Foreign policy

What is foreign policy?

Foreign policy is a policy by which two states or nation’s interact each other to make realtionship.

The Goals or straighty that guide a state's realtionship with other states.

“The foreign policy of a country is in a sense projection of its internal policies,social, political and
economic”(F.M Mohammad Ayuab Khan)

George Modelski, defines it as “the system of activities evolved by

communities for changing the behaviour of other states and for

adjusting their own activities to the international environment. Foreign

policy must throw light on the ways states attempt to change, and

succeed in changing the behaviour of other states.”

According to Joseph Frankel, “foreign policy consists of decisions

and actions, which involves to some appreciable extent relations

between one state and others”

. Tools of Foreign Policy

-The President serves as the Chief Diplomat, and is charged with running U.S.

Foreign Policy

- Cabinet members, Intelligence agencies, Congress, Courts, and State and Local

governments assist

Three Tools

1. Diplomatic Tools

2. Economic Tools

3. Military Too

Diplomatic Tools

Diplomacy is the act of dealing with other nations, usually through negotiation

and discussion

◦ Meetings between leaders

◦ Diplomatic messages

◦ World Organizations (NATO, United Nations)

Approaches to Diplomacy

◦ Unilaterally: Nation acts alone without the assistance or consent of other nations

◦ Bilaterally: Nation works conjunction with another nation

◦ Multilaterally: Nation works conjunction with several nations.

Economic Tools

Economic Aid- Nations donating or loaning money to other countries to boost

economic development

◦ Money is a powerful tool

Military Aid- Nations donating, selling, or trading military equipment and

technology to impact the military balance of power

Economic Sanctions- Trade bans or restrictions on foreign aid.

Military Tools

Military Force- Nations use force or the threat of military force to achieve foreign

policy goals

◦ Often involves stronger nations pressuring weaker nations to get what they want

Deterrence- building up military force as a threat to warn another state not to

pursue a particular course of action

Example: Syrian and the use of chemical weapons

What is the purpose of foreign policy?

The main objective of foreign policy is to use diplomacy — or talking, meeting, and making
agreements — to solve international problems. They try to keep problems from developing into
conflicts that require military settlements. The President almost always has the primary responsibility
for shaping foreign policy

Types of foreign policy

1. Policy of Imperialism:
Many powerful and ambitious nations tend to dominate and rule over others. For a long, imperialism has
remained a powerful instrument of pursuing and promoting national interest. Imperialism has long been
employed as a foreign policy choice by several European powers, and in a novel and indirect form, it is still the
choice of many powerful nations. Human history reveals that the tendency to dominate over others has been
manifested in one form or the other in different periods. Alexander the Great, Napolean, Bismark, Hitler, etc.,
had endeavored for empire building and adopted a policy of expansion.

Meaning:
The term imperialism has been used subjectively and arbitrarily. The use of the term is so arbitrary that it does
not relate to its real nature, whether the country’s policy is imperialist. Still, any type of foreign policy
followed by its opponents is sometimes dubbed as imperialist. The communist called the Western Powers
imperialistic; anti-communists gave the same name to communists, while uncommitted nations termed both
communists and capitalists as imperialists.

Different scholars have defined imperialism differently in their own ways. That is why Palmer and Perkins
observe. Imperialism can be discussed, denounced, defended, and died for, but it cannot be defined in any
generally accepted way. However, some of its important definitions are as follows

imperialism is a policy that aims at creating organization and maintaining an empire says, Moritz Julius Bonn.
In the words of Charles A. Beard, imperialism is the employment of engines of government and diplomacy to
acquire territories, protectorates, and or spheres of influence usually occupied by other races or peoples and to
promote industrial, trade, and investment opportunities.

On the other hand, Parker T Moon observes Imperialism means domination of none European native races by
dissimilar European nations. Morgenthau defined it all together in terms of the expansion of a state’s power
beyond its borders. Marxists like Lenin hold imperialism purely m economic terms and regarded it as the
highest stage of capitalism. Imperialism is closely related to colonialism. Both terms refer to superior-inferior
Or a rulers-ruled relationship.

Motives:
The motives of imperialism are economic gains such as control of competition-free markets, raw material
sources, and capital investment in virgin lands. Another motive is the enhancement of national prestige and
glory by acquiring a vast colonial empire. It also serves the purpose of extreme nationalism and national
defense.

Colonies were also conquered to settle the surplus population there. The policy of imperialism was also
pursued to spread a particular religion, culture, or ideology. Advanced Western societies attributed another
motive to imperialism, i.e., the supplement of less fortunate and poor yellow man’s Asia and black man’s
Africa. They contended that it was the white man’s burden to carry the good things of their own religion and
civilization to backward peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Methods:
Several methods were employed to successfully implement imperialism’s policy, such as military intervention
and war economic methods like exploring the foreign markets to sell finished products and the purchase of raw
materials and cheap labor. Means of economic investment and economic assistance are also employed these
days.
Through cultural methods, imperial states conquer men of other nations’ minds and can impose their religion,
culture, or political ideology. This method is regarded as far more superior to military victory and economic
mastery. Christian missionaries and Soviet and Chinese communists employed this method.

Imperialism in practice:
It was Great Britain that pursued this policy in letter and spirit for a long period. British imperialism had its
worldwide tentacles that it was usually said Sun never sets over the British empire. By 1914, the British
Empire, although it suffered many setbacks, continued to be the world’s largest and the richest empire.

France was the second-largest empire in Africa and South East Asia. Germany under Bismarck between 1884-
90 acquired Togoland Cameroons, South West Africa, German East Africa. The leasehold of Kaichow and
extensive economic rights in the Shantung peninsula in China and scattered groups of islands in the pacific.
Like Germany, Italy was also a latecomer.

. FOREIGN POLICY OF

PAKISTAN

Definition

“The external policy of an independent,

sovereign state which it pursues in its

relations with other nations of the world in

order to seek its national interest.”

“The external policy of the state which it

pursues to preserve its ideological character,

safeguard its territorial integrity, maintain its

political sovereignty and guarantee its

economic well being”

OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN’S

FOREIGN POLICY

National Security.

Territorial Integrity.

Economic well being.

National prestige.

6DETERMINENTS OF PAKISTAN’S
FOREIGN POLICY

Geo-Political Settings.

Historical Legacies and Past Traditions.

Socio-Economic Condition.

Political Systems and Structure.

Ideological Considerations.

Decision Makers Dream, Images and

Motives.

External Environment.

Power Considerations.

National Interest.

ELEMENTS AFFECTING

FOREIGN POLICY

Technology leaves impact on foreign policy.

The national capacity of a state also exercises

profound influence on the foreign policy of

state.

The social structure of a society also exercise

profound influence on its foreign policy.

Public opinion is another important element of

country’s foreign policy.

PHASES OF PAKISTAN’S

FOREIGN POLICY

Phase-I 1947-53 Explorations and friendship with all

1954-62 Alignment with the West

Phase-II 1962-71 Transition

1972-79 The Era of Bilateralism and Non

Alignment
1980-90 Afghanistan and Partnership with US

Phase-III 1990-2001 Post Cold War Era and role of Pak

2001- Onward Counter Terrorism

11

75Conclusion

Foreign policy decision-making entails series of processes and

involves di‫و‬erent
‫ٴ‬ actors. It plays an enormous role in the international

a‫و‬airs
‫ٴ‬ of a state. Without a properly formulated foreign policy, a state is

tended to lose its position and prestige in world a‫و‬airs

‫ٴ‬ and will

eventually lead to a decline in achieving its national interest, whereas

the opposite is true of countries with well formulated foreign policies.

Нus, fully understanding the meaning and concept of the term foreign

policy, is quite important for both policy makers, students and

researchers.

Нe foreign policy of every state is influenced by mainly two

determinants; ‘international’/external and ‘domestic’/internal. Нese

are considered as factors which help in shaping and moulding foreign

policy of a country. However, the linkage between international and

domestic determinants has long been a widely debated topic in the

field of international relations and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) in

particular. While others argue that domestic politics and foreign policy

are two ‘independent’ arenas of issue, others are of the view that

foreign policy and domestic politics are ‘interdependent’ and could

spill over into each other.

Since foreign policy in general is about the interaction of a state with

another, this interaction only takes place at the ‘international’ level and

as such, cannot be ignored in analysing the foreign policy of any state.

Hence, the international system or power structure, international law,

international organizations, alliances, and military strength or arm

race, all influence foreign policy implementation.

Нe internal environment of a state also influences the nature and

course of its foreign policy. Countries di‫و‬er

‫ ٴ‬in size, socioeconomic
development and political regime. Нe\ also di‫و‬er
‫ ٴ‬in their political
institutionalization and societal structures, military and economic

capabilities, and strategic cultures. In the same vain, public opinion,

national role conceptions, decision making rules and personality traits

of political leaders vary from one state to another. Нese di‫و‬erences

‫ٴ‬
directly a‫و‬ect
‫ٴ‬ both foreign policy making process and foreign policy

decisions. By this, it is argued that the stu‫ ٴو‬of foreign policy derives

from issues of domestic politics as well as foreign relations.

While both school of scholars made