5.

Laboratory Work Procedure

In this chapter we will discuss the steps that are required to complete the laboratory work. Also, we
will cover some subjects that are required to be presented in the report.

5.1 Preliminary Work

5.1.1 Wheatstone Bridge

Design a Wheatstone bridge circuit using three identical resistors (R). Complete the Wheatstone
bridge with the resistor that is to be determined (Rx). Decide on where you should put the power
supply and the Voltmeter/Amperemeter. Answer the following questions:

1. Derive the formula to obtain the value of Rx, given the knowledge of the other resistors, R,
and the voltage measurement.
2. Derive the formula to obtain the value of Rx, given the knowledge of the other resistors, R,
and the current measurement.
3. Derive the formula to determine the uncertainty of Rx for both methods.
4. Based on your answer above, how can we get the most accurate result?

5.1.2 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Circuit

A. Design a Non-Inverting Amplifier with a gain factor of 3, based on Op-Amp circuit. Answer the
following questions:

1. Derive the formula to determine the gain factor.

2. Derive the formula to determine the uncertainty of the gain factor.

B. Design a Non-Inverting Amplifier with a gain factor of -3, based on Op-Amp circuit. Answer the
following questions:

1. Derive the formula to determine the gain factor.

2. Derive the formula to determine the uncertainty of the gain factor.

C. Design a Summing Amplifier that produces Vout = V1+1,5 V2. Answer the following questions:

1. Derive the formula that relates the input voltages, the resistance of the resistors and the output
voltage.

2. Derive the uncertainty of the summing amplifier.

5.2 Laboratory Work Guideline

5.2.1 Wheatstone Bridge Working Steps

1. Open your browser, type in this address: https://www.falstad.com

2. From the homepage, click Math and Physics Applets

3. Find the Electrodynamics group, and choose Analog Circuit Simulator Applet

4. Under the Circuit menu, choose Other Passive Circuit, then hover to Wheatstone Bridge and click

5. You are assigned a resistor Rx with the resistance equals to the average of the last three digits of
your SID. This value will be determined using Wheatstone Bridge, and a Voltmeter that accurate up to
0.01 Volt.

6. Also you are given three sets of resistors, where each set consists of a 47 Ohm, a 100 Ohm, a 220
Ohm, a 470 Ohm, a 1 kOhm, a 2.2 kOhm, a 4.7 kOhm, and a 10 kOhm.

7. Create a Wheatstone bridge using three 47 Ohm resistors, and the Rx. Use 5V battery as power
supply)

8. Note the Voltmeter reading, round the value to the nearest 0.01 Volt.

9. Note the current that flows through the circuit (stated on the bottom right side of the applet).

10. Calculate the value of Rx, from the Voltmeter reading and the resistors.

11. Create a Wheatstone bridge using 100 Ohm resistor.

12. Repeat steps 8-10 for this resistor.

13. Repeat steps 11-12 using the remaining resistors.

14. Plot the calculated Rx vs the resistance of the resistors. (in the report)

15. Plot the error in the Rx calculation and the resistance of the resistors. (in the report)

16. Plot the circuit current and the resistance of the resistors. (in the report)
17. What can you conclude regarding the calculation error and the resistance of the resistors? (in the
report)

18. What can you conclude regarding the circuit current and the resistance of the resistors? (in the
report)

19. If the circuit current is proportional to the generated heat, which resistor should be used to obtain
a good accuracy and reasonable heat? (in the report)

20. In the circuit with the minimum calculation error, what happen if the actual resistor has 5% more
resistance than the stated value, what is the calculation error now (in the report).

21. In the circuit with the minimum calculation error, what happen if the actual resistor has 5% less
resistance than the stated value, what is the calculation error now (in the report).

5.2.2 Op-Amps Working Steps

1. Under the Circuits menu, choose Op Amps, then hover on the Amplifier, and click on the Non-
inverting.

2. Set the property of the power supply, choose DC, 5V.

3.

4. Assume that you are only given a set of resistors, consists of 47 Ohm, 100 Ohm, 220 Ohm, 470 Ohm,
1 kOhm, 2.2 kOhm, 4.7 kOhm, and 10 kOhm, choose a resistor combination that will give an
amplification gain of 3 (as closely as possible).

5. Note the output voltage, also note the difference with the target voltage.

6. Try other resistor combination, note the difference with the target voltage.

7. Keep doing so until you have at least four combinations.

8. Put the results in table format, include the followings: resistor combination, output voltage, and
voltage difference. (in the report)

9. Mark the combination that gives the smallest difference. Comment on this (in the report)

10. Redo steps 2 through 9 for Inverting Amplifier.

11. Create a Voltage Summing circuit, use the given resistors for the circuit.

12. Set the input voltage to be of the same value of 5V DC.

13. If the input resistor has a 5% higher resistance than the stated value, and the Op Amp resistor has
a 5% lower resistance than the stated value, note the output voltage.

14. Redo step 13 by using different set of resistors, give the same amount of uncertainty to their value.
Note the output voltage. Repeat until you have at least four resistor combinations.

15. Plot the output voltage and the resistance of the resistors. (in the report)

16. Plot the difference on the output voltage and the expected value (error) and the resistance of the
resistors (in the report)

17. Comment on the results.

5.3 Report Writing

Report writing should follow the general rule of technical writings. It should be submitted in digital
format (neatly typed up) with the following contents:

1. Cover Page
2. Abstract/Summary
3. Table of Content
4. Chapter I Introduction
a. Your version of motivation/background
b. Your version of objectives
c. Experiment Setup (global)
d. Report Structure
5. Bab II Theoretical Background
a. Wheatstone Bridge
b. Resistance Measurement with Deflection Principle
 c. Uncertainty Analysis Derivation for (a)
d. Op-Amp
i. Non-Inverting Amplifier
ii. Inverting Amplifier
iii. Voltage Summing
e. Uncertainty Analysis Derivation
6. Chapter III Data Processing Circuits
a. Resistance Measurement using Deflection Priciple
b. Uncertainty Analysis for (a)
c. Non-Inverting Amplifier Circuit
d. Inverting Amplifier Circuit
e. Voltage Summing Circuit
f. Uncertainty Analysis
7. Chapter IV Measurement Data and Analysis
a. How big is the difference between the calculated resistor value and the actual value?
b. Is the difference fall within the band of uncertainty?
c. What can you do to obtain a better result?
d. How good is the correlation between the simulated measurement and theory in term
of uncertainty?
8. Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation
a. What can you conclude from this laboratory work?
b. What can be improved to get more outcome from this laboratory work?
9. References