Electronics

Components
A capacitor or condenser is a passive
electronic component consisting of a pair
of conductors separated by a dielectric.
When a voltage potential difference exists
between the conductors, an electric field is
present in the dielectric. This field stores
energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest
between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.
 Symbols

Non
Polarized Variable
Polar Capacitor
Capacitors
Capacitor
 Dielectric Materials

• Paper
• Plastic
• Glass
• Mica
• Ceramics
• Air
Paper Type ( Electrolytic )
Plastic Types ( Mylar )
Glass Type
Mica Types
Ceramic Types
Air Type
 Checking of Capacitor
• Good Capacitor
• Procedure
1. Discharges the capacitor
2. Set the VOM to the resistance
range ( x1, x10 for high value
and x100K for small value)
3. Identify the polarity (if
polarized).
4. Connect the two test probe to
the terminal lead of the
capacitor.
5. Observe the pointer of the
meter if quickly deflect to the
right then slowly go back to
the original position.
 Fault of Capacitor

• Shorted
• Open
• Leaky
 Fault of Capacitor

• Shorted
• The two metallic plates
are totally connected to
each other.
• The pointer is
deflecting to the right;
and not goes back to
the original position.
 Fault of Capacitor

• Open
• One of the terminal
lead are not
connected to the
metal plate.
• The pointer will not
move to their
position.
 Fault of Capacitor
• Leaky
• The dielectric materials
are partial damage.
• The pointer is quickly
deflected to the right
then slowly goes back
to the left but stay to
the middle or the
pointer is moving to the
left and right.
An inductor or a reactor is a passive
electrical component that can store energy
in a magnetic field created by the electric
current passing through it. An inductor's
ability to store magnetic energy is measured
by its inductance, in units of henries.
Symbols
Inductor
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
conductors — the transformer's coils. Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around
a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically-
coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary"
winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or
cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field
induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in
the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
Development

Symbol
Development
Industrial Transformer
 Electronics Transformer

Laminated steel cores Toroidal cores

 Checking of Transformer
• By checking the transformer we are checking the continuity
of the coil.
• First check the primary winding. (with resistance reading)
• Second check the secondary winding. (with resistance
reading)
• Third check the primary to metal core and secondary to
metal core. (no connection)
• Fourth the primary and the secondary winding. (no
connection)
A semiconductor is a material that has a
resistivity value between that of a conductor and
an insulator. The conductivity of a semiconductor
material can be varied under an external
electrical field. Devices made from semiconductor
materials are the foundation of modern
electronics, including radio, computers,
telephones, and many other devices.
Semiconductor devices include the transistor,
many kinds of diodes including the light-emitting
diode, the silicon controlled rectifier, and digital
and analog integrated circuits.
• In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device
(thermionic diodes may also have one or two
ancillary terminals for a heater).
• Diodes have two active electrodes between
which the signal of interest may flow, and
most are used for their unidirectional electric
current property.
• A p–n junction is a junction formed by combining P-type
and N-type semiconductors together in very close contact.
• The term junction refers to the region where the two
regions of the semiconductor meet. It can be thought of as
the border region between the p-type and n-type blocks
Symbols and Types of Diode

Rectifier
Photo
Diode
Diode

Zener Light-
Diode Emitting
Diode
Varicap or
Schottky
Varactor
Diode

Tunnel Silicon
Diode Control
Rectifier
Diode
 Checking of Diode
• Procedure
1. Connect the positive test probe to the
cathode terminal of a diode and the negative
test probe to the anode terminal of a diode.
2. You got a measure of a high resistance or
there is no deflection.
3. This is we called Reverse Bias.
Checking of Diode

Reverse Bias
High Resistance
Measurement

Note: Some of the Multi meter are Reverse Polarity

 Checking of Diode
• Procedure
1. Connect the positive test probe to the anode
terminal of a diode and the negative test
probe to the cathode terminal of a diode.
2. You got a measure of a Low resistance or
there is a deflection.
3. This is we called Forward Bias.
Checking of Diode

Forward Bias
Low Resistance
Measurement
• In electronics, a transistor is a
semiconductor device commonly used
to amplify or switch electronic signals.
A transistor is made of a solid piece of
a semiconductor material, with at
least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit.
Symbols and Types of Transistor

PNP
P - Channel

NPN
N - Channel

BJT – Bipolar Junction JFET – Field-Effect

Transistor Transistor
Symbols and Types of Transistor

P - Channel

N - Channel

MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET

Pictorial Transistor
Checking of Transistor

Forward Bias
Low Resistance

Reverse Bias
High Resistance

Forward Bias
Low Resistance
Checking of Transistor

Reverse Bias
High Resistance

Reverse Bias
High Resistance

Reverse Bias
High Resistance
 Semiconductor Coding
 Electronics Industries Association of Japan, USA and
Europe use different codes of their semiconductor products.
Here are examples of these codes.
1. Japanese Semiconductors.

Electronic Industrial Association of Japan (EIAJ)

Example: 2SC1061A
2 S C 1061 A
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

1st number represents the number of effective function:

0 – Photo resistor or photo diode

1 – Diode
2 – Bipolar transistor (FET, SCT, TRIAC, etc.)
3 – Four lead transistor (MOSFET)
 Semiconductor Coding
1. Japanese Semiconductors.
Example: 2SC1061A
2 S C 1061 A
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

2nd Character (S) represents semiconductor,

3rd Character (C) represents types and leads:
A- PNP high frequency transistor,
B – PNP low frequency transistor,
C – NPN high frequency transistor,
D – NPN low frequency transistor,
F – P-type gate SCR,
G – N-type gate SCR,
H – uni-junction transistor,
J – P-type channel FET (field effect transistor),
K – N-type channel FET,
M - TRIAC
 Semiconductor Coding
1. Japanese Semiconductors.
Example: 2SC1061A
2 S C 1061 A
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

4th number represents EIAJ registration

number.
5th number represents the improved
version of the original type. It uses letters A,
B, C, etc.
 Semiconductor Coding
2. US Semiconductors.
Standards are set by US semiconductor Association
(USCA).
Example: 2N 7C9
2N 7C9
1st 2nd

1st combination represents number of leads and

semiconductor type;

1N – two leads diode;

2N – three leads transistor, US thyristors;
3N – four leads transistor, US thyristor.

2nd number represents registration number.

 Semiconductor Coding
3. European Semiconductors.

Example: AC128
A C 128
1st 2nd 3rd

1st character represents semiconductor being

used:

A – germanium transistor,
B – silicon transistor,
C – gallium arsenic transistor,
D – indium arsenic monoxide transistor,
E – hole effect on photo voltaic materials.
 Semiconductor Coding
3. European Semiconductors.

Example: AC128
A C 128
1st 2nd 3rd

2nd character represents transistor type and applications:

A – detector, mixer, diode, switching transistor,

B – varactor diode,
C – audio frequency transistor,
D – audio frequency power transistor,
E – tunnel diode,
F – high frequency diode,
H – magnetic semiconductor diode,
I – high power transistor,
Y – switching power transistor,
Z – rectifier diode.
 Semiconductor Coding
3. European Semiconductors.

Example: AC128
A C 128
1st 2nd 3rd

3rd combination represent nature of

applications. For example, all numeric in the
third combination mean that the product is used
in ordinary or common instruments. If the
combination starts with letter followed by two
numeric, such as BXY27, it is in special or
industrial equipment.