Exp 3 - Impulse Turbine

1.
0 ABSTRACT
Turbine has been created to produce power by converting kinetic energy into other form of
energy (electricity). The design of the moving blade alternating with fixed nozzles generate
torque and shaft power momentum change of fluid pass through the blade from nozzles. This
is related to the First Law of Thermodynamics of energy conservation. The experiment
conducted with a lab scale Pelton Turbine to study on the impulse turbine and with objective
of studying the effect of the spear valve setting under varied load conditions. The load is pre-
set beforehand, and the opening of spear valve is manipulated into three different sets. From
the result obtained, power generated from middle opening is greater than fully and small
opening. Due to optimum speed of turbine, the middle opening offers higher efficiency and
power generation by producing optimum pressure. In conclusion, the best efficiency of the
power generated was 22.74% by the middle opening of spear valve. As the size of nozzles
increase the speed of turbine increase thus increasing the power generated, motor efficiency
and overall efficiency. However, as the speed is exceeding the optimum, the turbine will
continue to produce same amount of power with lower efficiency.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
• To study the effect of the spear valve settings under varied load conditions.
3.0 RESULT AND DATA
Table 1: Data for Fully Opening

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Load Combinations 0 L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Bar Abs 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1
Pa Abs 73000 73000 73000 73000 73000 73000 73000 73000 73000
Bar Abs 2.61 2.62 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.61
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2
Pa abs 261000 262000 261000 261000 261000 261000 261000 261000 261000
Turbine Stage 1 Bar Abs 2.54 2.54 2.55 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.54
PT3
Pressure Pa Abs 254000 254000 255000 254000 254000 254000 254000 254000 254000
PT4
Pressure Pa Abs 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000 176000
L/min 165.80 165.60 166.10 166.00 166.20 166.50 166.30 165.60 165.70
Water Flowrate FT
m3/s 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028 0.0028
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm 2004 2003 2003 2002 2002 2004 2002 2002 2002
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
PW
Pump Power kW 2.133 2.133 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.133 2.134 2.134
R1
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm 1341.00 1308.00 757.00 736.00 503.00 501.00 402.00 1269.00 229.00
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm 0.20 0.30 1.10 1.10 1.30 1.30 1.40 0.40 1.50
Turbine Voltage V1 V 68.70 65.90 34.60 33.10 20.70 20.20 15.30 62.90 5.70
Turbine Current I1 A 0.00 0.15 1.82 1.85 2.38 2.39 2.58 0.31 2.85
Power Generated (W) 0.00 9.89 62.97 61.24 49.27 48.28 39.47 19.50 16.25
Shaft Power (W) 28.09 41.09 87.20 84.78 68.48 68.20 58.94 53.16 35.97
Turbine Input Power (W) 421.89 421.38 425.42 422.40 422.91 423.67 423.16 421.38 421.64
Motor Efficiency (%) 6.66 9.75 20.50 20.07 16.19 16.10 13.93 12.61 8.53
Overall Efficiency (%) 0.00 2.35 14.80 14.50 11.65 11.40 9.33 4.63 3.85
Table 2: Data for Middle Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Bar Abs 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Pa Abs 80000 80000 80000 80000 80000 80000 80000 80000 80000
Bar Abs 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73
Pa abs 274000 273000 273000 273000 273000 273000 273000 273000 273000
PT3
Pressure Pa Abs 268000 267000 268000 268000 269000 267000 267000 267000 267000
PT4
Pressure Pa Abs 210000 209000 208000 210000 210000 209000 210000 209000 209000
L/min 142.30 142.00 141.20 141.40 141.00 141.90 141.30 141.00 141.00
Water Flowrate FT
m3/s 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm 2006 2006 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0
Pump Power PWR1 kW 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.134 2.135
Shaft Power (W) 35.42 51.46 113.47 119.94 92.52 91.11 77.91 66.27 42.60
Table 3: Data for Small Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Bar Abs 1 1 1 0.99 1 1 1 1 1
Pa Abs 100000 100000 100000 99000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000
Bar Abs 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.1 3.09 3.1 3.09
Pa abs 309000 309000 309000 309000 309000 310000 309000 310000 309000
PT3
Pressure Pa Abs 306000 305000 305000 306000 306000 306000 306000 306000 306000
PT4
Pressure Pa Abs 299000 299000 299000 299000 299000 299000 298000 299000 299000
L/min 52.00 47.30 46.90 47.00 47.20 46.70 46.70 46.60 47.10
Water Flowrate FT
m3/s 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
Pump Power PWR1 kW 2.135 2.134 2.135 2.135 2.135 2.136 2.135 2.137 2.136
Shaft Power (W) 28.21 24.40 24.44 23.69 15.33 17.37 14.07 32.04 8.28
70.00
60.00
Power Generated (W)
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 1: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for Fully Opening
25.00
20.00
Motor Efficiency (%)
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 2: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Fully Opening

16.00
14.00
12.00
Overall Efficiency (%)
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 3: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Fully Opening
100
90
80
Power Generated (W)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 4: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for Middle Opening

35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 5: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Middle Opening
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 6: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Middle Opening

20
15
Power Generated (W)
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-5
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 7: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for Small Opening
25
20
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 8: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Small Opening

14
12
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-2
Turbine Speed (RPM)
Graph 9: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Small Opening
100.00
80.00
Power Generated (W)
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00
-20.00
Turbine Speed (rpm)
Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

Poly. (Fully Opening) Poly. (Middle Opening) Poly. (Small Opening)
Graph 10: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for All Opening
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00
Turbine Speed (rpm)
Fully Opening Middle Opening
Small Opening Poly. (Fully Opening)
Poly. (Middle Opening) Poly. (Small Opening)
Graph 11: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for All Opening
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00
-5.00
Turbine Speed (rpm)
Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

Poly. (Fully Opening) Poly. (Middle Opening) Poly. (Small Opening)
Graph 12: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for All Opening
CALCULATION
Fully Opening
Fully Opening for 0 Fully Opening for L1
1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

P=IxV P=IxV
= 0 A x 68.9 V = 0.15 A x 65.90 V
=0W = 9.89 W
2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

2𝜋𝑁𝑇 2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Pshaft = 60 Pshaft = 60
2×𝜋×1341×0.2 2×𝜋×1308×0.3
= =
60 60
= 28.09 W = 41.09 W
3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power
Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

Pabs = Patm + Pgage Pabs = Patm + Pgage
Pgage = Pabs – Patm Pgage = Pabs – Patm
= 254000 – 101325 = 254000 – 101325
= 152675 Pa = 152675 Pa
Pgage = 152675 Pa x 0.0028 Pgage = 152675 Pa x 0.0028
= 421.89 W = 421.38 W
4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency
𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
.𝜂 motor = .𝜂 moto =
𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
28,09 𝑊 41.09 𝑊
= 421.89 𝑊
× 100% = 421.38 𝑊
× 100%
= 6.66 % = 9.75 %
5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
. 𝜂overall = . 𝜂overall =
0.00 𝑊 9.89 𝑊
= 421.89 𝑊
× 100% = 421.38 𝑊
× 100%
=0% = 2.35 %
Fully Opening for L2 Fully Opening for L1 + L2

P=IxV P=IxV
= 1.82 A x 34.60 V = 1.85 A x 33.10 V
= 62.97 W = 61.24 W

2×𝜋×757×1.10 2×𝜋×736×1.10
= =
60 60
= 87.20 W = 84.78 W

= 255000 – 101325 = 254000 – 101325
= 153675 Pa = 152675 Pa
= 425.42 W = 422.40 W
.𝜂 motor = .𝜂 motor =
87.20 𝑊 84.78 𝑊
= 425.42 𝑊
× 100% = 422.40 𝑊
× 100%
= 20.50 % = 20.07 %

62.97 𝑊 61.24 𝑊
= 425.42 𝑊
× 100% = 422.40 𝑊
× 100%
= 14.80 % = 14.50 %
Fully Opening for L3 Fully Opening for L1 + L3

P=IxV P=IxV
= 2.38 A x 20.70 V = 2.39 A x 20.20 V
= 49.27 W = 48.28 W

Pshaft = 60 Pshaft =
60
2×𝜋×503×1.30 2×𝜋×501×1.30
= =
60 60
= 68.48 W = 68.20 W
= 254000 – 101325 = 254000 – 101325
= 152675 Pa = 152675 Pa
= 422.91 W = 423.67 W

68.48 𝑊
= 422.91 𝑊
× 100% 68.20 𝑊
= 423.67 × 100%
𝑊
= 16.19 % = 16.10 %

49.27 𝑊
= 422.91 𝑊
× 100% 48,28 𝑊
= 423.67 × 100%
𝑊
= 11.65 % = 11.40 %
Fully Opening for L1 + L2 + L3 Fully Opening for L4

P=IxV P=IxV
= 2.58 A x 15.30 V = 0.31 A x 62.90 V
= 39.47 W = 19.50 W

2×𝜋×402×1.40 2×𝜋×1269×0.40
= =
60 60
= 58.94 W = 53.16 W

= 254000 – 101325 = 254000 – 101325
= 152675 Pa = 152675 Pa
= 423.16 W = 421.38 W

58.94 𝑊 53.16 𝑊
= 423.16 𝑊
× 100% = 421.38 𝑊
× 100%
= 13.93 % = 12.61 %

39.47 𝑊 19.50 𝑊
= 423.16 𝑊
× 100% = 421.38 𝑊
× 100%
= 9.33 % = 4.63 %
Fully Opening for L5

= 254000 – 101325
1. Power Generated (W) = 152675 Pa
P=IxV Pgage = 152675 Pa x 0.0028
= 2.85 A x 5.70 V = 421.64 W
= 16.25 W
4. Motor Efficiency
2. Shaft Power (W) 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
2𝜋𝑁𝑇 .𝜂 motor =
Pshaft = 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
60 53.16 𝑊
2×𝜋×229×1.50
= 421.38 𝑊
× 100%
= = 8.53 %
60
= 35.97 W
5. Overall Efficiency
3. Turbine Input Power 𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
. 𝜂overall =
Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
16,25 𝑊
Pabs = Patm + Pgage = 421.64 𝑊
× 100%
Pgage = Pabs – Patm = 3.85 %
Middle Opening
Middle Opening for 0 Middle Opening for L1

P=IxV P=IxV
= 0 A x 86.10 V = 0.19 A x 82.50 V
=0W = 15.68 W

2×𝜋×11691×0.2 2×𝜋×1638×0.3
= =
60 60
= 35.42 W = 51.46 W

= 268000 – 101325 = 267000 – 101325
= 166675 Pa = 165675 Pa
= 395.30 W = 392.10 W
35.42 𝑊 51.46 𝑊
= 395.30 𝑊
× 100% = 392.10 𝑊
× 100%
= 8.96 % = 13.12 %

0.00 𝑊 15.68 𝑊
= 395.30 𝑊
× 100% = 392.10 𝑊
× 100%
=0% = 4.00 %
Middle Opening for L2 Middle Opening for L1 + L2

P=IxV P=IxV
= 2.17 A x 41.10 V = 2.21 A x 39.90 V
= 89.19 W = 88.18 W

2×𝜋×903×1.20 2×𝜋×881×1.30
= =
60 60
= 113.47 W = 119.94 W

= 268000 – 101325 = 268000 – 101325
= 166675 Pa = 166675 Pa
= 392.24 W = 392.80 W
113.47 𝑊
= 392.24 𝑊
× 100% = 119.94 𝑊
392.80 𝑊
× 100%
= 28.93 % = 30.53 %

89.19 𝑊 88.18 𝑊
= 392.24 𝑊
× 100% = 392.80 𝑊
× 100%
= 22.74 % = 22.45 %
Middle Opening for L3 Middle Opening for L1 + L3

P=IxV P=IxV
= 2.77 A x 23.90 V = 2.78 A x 23.50 V
= 66.20 W = 65.33 W

60
2×𝜋×589×1.50 2×𝜋×580×1.50
= =
60 60
= 92.52 W = 91.11 W
= 269000 – 101325 = 267000 – 101325
= 167675 Pa = 165675 Pa
= 394.04 W = 391.82 W

92.52 𝑊
= 394.04 𝑊
× 100% 91.11 𝑊
= 391.82 × 100%
𝑊
= 23.48 % = 23.25 %

66.20 𝑊
= 394.04 𝑊
× 100% 65.33 𝑊
= 391.82 × 100%
𝑊
= 16.80 % = 16.67 %
Middle Opening for L1 + L2 + L3 Middle Opening for L4

P=IxV P=IxV
= 2.98 A x 17.20 V = 0.37 A x 79.10 V
= 51.26 W = 29.27 W

2×𝜋×465×1.60 2×𝜋×1582×0.40
= =
60 60
= 77.91 W = 66.27 W

= 267000 – 101325 = 267000 – 101325
= 165675 Pa = 165675 Pa
= 390.16 W = 389.34 W

77.91 𝑊 66.27 𝑊
= 390.16 𝑊
× 100% = 389.34 𝑊
× 100%
= 19.97 % = 17.02 %

51.26 𝑊 29.27 𝑊
= 390.16 𝑊
× 100% = 389.34 𝑊
× 100%
= 13.14 % = 7.52 %
Middle Opening for L5

= 267000 – 101325
P=IxV Pgage = 165675 Pa x 0.0024
= 3.31 A x 6.40 V = 389.34 W
= 21.18 W 4. Motor Efficiency

𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Pshaft = 42.60 𝑊
60 = 389.34 × 100%
2×𝜋×226×1.80 𝑊
= = 10.94 %
60
= 42.60 W 5. Overall Efficiency
𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
. 𝜂overall =
3. Turbine Input Power 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
21.18 𝑊
Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q = 389.34 𝑊
× 100%
Pabs = Patm + Pgage = 5.44 %
Pgage = Pabs – Patm
Small Opening
Small Opening for 0 Small Opening for L1

P=IxV P=IxV
= 0 A x 68.80 V = 0.14 A x 58.50 V
=0W = 8.19 W

2×𝜋×1347×0.2 2×𝜋×1165×0.2
= =
60 60
= 28.21 W = 24.40 W

= 306000 – 101325 = 305000 – 101325
= 204675 Pa = 203675 Pa
= 177.39 W = 160.56 W
28,21 𝑊 24.40 𝑊
= 177.39 𝑊
× 100% = 160.56 𝑊
× 100%
= 15.90 % = 15.20 %

0.00 𝑊 8.19 𝑊
= 177.39 𝑊
× 100% = 160.56 𝑊
× 100%
=0% = 5.10 %
Small Opening for L2 Small Opening for L1 + L2

P=IxV P=IxV
= 0.91 A x 17.00 V = 0.91 A x 16.50 V
= 15.47 W = 15.02 W

2×𝜋×389×0.60 2×𝜋×377×0.60
= =
60 60
= 24.44 W = 23.69 W

= 305000 – 101325 = 306000 – 101325
= 203675 Pa = 204675 Pa
= 159.21 W = 160.33 W
24.22 𝑊 23,69 𝑊
= 159.21 𝑊
× 100% = 160.33 𝑊
× 100%
= 15.35 % = 14.77 %

15.47 𝑊 15.02 𝑊
= 159.21 𝑊
× 100% = 160,33 𝑊
× 100%
= 9.72 % = 9.37 %
Small Opening for L3 Small Opening for L1 + L3

P=IxV P=IxV
= 1.08 A x 9.20 V = 1.09 A x 9.10 V
= 9.94 W = 9.92 W

60
2×𝜋×244×0.60 2×𝜋×237×0.70
= =
60 60
= 15.33 W = 17.37 W
= 306000 – 101325 = 306000 – 101325
= 204675 Pa = 204675 Pa
= 161.01 W = 159.31 W

15.33 𝑊
= 161.01 𝑊
× 100% 17.37 𝑊
= 159.31 × 100%
𝑊
= 9.52 % = 10.91 %

9.94 𝑊
= 161.01 𝑊
× 100% 9.92 𝑊
= 159.31 × 100%
𝑊
= 6.17 % = 6.23 %
Small Opening for L1 + L2 + L3 Small Opening for L4

P=IxV P=IxV
= 1.14 A x 6.30 V = 0.24 A x 50.30 V
= 7.18 W = 12.07 W

2×𝜋×192×0.70 2×𝜋×1020×0.30
= =
60 60
= 14.07 W = 32.04 W

= 306000 – 101325 = 306000 – 101325
= 204675 Pa = 204675 Pa
= 159.31 W = 158.96 W

14.07 𝑊 32.04 𝑊
= 159.31 𝑊
× 100% = 158.96 𝑊
× 100%
= 8.83 % = 20.16 %

7.18 𝑊 12.07 𝑊
= 159.31 𝑊
× 100% = 158.96 𝑊
× 100%
= 4.51 % = 7.59 %
Small Opening for L5

= 306000 – 101325
P=IxV Pgage = 204675 Pa x 0.0008
= 1.25 A x 2.80 V = 160.67 W
= 3.50 W
4. Motor Efficiency
Pshaft = 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
60 8.28 𝑊
2×𝜋×113×0.70
= 160.67 𝑊
× 100%
= = 5.16 %
60
= 8.28 W
5. Overall Efficiency
3. Turbine Input Power 𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
. 𝜂overall =
𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
3.50 𝑊
Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q = 160.67 𝑊
× 100%
Pabs = Patm + Pgage = 2.18 %
Pgage = Pabs – Patm
4.0 DISCUSSION
The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of the spear valve under various
conditions of loads. Spear valve is used in the turbine to supply continuous control over the
flow which can maintain the constant water level in the intake as well as maximize the
production of energy. This experiment needs to be conducted for three different openings
which were small, middle and fully open. Every opening consists of nine different conditions
where the load switch combination is varied as stated in the datasheet.
Pelton turbine is used for electricity generation in hydraulic power plants. The energy
extracted from the kinetic energy of the water is used for the rotation of the impeller. The paddle
geometry is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fluid for the rotation of the paddle.
The rotation of the turbine is converted to electric power using an electrical generator with rotor
and stator. This is due to development of torque and shaft power in the turbine.
From tables 1, 2 and 3, the power generated, shaft power, turbine input power, motor
efficiency and overall efficiency for fully, middle and small opening were calculated. In this
experiment, the step was followed appropriately to the lab manual given. The experiment was
repeated for three different types of the opening valve, which was fully, middle and small. Each
of its runs with different types of loads and combinations. Load 2-7 is the combination of load
1, 2 and 3 while load 8 and 9 were load 4 and load 5. Based on table 1 and 3, show the full
and small opening valve which load 2 had higher power generation, motor efficiency and
overall efficiency while in table 2 which was middle opening only had higher power generation
and overall efficiency which was 89.19 W and 22.74 % respectively. Furthermore, the lowest
efficiency and power generation at fully and middle opening valve is load 0 and load 1 was
2.35% and 4.00% respectively but small opening valve was load 5 which was 2.18%. Based
on Tables 1, 2 and 3, the combination of loads 1 and 2 has higher overall efficiency compared
to load 1 and 3 but this combination of three loads will generate less power and have low
efficiency.
Based on the graph 1, 4 and 7, the power generated is higher at the speed around 600
to 900 RPM because the power produced by the turbine increases from zero at the minimum
speed to the maximum at the optimum speed. According to Cobb & Sharp, 2013, as the speed
is above optimum, the turbine continues to produce the same power with lower efficiency.
Furthermore, the power generated in graph 4 by the middle opening valve was greater than
the full and small opening valve as shown in graphs 1 and 7. From the table above in section
3: Result and Data, the efficiency of the turbine is higher around 20 to 40% as shown in table
1, table 2 and table 3. The middle opening valve has higher efficiency compare to fully and
small opening valve which was 22.74% because of the optimum speed of the turbine in the
laboratory. Lastly, according to Takao & Setoguchi, 2012, the middle opening valve produced
an optimum pressure to turns the blades for giving the optimum speed for higher efficiency and
higher power generation.
From all the results discussed above, it can be concluded that different diameters of
the spear valve by controlling the opening valve will affect the speed of the turbine, the power
generated, overall efficiency and motor efficiency. As the diameter of the nozzle increase, the
speed of the turbine increases because the power generated, motor efficiency and overall
efficiency to increase (Sheet, 2016).
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This experiment briefly focused on the effect of spear valve towards the performance
of turbine. The concept of second law of thermodynamics was used where loss in heat energy
by the steam is converted by the turbine to electricity. The heat flows spontaneously only from
hotter to colder bodies. It can do work only with a drop-in temperature. The steam the enters
a steam turbine is hotter than the steam that exits it. The best efficiency of the power generated
was 22.74%. Overall, the energy generated for middle opening valve was the highest
compared to the other’s opening. The middle opening valve had the most optimum pressure
to ensure the blade move efficiently creating an optimum speed for the turbine to produce
electricity. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was achieved.
For recommendation, several errors may happen during experiment. The spear valve
must be precisely open or closing when conducting the experiment for accurate results.
Besides, the work distribution between members are needed in taking results, controlling the
valve and changing the load button. Lastly, installing the dampener absorber may reduce the
vibration from the blade of the turbine.
6.0 REFERENCES
1. Sheet, E. (2016). Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Mechanical

Engineering Laboratory Pelton Turbine Test.
2. Cobb, B. R., & Sharp, K. V. (2013). Impulse (Turgo and Pelton) turbine performance
characteristics and their impact on pico-hydro installations. Renewable Energy, 50,
959–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.010
3. Takao, M., & Setoguchi, T. (2012). Air turbines for wave energy conversion.
International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/717398
4. Kholifah, N. (2018). Performance of Pelton Turbine for Hydroelectric Generation in
Varying. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 288.
5. Mishra, P. (2016, October 24). MechanicalBooster.com. Retrieved from Mechanical
Booster: http://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/10/pelton-turbine-working-main-
parts-application with-diagram.html
6. Nigussie, T., Engeda, A., & Dribssa, E. (2017). Design, Modeling, and CFD Analysis of
a Micro Hydro Pelton Turbine Runner: For the Case of Selected Site in Ethiopia.
International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3030217
7. Zoppe, B., Pellone, C., Maître, T., & Leroy, P. (2006). Flow analysis inside a Pelton
turbine bucket. Journal of turbomachinery, 128(3), 500-511.
8. Agar, D., & Rasi, M. (2008). On the use of a laboratory-scale Pelton wheel water turbine
in renewable energy education. Renewable Energy, 33(7), 1517-1522.
9. Barstad, L. F. (2012). CFD analysis of a Pelton turbine (Master's thesis, Institutt for
energi-og prosessteknikk).
7.0 APPENDICES
FORMULA
1. Power Generated (W) 4. Motor Efficiency
P=IxV 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝜂 motor = 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
2. Shaft Power (W) 5. Overall Efficiency

2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Pshaft = 60
𝜂 overall = 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒.𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
3. Turbine Input Power
Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q
A. FULLY OPENING SPEAR VALVE
Figure 1: No load applied. Figure 2: Load 1 applied.
Figure 3: Load 2 applied. Figure 4: Load 1 and 2 applied.

Figure 7: Load 1, 2 and 3 applied. Figure 8: Load 4 applied.
Figure 9: Load 5 applied.

B. MIDDLE OPENING SPEAR VALVE


C. SMALL OPENING SPEAR VALVE


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1.

Table 1: Data for Fully Opening

Graph 1: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for Fully Opening

Graph 2: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Fully Opening

Graph 3: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Fully Opening

Graph 4: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for Middle Opening

Graph 5: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Middle Opening

Graph 6: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Middle Opening

Graph 7: Power Generated against Turbine Speed for Small Opening

Graph 8: Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Small Opening

Graph 9: Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed for Small Opening

Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

Fully Opening Middle Opening Small Opening

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

Fully Opening for L5

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power

Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q Pturbine.input = Pgage x Q

4. Motor Efficiency 4. Motor Efficiency

5. Overall Efficiency 5. Overall Efficiency

Middle Opening for L5

2. Shaft Power (W) 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

1. Power Generated (W) 1. Power Generated (W)

2. Shaft Power (W) 2. Shaft Power (W)

3. Turbine Input Power 3. Turbine Input Power