Foitax OF cone — Meson Iekaph Cawout “Binds - ‘ Binaing | AQ ~ Kiowa 1 Woks ~ Lubti card a) Roa tte i TAS ACAD KARAIKUDI ‘CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY ‘Tests on cement and aggregates - High grade coments High strength concrete Testing of fresh and hardend concrete - Non destructive testing - Concrete mix design ~ IS method quality control - cetering and shuttering sheet piles - slips and moving forms. Concrete follow block, masonry Construction joints. Cement - composition, tests, specifications, ‘properties - types of cements and admixtures CEMENT 1. Manufacture of Portland Cement: > Grinding together calcareous (lime stone chalk) and argillaceous (shale or clay) and other silica. Alumina or Iron oxide bearing materials. >The mixture is burnt in a kiln at a temperature of about 1300° C to 1500° c > Gypsum about 2 to 3 percent is mixed to prevent flash setting. > Mixture is ground to required fineness. 2. Chemical Composition: ‘Oxide | Function | Compotitior T[ Cad [Controls strength [60-65% and soundness Z| SiOz_| Gives strength BE 3. | AhOs [Responsible foi 8% quick setting, & | Feds | Gives coloys a 2-4% helps in fu differSQ_Y in gxadjent 5. | MgO colour | 13% d hardness . Composition of Cement Clinker ‘Bogue’s Composition, i)Tricalcium Silicate: C38: 45% ii)Dicalcium Silicate: C38: 25% iii)Tricalcium Aluminate:CsA:11% iv)Tetracalcium Alumino Ferrite:CsAF:9% > If the % of C:S is increased and that of C'S is decreased, a high early strength is obtained. > If the % of CS is lowered and that of CS is increased, the strength is PHOT —VAho developed very slowly. Setting: Change from fluid to a rigid state. Hardening: Gain of strength of a set cement. > CsA is responsible for initial setting of cement. > GS is responsible for early gaining of strength. > C3 is responsible for adding the strength from 14 to 28 days. > CAAF gives a higher resistance to the / Due to free lime d id by lechatlier apparatus, RPL be more than 20 mm. Kmpressive Strength: Cement fortar (1:3) cubes. The compressive strength at 3 and 7 days shall not be less than 16 N/mm2 and 22 N/mm2 respectively. 4. Types of Cements: Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (HPC): ‘Three days strength of this cement is equivalent to 7 days strength of OPC. > Rapid hardening property is achieved by higher CS content and by finer grinding. > Uses : (j) Early stripping of form work is possible. (i) Road repair works (where speedy development of strength is required) > Setting time is same as ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Early Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (ERHPC) > Attains strength more rapidly than RHC. > Manufactured by inter grinding about 2% Calcium Chloride. Low Heat Portland Cement: > Manufactured by reducing the percentage of C2S and C3A of ordinary Portland cement, > Useful for mass concrete works such as dams. IILFLOOR, BK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD.SRI RAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94868 31610, 99521 60010> Heat of hydration is comparatively lesser than that of OPC. ‘Sulphate Resisting Cement: > Similar to OPC except it contains more silicates and less quantity of aluminates, > Used for under-water structures particularly exposed to alkali action. > Blast Furnace Slag Portland Cement: > Manufactured by mixing Portland cement clinker with blast furnace slag about (65% of mass of mixture. > It has low heat of hydration, more durability and is better resistant to soil and water containing excessive amounts of sulphates, alkalies, metals as well as acidic water. > Used in Marine Works. > Proportion: i) Granulated blast furnace slag 2 80-85% Calcium Sulphate: 10-15% iii) Portland Cement Clinker: 5% > It has low heat evolution hence used for ‘mass concrete works. > Highly resistant to sulphate attack henc ‘useful for foundation works were aggressive chemical conditions exist Portland Pozzolana Cement (1 > Pozzolana: Fly ash, bu and pumicite > Manufactured by . gri Portland cement clinker to 25% of Pozzolana, Q Expanding Ceffren: High Alumina Materials ‘Aluminous Materials: Lime + Bauxite vvvvvy Under sea and under water works. > Advantages: Reduced cost, increased workability less heat of hydration, offers greater resistance to aggressive water. White Cement: White Chalk and China clay are used as raw material which imparts white colour. > Used for architectural works. > Coloured Cement: > Iron Oxide is added to give red and yellow, Cobalt to give blue and ‘manganese Oxide to give black colour. > Water Proof Portlang Gpment: > Water proofing (ageNy like Metal Stearates or NOMaponifiable oil are added Hacturing OPC. by grinding OPC clinker ‘0 0.4% of oloic acid, stearic id br pentachlorophenal. > Che gtbrage of ordinary Portland cement For such places hydrophobic cement is useful Masonry Cement: > Manufactured by interagrinding OPC and hydrated lime, granulated slag or crushed stone. > Good workability, reduced shrinkage and water repentivity, the Masonry absorbs water from the mortar resulting a poor bond. This difficulty is overcome when ‘masonry cement is used. (OPC) in humid places causes deterioration in quality of cement. Asmal inbfe of this cement when added to concrete, will eliminate cracks. Used for Nydraulic Structures. Composition : calcareous materials + Aluminous materials Uses :(1)_In Kilns, Chimneys which can with stand high temperature Type of Cement ISNo. Purpose orc 15 269 - 1976 General construction Low heat cement 15 269 ‘Massive construction Rapid Cement 1S 8041 For quick removal of form work Pozzlona Cement 18 1489 Chemical resistance High strength cement 1s 8112 Prestressed concrete Hydrophobic cement 15 8043 Waterproof construction LILFLOOR, BAK COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT 94864 31610, 9521 60010Grades of Cements: Grades of Cement is based on Crushing Strength of a cement mortar cube of size 70.71 mm (Gurface area of 50 cm?) cured for 28 days. They basically differ in terms of fineness of cement which in tern is expressed as specific surface area. Specific surface area is the surface area of the particles in 1 gram of cement (unit: cm? / gram). Chemically all the three grades of cement viz. grade 33, grade 43 and grade 53 are almost similar. ‘Their characteristics are listed below: Gr33- specific surface area is minimum 2,250 cm? / gram Gr43- specific surface area is minimum 3400 em? / gram Gr - specific surface area is much greater than 3,400 cm? / gram Grade 53 will have more shrinkage compare to other grades, but higher early strength. Therefore, generally preferred for quality concretes, prestressed concretes etc. CONCRETE > Concrete : “Concrete” is a composite product produced by mixin; course aggregate and water in a suitable proportion. (a) Coarse Aggregate: Generally crushed (b) Fine Aggregate: Medium sand. SO) (©) Potable water: PH value not legs th: 2. Concrete Mixes: ( (@) Types: (i) Nominal Mixes (i) Standard Mixes (ii) Design Nominal Mix: Mixes of fixed proportions generally by ‘Kile’ which ensure adequate strength. Standared Mix: As published in IS 456, set of ied in terms of dry weights of cement and aggregates. Foreg: MIS means 1:2:4; M20 meat: ¥2¥3; M10 means 1:3: 6 Design Mix: The proportions by weight batgd’as a national design method. No fixed proportions for a specified strength. 18456 - 1978 specifies 7 mixes M 10, M 15, M 20, M 25, M@Q, and M 40 ‘M’ stands for mix and number stands for characteristic strength of c Water Cement Rati concrete mix. Duff Abram with given conc and conditions of cement the strength of the concrete so ISkg as the mix is of a workable plasticity. The ratio of water Sere weight in a is ‘The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to water cement ratio ie,, lower the water cement ratio, greater is the strength. of concrete and vice versa, The relationship between water cement ratio by weight and the developed compressive strength of concrete at 23 days may be shown graphically. When water cement ratio becomes less than 0.4, the curve bends downward, which indicates that the concrete is not workable. If such a £ concrete used for construction then a honeycombed structure will be obtained Workability of Concrete: ‘The property of concrete which determines the amount of useful internal work, necessary to produce full compaction ie., workability is the amount of energy to overcome Friction while compacting, ‘Also defined as the relative case with which concrete can be mixed, transported, moulded and compacted. Workability Tests: ()_Slump Test: Slump cone of bottom dia 20cm ; top dia 10 em and height 30m. Three layers of concrete. Each layer lamped for 25 times by a standard lamping rod of 16 mm diameter and 60 cm length. The subsidence of concrete under gravity in ‘mm’ is called lump. EFLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, MAIN ROAD,SRIRAM NAGAR, KARAIKUDL CONTACT. 94864 31610, 99521 0010