Singular and Plural Nouns in English

Rule 1
Most nouns are made plural by adding -s to the end of the singular form.
For Examples:
 car – cars
 bag – bags
 table – tables
 house – houses
 dog – dogs

Rule 2
Singular nouns that end in ‘s’, ‘x’, ‘z’, ‘ch’, ‘sh’,or ‘ss’, form the plural by adding –es.
For Examples:
 bus – buses
 bench – benches
 box – boxes
 dish – dishes
 truss – trusses
 marsh – marshes
 lunch – lunches
 tax – taxes
 blitz – blitzes
 watch – watches
Excepting: 
 fez – fezzes
 gas –  gasses
 quiz – quizzes
 bus – busses
Rule 3
The plural form of some nouns that end in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ is made by changing the ending to -ves.
For Examples:
 half – halves
 hoof – hooves
 calf – calves
 elf – elves
 shelf – shelves
 leaf – leaves
 loaf – loaves
 thief – thieves
 wolf – wolves
 life – lives
 knife – knives
 scarf – scarves
 wife –  wives 
Excepting:
 cuff – cuffs
 knockoff – knockoffs
 chef – chefs
 belief – beliefs
 roof – roofs
 chief – chiefs

Rule 4
Nouns ending in -o:
Nouns that end in ‘o’ preceded by a vowel are made plural by adding -s.

For Examples:
 radio – radios
 stereo – stereos
 video  – videos
Nouns that end in “o” preceded by a consonant are made plural by adding -es.

For Examples:
 potato – potatoes
 tomato – tomatoes
 hero – heroes
 echo – echoes
 veto – vetoes
 domino – dominoes
Excepting: 
 piano – pianos
 photo – photos
 halo – halos
 soprano – sopranos
Rule 5
Nouns ending in ‘y‘:
When the ‘y’ follows a consonant, changing ‘y’ to ‘i’ and adding –es:

For Examples:
 city – cities
 candy – candies
 country – countries
 family – families
 cherry – cherries
 lady – ladies
 puppy – puppies
 party – parties
When the ‘y’ follows a vowel, the plural is formed by retaining the ‘y’ and adding –s:

For Examples:
 day – days
 holiday – holidays
 ray – rays
 boy – boys
 toy – toys
 key – keys
 donkey – donkeys