Nicole R.

Ilagan
III BSED- ENGLISH

5G: Fifth generation (5G) cellular represents the latest stage

in the evolution of mobile communications. It is also a new
standard that relies upon various supporting technologies
including millimeter wave (mmWave) propagation, IPv6
transmission protocol, and many others still in the R&D
stage with major infrastructure providers. Unlike LTE /4G,
5G represents a purpose-built technology with a network-
centric approach. Among the major differences with LTE,
5G will provide substantially higher data rate in a range of
several gigabits per seconds (Gbps). 5G is also being
standardized to provide improvements to the Internet of
Things (IoT).

6G: Sixth generation (6G) cellular is part of the evolution

of cellular mobile communications as the 6G technology
market follows 5G to continue the transformation of
wireless communications beyond voice and data services to
become more more intertwined with other technologies.
Several key technologies will converge with 6G including
AI, big data analytics, and computing. 6G networks will
extend the performance of existing 5G applications along
with expanding the scope of capabilities in support of
increasingly new and innovative applications across the
realms of sensing, wireless cognition, and imaging.

AIoT: The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

and the Internet of Things (IoT), otherwise known as the
Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), will facilitate
unprecedented opportunities for the ICT industry as well
as the industry verticals that leverage data analytics for
improved business operations and development of new
and enhanced products and services. Largely relegated to
consumer electronics and appliances today, the AIoT
market is anticipated to become an essential utility-type
service to enterprise.

Application Programming Interface: The role of

Application Programming Interfaces (API) is evolving
within the Information and Communications Technology
(ICT) space to support increasingly more than consumer
oriented communications, applications, commerce, and
digital content. With the Internet of Things (IoT), APIs
are a key enabler of IoT software development as well as
application and service operations. They are also rapidly
becoming table stakes for interoperability between IoT
platforms, devices, and gateways. Telecom APIs
capitalize on existing network infrastructure and platforms to facilitate many new
business opportunities for global Communication Service Providers (CSP) to offer
Business-to-Business (B2B) services in a Data as a Service (DaaS) basis. CSPs offer data
over Telecom APIs in a DaaS model to data aggregators as well as direct to enterprise
customers and Over-the-Top (OTT) players. In response to the growing threat of all apps
being completely OTT based, with little or no carrier involvement, Leading CSPs such as
AT&T realized as early as 2011 that they needed to start programs to open up network
assets as well as databases to third-parties as a means of establishing and maintaining
their own application development community.

Artificial Intelligence: Comprised of many

different technologies and tools, Artificial Intelligence
(AI) provides methods and techniques to provide
human-like decision making in an automated basis,
and on a scale and scope that would be prohibitive
without advanced software and careful system
integration. AI is anticipated to have an ever
increasing role in ICT including both traditional
telecommunications as well as many communications
enabled applications and digital commerce. AI is
increasingly integrated in many areas including Internet search, entertainment, commerce
applications, content optimization, and robotics. The long-term prospect for these
technologies is that they will become embedded in many different other technologies and
provide autonomous decision making on behalf of humans, both directly, and indirectly
through many processes, products, and services

.
Augmented Reality: Augmented Reality (AR) is
a form of immersive technology that represents a live,
direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world
environment whose elements are augmented by
computer-generated sensory input that enriches the
user’s perception of the real world. Although AR is
often perceived to be in the visual domain (video,
graphics, etc.), it also includes sound and touch as
well as data such as presence and location
information. One of the industry adoption areas for
AR is connected vehicles as AR can enhance automobile services including information,
entertainment, security and safety. A see-through heads up display vehicle augmented
reality system will be of value to drivers as an augmentation of the real-world. This will
include a view of the real-world with an overlay of augmented information such as
navigation routes, destination, pedestrian, obstacles on the road, and more.

Big Data Analytics: Designed to deal primarily

with Unstructured Data, Big Data technologies
represent a collective combination of physical
infrastructure, data collection and integration
capabilities, data security infrastructure, data storage
management, data mining and analytics. New models
are emerging to reduce friction across the value chain
including enhanced Big Data as a Service (BDaaS)
offerings. BDaaS is anticipated to make cross-industry, cross-company, and even cross-
competitor data exchange a reality that adds value across the ecosystem with minimized
security and privacy concerns.

Blockchain Technology: The term blockchain

refers to decentralized ledger or database management
system that enables participants to record data that is
stored as a chain of transaction in the form of digital
tokens, sequentially grouped into a block. Each block
is connected to the previous block to form a peer to
peer network that facilitates data transfer among
participants using cryptographic security while
ensuring a high degree of transparency and security.
The block may represent financial transactions,
contracts, assets, identities, and anything else in digital
format. Bitcoin is the early example of the use of
blockchain technology.

Cloud Computing: From its origins, cloud

computing has been largely relegated to Software,
Platforms, and Infrastructure (SPI) in an “as a service”
model as Software as Service (SaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
While the SPI model is important for enterprise and
service providers, cloud computing is evolving to
encompass Everything as a Service, often referred to
as XaaS where X represents the specific service
supported via a cloud environment. Cloud computing
is also evolving from a purely centralized approach to
one in which edge computing becomes increasingly important.

Data as a Service: Data as a Service (DaaS) is

defined as any service offered wherein users can
access vendor provided databases or host their own
databases on vendor managed systems. DaaS is
expected to grow significantly in the near future due
to a few dominant themes including cloud-based
infrastructure/services, enterprise data syndication,
and the consumer services trend towards Everything
as a Service (XaaS). In addition, vendor managed
systems provide necessary scalability and security for
sustainable services execution. The DaaS market is
expected to continue to expand alongside the Cloud Computing services model over the
next decade. Telecom Data as a Service (TDaaS) is one of those new models in which
CSPs offer DaaS to various third-party businesses on an anonymized basis. IoT Data as a
Service (IoTDaaS) offers convenient and cost effective solutions to enterprises of various
sizes and domain. IoTDaaS constitutes retrieving, storing and analyzing information and
provide customer either of the three or integrated service package depending on the
budget and the requirement.
 Data Management: Managing ICT data takes
many shapes and forms. Specialized technologies,
tools, and techniques (referred to collectively as Big
Data Analytics) are utilized to deal with unstructured
data (e.g. data that is non-correlated and/or of
sufficient size and scope to be unwieldy to manage
with conventional data management tools). Leveraging
analytics tools to derive value, and the integration
between cloud, IoT, and enterprise operational
technology are key focus areas for large companies
across virtually every industry vertical. This is important for many industry verticals and
market segments. For example, Smart Cities will rely upon IoT data management and
analytics to provide control, automation, and enable better decision making.

Edge Computing: There is an evolution underway

in which edge computing is gaining prominence in
ICT networks. Decentralized or distributed (e.g. Fog)
cloud computing will become increasingly important
as various wireless and Internet of Things (IoT)
related applications require massive computing at the
edge of networks. Mobile cellular operators are
making plans for Mobile Edge Computing (MEC),
which enables cloud computing capabilities and an IT
service environment at the edge of the cellular
network. MEC will enable many new and enhanced applications and services including
improvements in Augmented Reality, Location-based Services, Enterprise-specific
Context Aware Services, Real-time Data as a Service (DaaS), and more.

Haptic Internet: Most people are familiar with

Haptic technology by way of the kinesthetic user
interface for smart phones or other consumer
electronics that recreates a sense of touch by
applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user.
Conversely, haptic devices may incorporate tactile
sensors that measure forces exerted by the user on
the interface. Tactile Internet will be based on haptic
sense/ touch that will connect humans with unknown
environments. Haptic sense establishes bilateral communication patterns as touch
imposes sensed motion on environment that enables environment to create a distortion or
reaction and feel. Tactile Internet enables the service level of haptic or non-verbal
communication where remote users will be able to enjoy haptic experiences through real-
time interactive systems. The primary application that will run on tactile Internet is called
haptic communication. Sensing touch is used as communication medium in non-verbal
and non-visual haptic communication.
 Heterogeneous Networks: Wireless
networks need to handle an ever increasing
number of devices, consuming high volumes of
data, both indoors and outdoors, and in a very
unpredictable pattern with seamless coverage
and consistent capacity. A Heterogeneous
Network (HetNet) is comprised of a
combination of cellular Macro Cells, Small
Cells, Carrier WiFi and supporting
technologies to meet the coverage and usage
demands of both humans and machines
(associated with IoT apps and services). In a
HetNet environment, the Macro Cell provides a larger umbrella coverage area while
Small Cells are placed in strategically closer locations to the UE to provide required
coverage and capacity. HetNets are critical infrastructure for the success of LTE and for
the development of future 5G based networks.

ICT Infrastructure: Telecom and

Computing networks are comprised of
physical and logical elements, which are
manifest in the architectures and systems that
provide features, functionality, and
capabilities necessary to provide modern
communications, applications, digital content
and commerce. Certain components and
systems are foundational elements,
supporting core services, whereas other
elements provide value-added services (VAS)
and/or enable VAS capabilities.

Industrial Evolution: Not a “revolution”

but an evolution, industrial systems and
processes have evolved through three unique
stages starting with mechanization and the use
of water power in phase one. Phase two was
characterized as industry reliant upon
electricity and the use of automated factories
for mass production. The third stage of
industrial evolution is characterized as
leveraging electronics and IT systems for
further automation improvements. The fourth
stage, often referred to as “Industry 4.0” (or
Industrie 4.0) leverages emerging technologies such as IoT to enable cyber-to-physical
communications, interactions, and control.
 Industrial Internet of Things: The term
Industrial Internet or Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT) is sometimes used in the context
of next generation manufacturing, but it may
also be referenced in a more general sense to
pertain to the broader enterprise market, which
includes many different industry verticals such
as IoT in Agriculture. In both cases, IIoT
benefits will extend beyond initial cost savings
and process improvements to identification of
entirely new business models and service
offerings as traditional products transform to
services.

Intelligent Network (IN): The term

Intelligent Network is typically reserved for
reference to telecommunication standards and
technologies associated with centralized control
application control and services management.
IN standards in cellular networks include
Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced
Logic (CAMEL) for GSM networks and
Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) for ANSI
networks. The use of CAMEL and WIN are
central to the delivery of many important
cellular services such as prepaid
communications. While IN natively relies upon
SS7 for signaling, solutions have been developed to enable signaling via Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) for certain database oriented services such as enhanced Caller ID.

Internet of Things: The Internet of Things (IoT)

refers to uniquely identifiable objects (things)
and their virtual representations in an Internet-
like structure. Stated differently, the concept
involves the notion that there are many things
(assets, objects, etc.) in the world that may be
addressed/labeled/cataloged for various
purposes.
 Packet Switching: A form of switching in
which data is transmitted as packets of
information that are “bursty” in nature a usually
transmitted over diverse routes. This is in
contrast to circuit-switching that relies upon
maintaining a dedicated channel for signaling
and communications.

Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS):

Often used to refer to the most basic legacy
features, such as “dial tone” and the ability to
simply initiate and receive calls, POTS is
occasionally used to conversely refer to
telecommunications services that do not rely
upon advanced features or technologies such as
use of Internet Protocols or next generation ICT
infrastructure.

Public Switched Telecommunications

Network (PSTN): Generally referred to as
the core telecommunications network relied
upon for local wireline communications as
well as transport of long distance calls and
other traditional services. In contrast, cellular
systems are typically not considered part of the
PSTN, but rather interconnect with it so that
wireline callers can reach wireless users and
vice versa. Likewise, next generation packet-
based networks that utilize Internet Protocol
based signaling and data transfer are also not
considered part of the PSTN.

Self-organizing Networks: Mobile

Network Operators (MNO) are constantly
optimizing their networks. MNO look
towards automation technologies, processes,
and procedures as a means of more efficiently
managing their large networks, which consist
of tens of thousands of base station with
hundreds of settings each. Self-organizing
Networks (SON) provide automation solution
for planning, configuration, management,
optimization, and healing of mobile RAN
functions that emerged out from 4G LTE
environment and IMS technology. SON
provides efficient, and in some cases, programmatic means of fine tuning cellular
networks. SON systems are part of next generation OSS/BSS technologies for mobile
network operators to automate previously manual network optimization procedures.
 Signaling System Seven: A critical
component of modern telecommunications
systems, SS7 is a communications protocol
that provides signaling and control for
various network services and capabilities.
Being a layered protocol, SS7 provides
various protocol levels for connection
oriented and connectionless (database)
signaling in fixed and mobile networks. The
Transaction Capabilities Application Part
(TCAP) portion of the SS7 protocol stack is
utilized for transport of the payload of other
application processes. The ISDN User Part
(ISUP) portion of the SS7 protocol is a form
of connection oriented signaling used for call
set-up.

Smart Cities: A large percentage of the

global population lives in an urban
environment, a rapidly accelerating trend that
is taxing the resources and management
capabilities of city governments. In addition,
the enhanced mobility of modern society has
created extreme competition between cities to
attract skilled residents, corporations, and
related jobs. Accordingly, many countries
have initiated efforts to create “Smart Cities“.
These efforts include global ICT infrastructure
suppliers and communication service
providers deploying a combination of technologies including Artificial Intelligence,
Broadband Wireless, Cloud Computing, and IoT Technology to improve the efficiency
and operational effectiveness of urban centers and surrounding suburban environments.