
hL =
γ D2
64η 64
f = =
V D ρ NR
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Example Problem 8.4
Glycerin at 25C
L = 30m
D = 150 mm = 0.15 m
V = 4.0 m/s
V Dρ
NR =
η
= 4.0 * 0.15 * 1258 / 0.96 = 786 < 2000 - Laminar flow
hL = f * (L/D) * (v2/2g)
= 13.2 m
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Friction losses for Turbulent Flow
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Some Roughness values from Table 8.2
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The Moody Diagram
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Key points about the Moody Diagram –
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Swamee and Jain converted the graph into an equation!
For the turbulent portion -
(less than 1% error)
0.25
f = 2
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 5.74 ⎤
⎢ log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 0.9 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3.7 ( D / ε ) ⎠ N R ⎥⎦
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Example problem 8.5:
Determine friction factor if water at 160 F is flowing at 30
ft/s in an uncoated ductile iron pipe having an inside
diameter of 1.0 inch.
V Dρ VD
NR = =
η ν
D = 1/12 = 0.0833 ft; V = 30 ft/s; ν = 4.38 x 10-6 ft2/s
NR = 5.70 x 105
D/ ε = 0.0833/8 x 10-4
= 104, use 100 for moody diagram
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f = 0.0038.
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Hazen-William formula
Applicable for –
- Water
- D – larger than 2 inches and less than 6ft
- Velocity should not exceed 10 ft/s
For SI units –
1.852
⎡ Q ⎤
hL = L ⎢ 0.63 ⎥
⎣ 0.85 A C h R ⎦
Where
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Head Additions and Losses due to Pumps and Motors
(CHAPTER 7)
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hA – head/energy additions due to pumps.
Typically
hL = K * v2/2g
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Example Problem 7.1: Finding TOTAL head loss due to
friction, valves, bends etc. –
Given –
Q = 1.20 ft3/s
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Apply the General Energy Equation for pts 1 and 2!
(z1- z2) = 25 ft
hL = 25 – (24.4)2/2*32.2 = 15.75 ft
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Example Problem 7.2: - Now we will introduce a Pump and
determine the energy added by a pump!
• Q = 0.014 m3/s
• Fluid – Oil at Sg = 0.86; γ = 0.86 * 9.81 = 8.44 kN/m3
• hL = head loss due to friction, fittings, etc. = 1.86 Nm/N
Energy added by Pump????????????????????
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Apply the General Energy Equation for pts. A and B!
Area at A = 0.004768 m2
Area at B = 0.002168 m2
vA = 2.94 m/s
vB = 6.46 m/s
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and hA = 1.86 + 38.4 + 1.0 + 1.69 = 42.9 m or 42.9 N.m/N
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Power supplied by Pumps
= hA * γ *Q
1 hp = 745.7 Watt
= (PA/PI)
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Example Problem 7.3: Determine the efficiency of the Pump
PI = 3.85 hp
What is PA????
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Apply the General Energy Equation for pts 1 and 2!
p1 + γo y + 20.4*γm – 20.4*γo - γo y = p2
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A1 = 0.2006 ft2
A2 = 0.0884 ft2
V1 = 5.55 ft/s
V2 = 12.6 ft/s
= 1620/550 = 2.95 hp
em = 2.95/3.85 = 0.77
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Similarly, Power delivered to motors
PR = hR * γ *Q
= (PO/PR)
ASSIGNMENT # 6
1. 7.7M
2. 7.13M
3. 8.1E
4. 8.33E
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