NON PROLIFERATION AND DISARMAMENT REGIME:

Collective initiatives taken by international government to resist the spread of nuclear weapons,
leading to their total elimination. For this purpose different treaties were signed including:
 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
 Fissile Missile Cut Off Treaty (FMCT)
 NSG (Nuclear Supply Group)
 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT):

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which entered into force in
March 1970, seeks to inhibit the spread of nuclear weapons. Its 190 (191 with North Korea*)
states-parties are classified in two categories: nuclear-weapon states (NWS)—consisting of the
United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom—and non-nuclear-weapon states
(NNWS). Under the treaty, the five NWS commit to pursue general and complete disarmament,
while the NNWS agree to forgo developing or acquiring nuclear weapons.

With its near-universal membership, the NPT has the widest adherence of any arms control
agreement, with only South Sudan, India, Israel, and Pakistan remaining outside the treaty. In
order to accede to the treaty, these states must do so as NNWS, since the treaty restricts NWS
status to nations that "manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive
device prior to 1 January 1967." For India, Israel, and Pakistan, all known to possess or
suspected of having nuclear weapons, joining the treaty as NNWS would require that they
dismantle their nuclear weapons and place their nuclear materials under international safeguards.
South Africa followed this path to accession in 1991.

For enter in this treaty 3 conditions would apply:

1. No country will involve in (spreading of) nuclear weapons and use nuclear energy for
peaceful purpose

2. Countries who acquired nuclear weapons dismantle/give up their nuclear bombs

3. Disarmament

Pakistan, India, North Korea, Israel not the part of this treaty.

Success of NPT:

 in the 1960s – before the NPT - 25-30 nuclear-armed states were predicted
by the 1990s
  the NPT helped to slow proliferation – today there are 9 nuclear-armed
states the 5 recognised NWS, plus India, Pakistan and DPRK, and Israel
(which neither confirms nor denies its nuclear weapon status).
 South Africa dismantling its nuclear weapons and joining the NPT
 Argentina and Brazil joining the NPT
 Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine – which had nuclear weapons on their
territories on the dissolution of the USSR – joining the NPT
 indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 – and near-universalisation of
membership
 Libya's decision to renounce WMD.

Challenges to non-proliferation;

o a lessening of commitment to non-proliferation

 shown by the non-compliance cases – Iraq, Romania, DPRK, Libya and
Iran – and now, it appears, Syria
 as well as political inconsistency by many governments – or at least their
diplomats
 benefits of non-proliferation not always recognised – too often
seen as a "North-South" issue
o the spread of sensitive nuclear technologies (enrichment and reprocessing)
 particularly through an active black market – including even nuclear
weapon designs
o practical limits to the IAEA's verification capability – detecting undeclared
nuclear programs presents a major challenge.
 If the international community is not prepared to take effective action to uphold treaty
obligations the non-proliferation regime will have a limited future
o the dire predictions of a large number of nuclear-armed states could eventuate
after all
o rather than nuclear disarmament, the world will be facing increasing proliferation
and an ever-increasing risk of nuclear war.

Solution:

o the political commitment by most states to honour their non-proliferation

obligations
o verification of treaty observance through IAEA safeguards ("trust but verify")
o the limited availability for most states of fissile materials and the means to
produce them (i.e. enrichment and reprocessing)

DISARMAMENT:

Nuclear disarmament requires a stable strategic environment where the nuclear-armed states
have confidence, not only that the other nuclear-armed states will honour their treaty
commitments, but that non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) will also do so – that no new
nuclear-armed states will emerge, this is why the NPT (Article VI) places the obligation to
pursue nuclear disarmament not only on the nuclear-weapon states (NWS), but on all Parties (i.e.
including the NNWS).

Only solution to disarmament is “If P-5 give up their nuclear weapon then other will also give up
their nuclear weapons”(For detail study non-proliferation lec ,,,,,,,,,,,, for NPT history by pak
prespective study nuclear lecture)

COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT)

The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) prohibits “any nuclear weapon test explosion or
any other nuclear explosion” anywhere in the world. The treaty was opened for signature in
September 1996, and has been signed by 184 nations and ratified by 168. The treaty cannot enter
into force until it is ratified by 44 specific nations, eight of which have yet to do so: China, India,
Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, and the United States. The U.S. Senate voted against
CTBT ratification in 1999, and though in 2009 President Barack Obama announced his intention
to seek Senate reconsideration of the treaty, he did not pursue the initiative, though the United
States did see through UN Security Council Resolution 2310, which was the first UN Security
Council resolution to support the CTBT.

The 2018 Trump administration Nuclear Posture Reviews notes, "Although the United States
will not seek ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, it will continue to
support the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization …The United States will not
resume nuclear explosive testing unless necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the
U.S. nuclear arsenal, and calls on all states possessing nuclear weapons to declare or maintain a
moratorium on nuclear testing."

In order to verify compliance with its provisions, the treaty establishes a global network of
monitoring facilities and allows for on-site inspections of suspicious events.

FISSILE MATERIAL CUT OFF TREATY (FMCT)

A fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is a proposed international agreement that would
prohibit the production of the two main components of nuclear weapons: highly-enriched
uranium (HEU) and plutonium. In December 1993 the UN General Assembly adopted resolution
48/75L calling for the negotiation of a "non-discriminatory, multilateral and international
effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or
other nuclear explosive devices. Discussions on this subject have taken place at the UN
Conference on Disarmament (CD), a body of 65 member nations established as the sole
multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament. The CD operates by consensus and is often
stagnant, impeding progress on an FMCT.

Those nations that joined the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-weapon states are
already prohibited from producing or acquiring fissile material for weapons. An FMCT would
provide new restrictions for the five recognized nuclear weapon states (NWS—United States,
Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China), and for the four nations that are not NPT members
(Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea).’

A group of governmental experts issued a report in 2015 making recommendations on taking

forward an FMCT. In March 2016, the United States formulated a proposal at the Conference on
Disarmament to establish a working group to negotiate an FMCT.

The Trump administration stated that it would support the negotiation of an FMCT at the 2018
NPT Preparatory Committee. (for detail study treaties lec)

NUCLEAR SUPPLY GROUP (NSG)

Established in 1975, the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) monitor the supply of nuclear. It is
comprised of 48 states that have voluntarily agreed to coordinate their export controls to non-
nuclear-weapon states. The NSG governs the transfers of civilian nuclear material and nuclear-
related equipment and technology. The participants are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus,
Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The NSG aims to prevent nuclear exports for commercial and peaceful purposes from being used
to make nuclear weapons. In order to ensure that their nuclear imports are not used to develop
weapons, NSG members are expected to forgo nuclear trade with governments that do not
subject themselves to confidence-building international measures and inspections. The NSG has
two sets of Guidelines listing the specific nuclear materials, equipment, and technologies that are
subject to export controls.

In 2016 India apply for NSG and 48 countries had agreed only china oppose them to become part
of NSG

INTERNATION ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)

“Nonproliferation needs to become efficient, effective and non-discriminatory. There is a need

for trust, transparency and institutional reforms,”

Noam Chomsky

Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
Head: Rafael Grossi
Founded: July 29, 1957
Membership: 171 Member States
The IAEA is an international organization that seeks to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy
and prevent its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. With its headquarters in
Vienna, the agency reports to the United Nations General Assembly. Its function

 monitor production of nuclear weapon

 monitor nuclear facilities are safe or not

Pakistan elected IAEA board member, Sept 21 2018 again

IAEA elects 11 new members of the BoG every year for two-year term. And this year, Pakistan
was among those countries which were elected new board members. Pakistan has been elected
19 times to the BoG in the past which is recognition of the country’s long-standing commitment
to the aims and objectives of the IAEA in promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy and its
positive contribution to formulation of the policies and programmes of the agency.
Latest on IAEA
Pakistan seeks support of IAEA to boost its N-power Programme (Feb 2020)
IAEA’s streamlined support for Pakistan aimed to expand the nuclear power generating capacity
more than six-fold over the next decade, from 1430MW to 8800MW was discussed by
regulators, operators and representatives of organizations involved in Pakistan’s nuclear power
programme who gathered at IAEA’s headquarters in Vienna recently.

MILITIRIZATION AND WEAPONISTAION OF OUTTER SPACE

The exploration and use of outer space shall be for peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for
the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or
scientific development. … [The] prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave
danger for international peace and security

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2001, states “Prevention of an arms race in outer
space.
Militarization of Outer Space:
A country using satellite to spy on other country and for military communication is called
militarization.

Placing of satellites in the space to create a multi layered defense system (Gset 7 Satellites for
military communication, surveillance, intelligence gathering ). Use for
1. Space Denial (denying other states from using the space to launch satellites or destroy
one’s own satellite ) defensive strategy

WEAPONISTAION:
To destroy other satellite and area of country like space force application to blow other satellite
or use satellite as weapon.

Russia, N. Korea Claims that has the capability to launch and intercept any satellite
Arrival of LASER and Pulse Beams (using energy to hit satellites)
OUTER SPACE TREATY (10 October 1967)
 There should be peaceful use treaty
 No state can claim sovereignty over state
 No personal use or exploration
 Nuclear Weapons and Weapons of mass destruction cannot be placed in the space

ISSUES:

 Endanger space
 Destruction of satellite if any one of satellite destroyed
 Absence of regulatory regime: no monitoring body

Currently:
DURING the cold war, achievements in outer space were viewed as a power show and
ideological reputation. For instance, when the Soviet Union did broadcast its first man-
made satellite in 1957, the world took notice. The US followed the suit and won the race by
achieving mankind’s first landing on the moon through its Apollo Mission.
Since then, however, dynamics have changed. Today countries like India and China link their
outer space programmes not to be the global ‘firsts’ but to their economic development and
diplomatic influence on the Earth
India’s space programme is thriving as one of the fastest growing in the world. With its
successful ‘Mars Mission’ and various other satellite launches, India is emerging as a new space
power. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is now a go-to for countries like Japan,
Germany, South Korea, and France.
Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Suparco) predates the Indian
space programme by more than eight years. It was founded in 1961 while the ISRO launched in
1969. But today Suparco, being the first space agency, lags behind in all technological aspects
which makes ISRO a potent force. Owing to lack of resources, mismanagement and bureaucratic
hurdles, Pakistan’s space programme, especially when it is about commercial space exploration,
has seen a considerable decline.
It is vital for Pakistan to understand and acknowledge the importance of a robust space
programme. Doing so will not only help national and commercial space exploration but also
provide Pakistan with significant economic and military gains, needed to compete with a
resurgent and dominant neighbour.
Bagota Declaration
By the Declaration Of The First Meeting Of Equatorial Countries or “Bogotá Declaration”,
adopted on December 3, 1976, seven equatorial countries affirmed their sovereignty over the
portions of geostationary orbit over their territory. These states are: Colombia, the Republic of
Congo, Ecuador, Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda and Zaire; an eighth state, Brazil, has signed the
Bogotá Declaration as an observer. Gabon and Somalia joined this group later.