=> Semiconductors

=> Solid State of Chemical Sensors

=> Chemical Sensing Field Effect
Transistor

Roll #: 2K17/CHEE/52
Name: Peer Bux
Overview
 Introduction
 What are P-type and N-type semiconductors??
 What are Diodes?
 Forward Bias & Reverse Bias
 Characteristics Of Ideal Diode
 Shockley Equation
 I – V Characteristics of Diodes
Introduction
Semiconductors are
materials whose
electrical properties
lie between
Conductors and
Insulators.
Ex : Silicon and
Germanium
Range Of Conduciveness

The semiconductors fall somewhere midway

between conductors and insulators.
Intrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductors that are free of doping
impurities are called intrinsic semiconductors.
Extrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductors formed after adding impurities
are called extrinsic semiconductors.
What are P-type and N-type ?
 Semiconductors are classified in to P-type and
N-type semiconductor
 P-type: A P-type material is one in which
holes are majority carriers i.e. they are
positively charged materials (++++)
 N-type: A N-type material is one in which
electrons are majority charge carriers i.e. they
are negatively charged materials (-----)
Properties of Semiconductors
Electrical properties can be indicated by resistivity.
Conductors such as gold, silver and copper have low resistance
and conduct electricity easily.
Insulators such as rubber, glass and ceramics have high resistance and
These are difficult for electricity to pass through. 
Semiconductors have properties somewhere between these two.
Their resistivity might change according to the temperature for example.
 At a low temperature, almost no electricity passes through them. But when the temperature rises,
electricity passes through them easily.
Semiconductors containing almost no impurities conduct almost no electricity. But when
some elements are added to the semiconductors, electricity passes through them easily.
Diodes
Electronic devices created by bringing
together a p-type and n-type region within the
same semiconductor lattice. Used for
rectifiers, LED etc
Diodes
It is represented by the following symbol,
where the arrow indicates the direction of
positive current flow.
Forward Bias and Reverse Bias
 Forward Bias : Connect positive of the Diode
to positive of supply…negative of Diode to
negative of supply
 Reverse Bias: Connect positive of the Diode
to negative of supply…negative of diode to
positive of supply.
Characteristics of Diode
 Diode always conducts in one direction.
 Diodes always conduct current when
“Forward Biased” ( Zero resistance)
 Diodes do not conduct when Reverse Biased
(Infinite resistance)
Transistor
Transistor, semiconductor device for
amplifying, controlling, and generating
electrical signals. 
Transistors are the active components of
integrated circuits, or “microchips,” which
often contain billions of these minuscule
devices etched into their shiny surfaces.
Transistor
Generally transistor is made of solid material
which contains three terminals such as emitter
(E), Base (B) and Collector (C) for
connections with other components in the
circuit. Some transistors contains fourth
terminal also i.e. substrate (S). Transistor is
one of the active components.
Two Types of Transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Field Effect Transistor
Solid State of Chemical Sensors
Introduction:
THANK U!!!