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SUMMARY OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Type; Structure Example

Real If the temperature drops to below 0°C,

present:
always If V1 (present)*, will V1(present) the water freezes.
works;
general The water freezes if the temperature
rules
drops to below 0°C.

**If the weather is fine, we will go for a

Real If V1 (present)*, will V (future)
future walk.

She will be happy if she gets the job.

2
***If I were in charge of the world, I
Unreal If V2 (past), would V would cancel war conflicts.
present could
/future might
He would go to the Moon if he had a
million dollars.
3

If had V3(perfect), would have If you had called me yesterday, I would

Unreal could have V3
past might have have tried to help.

They could have played better last year

if they had practiced more.
Mixed Unreal
present If V2 , would have If I were taller, I would have become a
2 and 3 + could have V3 basketball player.
might have
Unreal (but I am not: ))
past
3 and 2 If had V3, would
Unreal could V If I hadn’t eaten that stale food, I
past + might wouldn’t feel sick now.
Unreal
present
* (present) - can be Present Simple, Continuous, or Perfect ** If; Unless; In case; Provided/Providing(that); When;
Whenever; As long as; After/Before; Until; As soon as; Once… (in 1st Cond.) ***In case, Imagine, Suppose (in2nd Cond.)
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A. Put the verbs into the correct form. (Conditional Clauses type 1, 2, 3 or mixed)
1. If I___________ (install) an alarm, the thieves __________ (not be) able to break into my house
last week.
2. If I __________ (get) the job, I ___________ (take) you out to dinner to celebrate tonight.
3. I __________ (make) a film with Bruce Willis if I ___________ (be) a famous director, but I’m not.
4. If you ____________ (send) the application to the company on time, they _________ (call) you for
an interview. I can’t understand why you didn’t.
5. She ____________ (not lose) any weight unless she __________ (follow) a stricter diet.
6. He __________ (not be) ill today if he ___________(not walk) home in the rain last night.
7. Tony __________ (not be) a successful businessman if his parents ___________ (not encourage)
and___________ (support) him.
8. If it ____________ (rain) this weekend, we __________ (have to cancel) the tennis match.
9. We were in a hurry yesterday. We ___________ (save) time if we ___________ (take) the plane.
10. I’m sorry. If _________ (have) a car, I _____________ (pick) you up from airport last night.
B. Rewrite the following sentences using the clues. Make sure the meaning stays the same.

1. I advise you to read the instructions carefully.

If I ______________________________________________________

2. He may not refuse to travel abroad. Then, he will be offered the job.
Unless ___________________________________________________

3. Mike can’t help the committee because he is very busy.

If Mike ___________________________________________________

4. Nottingham is famous all over the world because Robin Hood lived there.
Nottingham ___________________________________

5. Roger didn’t wear his seat belt, so he was badly injured.

If ____________________________________________

C. Circle the correct answer.

1. You _____________ the train if you ________________.
a. wouldn’t have missed / had hurried.
b. Wouldn’t miss / had hurried.
c. Won’t miss / hurried.
d. Wouldn’t have missed / hurried.

2. I don’t have any good friends. If I ___________ one, I _______________ my problems with
him or her.
a. have / will share
b. had / would share
c. had had / would have shared
d. have / would share

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3. I didn’t take a map with me and now I’m lost. If I ________ a map with me, I ________ now.
a. have / won’t be lost
b. had / wouldn’t be lost
c. had had / wouldn’t have been lost
d. had had / wouldn’t be lost

4. She never helps me with this job. It _______ my life easier if she_____ .
a. would make / did
b. would make / does
c. would have made / did
d. would have made / does
GRAMMATICAL CLOZE TESTS

HELPFUL HINTS
Before answering cloze test questions, make sure you skim the text and become familiar with the
topic.
• Study the option to determine the language focus tested.
• Always pay attention to subject-verb agreement and use of tense.
• If the language focus tested is conditionals, pay attention to whether the situation is present or
past, and if it is imaginary or not.

A. Read the text and choose the correct answer.

The seas all over the world are in danger because of industrial and nuclear waste, chemical
fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead, and the North Sea is following.
If nothing __(1)__ about this problem, one day soon nothing __(2)__ live in the seas.

1. a) had been done 2. a) would be able to

b) is done b) was able to
c) were done c) will be able to
d) will be done d) might have been able to

B. Read the text and choose the correct answer.

If this theory about parallel universes is correct, it __(1)__ that we’re living in more than one
universe at the same time. But if that __(2)__ true – if I was doing different things in different
universes – __(3)__ about it. And if I __(4)__ about it, how could it be me doing these things? If I
__(5)__ the lottery last year in a parallel universe, and decided to sail around the world, how is that
‘me’? It doesn’t make sense!
And another thing. If I do something, it __(6)__ consequences. For example, if I __(7)__
study, I might not pass my exams. I can’t start thinking about different universes where the
consequences are different. If I just think about the universe I actually live in, then I’m sure __(8)__
okay!
(Taken from Destination Grammar and Vocabulary B2, MacMillan, 2010, p.58)

1. a) has meant b) means c) had meant d) meant

2. a) will be b) was being c) were d) has been
3. a) I’d know b) I’ll know c) I have known d) I know
4. a) wouldn’t know b) don’t know c) won't know d) didn't know
5. a) had won b) was winning c) have won d) win
6. a) would have b) would have had c) will have d) had had
7. a) won’t b) haven’t c) don’t d) hadn’t
8. a) I’d be b) I’ve been c) I’d have been d) I’ll be

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HELPFUL HINTS

• If the language focus is use of modals or tense, pay attention to voice (i.e. active or passive).

C. Choose the best alternative for the following questions.

In the frozen lands of northern Canada, husky dogs __(1)__ to pull sledges. At one time, sledges
pulled by dogs were the only way of travelling in winter, and even today they are often the only
viable form of transport as they __(2)__ operate in extreme weather conditions when mechanical
transport is quite useless. Huskies are about 65 centimetres high and 112 centimetres long from nose
to tail. They __(3)__ between 30 and 50 kilograms and have an extremely thick coat which enables
them to sleep outside in even the coldest weather.

1. a) have been using 2. a) managed 3. a) are weighing

b) are used b) must b) weigh
c) are using c) can c) weighed
d) uses d) are able d) have weighed
D. Read the text and choose the correct answer.
Floods in Central Europe
Following a period of very heavy rainfall, water levels have risen dramatically. Mountain
rivers have already flooded hundreds of villages and the big rivers of the region __(1)__ the same
any minute. The moment water levels __(2)__ above “danger level,” the people from the areas
bordering the rivers __(3)__ from their homes.

Tonight, an emergency task force set up by five countries from the region __(4)__ a possible
aid plan for the flooded areas. They have been co-coordinating all rescue operations: 2,500 rescue
teams have been sent to the most affected regions so far and at least 500 more rescue teams,
including psychologists, __(5)__ by the end of this week. The psychologists __(6)__ the most
distressed families to offer counseling and help develop effective stress-coping strategies.

However, the most important things now are food and water. The rescue operation
coordinator said today: “Fresh water __(7)__ be provided to the flooded areas to prevent water-
borne diseases from spreading. If we don’t give people safe water and food, we __(8)__ be facing an
epidemic very soon.”

Experts say that the flood __(9)__ prevented after the disaster that struck this part of Europe
in 1997. An anonymous expert said today: “The flood __(10)__ predicted – it was clear from
meteorological evidence that very heavy and long-lasting rain would fall over Central Europe. I
think people __(11)__ warned and it was certainly possible to introduce more protective measures.
If this __(12)__ done, we __(13)__ at least some of the tragedy.”
1. a) may do 2. a) rises 3. a) evacuate
b) may have done b) rise b) have evacuated
c) must do c) will rise c) will be evacuated
d) must have done d) will be rising d) have been evacuated

4. a) will be discussing 5. a) will be sending 6. a) will be meeting

b) have been discussing b) will have sent b) will have met
c) discuss c) will send c) will be met
d) have discussed d) will have been sent d) are meeting

7. a) can’t 8. a) will 9. a) could be

b) must b) must b) should be
c) shouldn’t c) need to c) could have been
d) could d) should d) must have been

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10. a) should have been 11. a) should have been 12. a) will be
b) can’t have been b) should be b) had been
c) must have been c) may have been c) was
d) won’t have been d) will be d) is

13. a) would avoid

b) will have avoided
c) will avoid
d) would have avoided
(Taken from Opportunities Upper Intermediate, Longman, 2002, p.79)
E. Choose the best alternative for the following questions.
From very early times, lights __(1)__ used to warn sailors about dangerous rocks. It was common to
build tall stone towers on the tops of hills and to keep open fires burning on top of them. A light of
this type at Young Nick's Head is believed to be __(2)__ in the country. A fire was lit there, at the
top of a stone tower sixty feet in height, as early as 1170, a century after the Norman invasion.

1. a) are being 2. a) as old as

b) must be b) older
c) were being c) the oldest
d) have been d) very old

CLOSEST MEANING

For each sentence, choose the alternative (a, b, c or d) that has the closest meaning.
1. They’ll have the meeting, and then they’ll share the report.
a) Before they share the report, they will have the meeting.
b) After sharing the report, they will have the meeting.
c) They cannot share the report if they don’t have the meeting.
d) After they share the report, they cannot have the meeting.

2. I’ll finish marking the exams, and right after that I’ll tell you the results.
a) First I must finish marking the exams, and then I may tell you the results.
b) I won’t tell you the results even if I finish marking the exams.
c) After I finish marking the exams, I might tell you the results.
d) I’ll tell you the results as soon as I finish marking the exams.

3. Do some revision and then I’ll give you a test.

a) If you did some revision, I’d give you a test.
b) After the test, you should do some revision.
c) I won’t give you a test until you do some revision.
d) Before giving the test, I did some revision.

4. His lights are on, so I’m pretty sure Dan is at home.

a) Dan must be at home as his lights are on.
b) Dan’s lights are on, so he can’t be at home.
c) Dan must have been at home because his lights are on.
d) I don’t think Dan is at home although his lights are on.

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5. It is impossible that Cassie won the dancing competition- she’s terrible at dancing.
a) Cassie must have won the dancing competition.
b) Cassie may not have won the dancing competition.
c) Cassie can’t have won the dancing competition.
d) Cassie should have won the dancing competition.

6. I started playing squash six years ago.

a) I played squash when I was six years old.
b) I have been playing squash for six years.
c) I played squash six years ago.
d) I played squash for six years.

7. He didn’t study enough, so he failed all his exams.

a) If he had studied enough, he wouldn’t have failed all his exams.
b) If he had studied, he would have definitely passed his exams.
c) If he studied enough, he wouldn’t fail all his exams.
d) If he hadn’t studied enough, he would have failed all his exams.

8. Shakespeare wrote this play in 1587.

a) This play has been written by Shakespeare.
b) This play was written by Shakespeare in 1587.
c) Shakespeare wrote this play many years ago.
d) 1587 was an important year for Shakespeare.

9. I’m sure you were exhausted after such a long journey.

a) You must have been exhausted after such a long journey.
b) You might be exhausted because of the long journey.
c) After such a long journey, you should be exhausted.
d) You could have been exhausted after such a long journey.

10. They are opening a new branch of that bookshop in our town.
a) A new branch of that bookshop has been opened in our town.
b) Our town is opening a new bookshop.
c) A new branch of that bookshop is being opened in our town.
d) It is possible that they will open a new branch of the bookshop.

11. Suzy says she’ll only play tennis if Fiona plays with her.
a) Suzy has refused to play tennis unless Fiona plays with her.
b) Suzy will play tennis if Fiona doesn’t play.
c) If Fiona played with her, Suzy wouldn’t like to play tennis.
d) Suzy will definitely play tennis unless Fiona plays with her.

12. A man at the entrance of the museum gave us a map.

a) A map is given at the entrance of the museums.
b) We were given a map at the museum entrance.
c) They gave a map to a man at the museum entrance.
d) We gave our map to a man at the museum entrance.

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13. Sally arrived late at the conference because her flight was delayed.
a) Sally’s flight was delayed because she arrived late at the conference.
b) Even if Sally’s flight was on time, she would arrive late at the conference.
c) If Sally’s flight hadn’t been delayed, she wouldn’t have arrived late at the conference.
d) If Sally hadn’t arrived late, her flight wouldn’t have been delayed.

14. Colin will only read your e-mail if you mark it as urgent.
a) Unless you mark your e-mail as urgent, Colin won’t read it.
b) Colin won’t read your e-mail if you mark it as urgent.
c) Colin won’t read your e-mail even if you mark it as urgent.
d) Colin will read your e-mail if you don’t mark it as urgent.

15. I stayed up late; now I have a headache.

a) I have a headache; therefore, I won’t stay up late.
b) I have a headache, so I have to stay up late.
c) If I stayed up late, I would have a headache.
d) If I hadn’t stayed up late, I wouldn’t have a headache now.

16. If she does not call us today, we‘ll have to cancel her reservation.
a) We’ll cancel her reservation after she calls us.
b) If she called us today, we would cancel her reservation.
c) Unless she calls us today, we’ll have to cancel her reservation.
d) First, she will call us, and then we will cancel her reservation.

17. The traffic was heavy, that’s why we got there late.
a) If the traffic hadn’t been heavy, we wouldn’t have got there late.
b) If the traffic wasn’t heavy, we would get there on time.
c) If the traffic was heavy, we wouldn’t get there on time.
d) If the traffic had been heavy, we wouldn’t have got there late.

18. The last time I ate seafood was at my parents’ wedding anniversary.
a) It has been years since I last ate seafood.
b) I have been eating seafood very often since my parents’ wedding anniversary.
c) I haven’t eaten seafood since my parents’ wedding anniversary.
d) I ate seafood at my parents’ wedding anniversary last year.

19. I strongly advise you to look for a new job.

a) It is possible that you will look for a new job.
b) You don’t have to look for a new job.
c) You might look for a new job.
d) If I were you, I would look for a new job.

20. Perhaps Olivia married him for his money.

a) Olivia can’t have married him for his money.
b) Olivia must have married him for his money.
c) Olivia may have married him for his money.
d) Olivia should have married him for his money.

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21. I ate too many apples last night, so I feel terrible now.
a) If I hadn’t eaten too many apples last night, I wouldn’t feel terrible now.
b) If I had eaten too many apples last night, I would feel terrible now.
c) If I ate too many apples, I would feel terrible now.
d) If I hadn’t eaten too many apples last night, I wouldn’t have felt terrible.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Based on ACADEMIC WORD LISTS- SUBLISTS 1 & 2

Choose the best answer

1. He did a/an _______________ of the way children learn a language for his Master's thesis.

a) context b) period c) factor d) analysis

2. Environmental pollution seems to be an important _______________ in the increase in cancers all

over the world.

a) factor b) authority c) product d) research

3. The young popstar became famous while still in high school after winning a/an _______________
with a major record label.

a) income b) contract c) source d) individual

4. Your continued lateness for class _______________ that you are not really a very serious student.

a) affects b) creates c) indicates d) formulates

5. The government has announced a special program to help _______________ new small
businesses.

a) finance b) derive c) occur d) estimate

6. One of the _______________ of studying English in the U.S. is that you have the opportunity to
speak English outside of class.

a) concepts b) benefits c) definitions d) roles

7. The cat slowly _______________ the bush where the mouse was hiding.

a) approached b) responded c) involved d) varied

8. The government recently passed _______________ which prohibits tobacco advertising at

sporting events.

a) evidence b) legislation c) data d) labor

9. The oldest _______________ to win a medal in the Olympics was Oscar Swahn, who won a silver
medal in shooting at the age of 72.

a) policy b) individual c) structure d) theory

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10. Under the Soviet system, the economy of Georgia was run on socialist _______________, such as
public ownership of the means of production.

a) principles b) specifications c) issues d) sections

11. The country covers a total _______________ of over 1,725 square kilometres.

a) establishment b) area c) process d) percentage

12. The world's _______________ rainforests are located in South and Central America, and in
South-east Asia.

a) major b) economical c) similar d) processed

13. She won awards in both the best female vocalist and best album of the year _______________.

a) conducts b) chapters c) distinctions d) categories

14. Did you _______________ anything of value while you were travelling in the U.S.?

a) purchase b) focus c) injure d) perceive

15. In this course, we will be teaching you a number of different _______________ which will help
you learn to read more quickly in English.

a) restrictions b) strategies c) investments d) institutions

16. Prep students in this program are encouraged to _______________ in as many activities as
possible in order to get to know people and practise speaking English.

a) achieve b) construct c) participate d) evaluate

17. Karla had _______________ a bit of an English accent after living in London for 5 years.

a) selected b) transferred c) resided d) acquired

18. If you are giving a speech, remember that if you start five minutes early, your audience will be
quite happy, but if you _______________ five minutes late, they may be angry or impatient.

a) regulate b) conclude c) impact d) consume

19. Canada is a country which is rich in natural _______________ such as lumber, fish, and clean
water.

a) resources b) aspects c) consequences d) designs

20. There are people with a wide _______________ of abilities in our tennis club, from absolute
beginners to those who have played professionally.

a) feature b) achievement c) range d) credit

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WORD FORMATION

Activity 1. Choose the most suitable word

1. In learning a second language, some people are very __________ and want a rule for everything,
while others prefer to gather examples and imitate them.

a) analyze b) analytical c) analysis d) analysts

2. Gorillas, endangered in most other parts of Africa, are said to be so numerous in the nation of
Gabon that they've almost become an __________ nuisance.

a) environmental b) environment c) environmentalist d) environmentally

3. Human beings are the only species which can __________ its own impact on the environment.

a) concept b) conceptual c) conceptualize d) conception

4. According to the Louvre, the value of the painting known as the Mona Lisa is simply __________.

a) inestimable b) estimate c) estimated d) estimation

5. This study employs a standardized __________ for evaluating the effectiveness of preventive
health care measures

a) methods b) methodological c) methodology d) methodological

Activity 2. Discuss the following questions.

1. Why is spam such a big problem? 2. What can be done to stop spam?

A. Check your answers to the questions above with the text below. Ignore the gaps.
Spam spam spam spam

If you’ve been deleting a lot of (1)_____________ e-mail recently, you’re not WANT
alone. Perhaps the most (2)______________ headache for web users today is IMPORTANCE
dealing with spam – all those endless (3)______________ we find in our e- ADVERTISE
mail inboxes. As many as 100 million spam messages are sent every day, and
downloading and deleting them entails both (4)______________ and CONVENIENT
expense, costing web users as much as $1billion a day in lost time. And
perhaps even more (5)______________ is the fact that the content of spam can ANNOY
be (6)______________ or even dangerous. But attempts to make spam EMBARRASS
(7)______________ have met with opposition in the USA by supporters of LEGAL
free speech. So for now it is up to the individual to stop spam. But without
help this can be a long process, deleting individual e-mails by hand. One
(8)______________ method has been to install a spam filter which SUCCEED
(9)______________ spam emails and deletes them for you. Unfortunately, IDENTITY
these filters can also delete normal e-mails, too. Technology, it would seem,
is no (10)____________ for an old-fashioned stamp and envelope. COMPETE
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