FARMAKOGNOSI

(PENDAHULUAN)

Dyke Gita Wirasisya, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt.

Program Studi Farmasi Universitas Mataram

 George M Ebers
Egyptologist

German Egyptologist and novelist, discovered the Egyptian medical papyrus, of ca. 1550 BCE, named for him
(see Ebers papyrus) at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873–74. ebers Papyrus currently kept in Uni of
Leipzig. Ebers studied jurisprudence at Uni Gottingen and study archaelogi at Berlin Oriental languages.

2

Pen Tsao
Pen T-Sao or native herbal
(compendium of materia medica)
was written by Shen Nung (2700
BC) an emperor from China.
Others Records
Rigveda and Atharveda
Very old text (some are older
than TCM text) that described
medicinal properties of plants.
Serat Centhini dan Serat
Kawruh
Serat centhini and serta kawruh are
the oldest manuscript in Indonesia
that recorded the use of plants as
medicine. Others like lontar usada
have similar record.
The Cannon of
Medicine
Unani medicine → The Cannon of
medicine (al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb)
was compiled by Avicenna
3
 The Term of Pharmacognosy

C.A Seydler J.A Schmidt

Wrote his doctoral thesis titled analectia pharmacognostica
in 1815
Using the term pharmacognosy in his book
Lehrbuch der Materia Medica in 1811 to
explained the study of medicinal plants and its
properties...
4
 WHY NATURAL SOURCE??

DIMANFAATKAN
TRADITIONAL REMEDIES
• PERAWATAN KESEHATAN
PLANTS, ANIMAL, MINERAL • PENGOBATAN

SYNTHETICS

ZAT AKTIF
(LEAD COMPOUNDS) SEMI SYNTHETICS

• PERLU WAKTU ZAT AKTIF TIDAK SEMUA DIKETAHUI

• ZAT AKTIF (METABOLIT) MEMPUNYAI BENTUK STEREOKIMA SPESIFIK
Salix alba L.

6
7
 S*/NM 10%
S* 4% B 15%
N 5%
S/NM 14%

ND 23%

S 33%

B : biologicals, e.g., vaccines, monoclonal antibodies

N : unmodified natural product
ND : natural product derived, semisynthetics
S : total synthesis, random screening or modification of existing agent
S* : made by synthesis but pharmacophore is/was from natural product
NM : natural product mimic
(Newman et al., 2003)
 Digitoxin
Digitalis Purpupea

Morphine
Papaver somniferum

Cocaine
Erythroxylum coca

Vinblastine
Catharantus Roseus

Paclitaxel (Taxol)
Taxus brevifolia
 World Medicinal Plants Market

5%
34%

39%

22%

Eropa Amerika Utara Asia Lainnya

 International Medicinal Plants Market Value
Most of the plants in the market originates from development
countries. India the major exporter of aromatic and medicinal plants.

500 $B
(estimated)
60 $B
30 $B
12,5 $B

1994 2000 2010 2050

11
 INDONESIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS

Piper retrofractum

Indonesia is one of the world’s two mega biodiversity centers together

with Brazil

Around 25,000 to 30,000 flowering plant species grow in Indonesia

About 10% of which are estimated to have medicinal value and widely
used by the people as sources of Indonesian traditional medicines

12
 Indonesia..?

• Jamu sudah digunakan secara turun temurun

• Data Riskesdas 2010: penduduk 15 tahun ke atas 50%
menggunakan jamu
Minum Jamu
 Kriteria Obat Bahan Alam
SK KEPALA BADAN POM RI No. HK.00.05.4.2411

Khasiat berdasar uji

Khasiat berdasarkan
empiris, tradisional, turun
temurun
Khasiat berdasarkan uji
farmakologi dan uji toks pd
farmakologi dan uji toksisitas
hewan, serta uji klinis pd
pada hewan
manusia

Standardisasi kandungan Standardisasi kandungan

Standardisasi kandungan kimia,
kimia belum kimia bahan baku dan
bahan baku, penyusun formula
dipersyaratkan sediaan
 SAINTIFIKASI JAMU

PerMenkes No. 003 Tahun 2010: sebagai “upaya terobosan” untuk

“memasukkan jamu” dalam pelayanan kesehatan (agar tidak
menyalahi UU Praktik Kedokteran)

KepMenkes No. 1334/2010: Komisi Nasional Saintifikasi Jamu sebagai

kendaraan untuk mencapai tujuan
Jamu: perlu mendapatkan pengakuan dari profesi kedokteran sebagai
alternatif metoda pelayanan kesehatan (promotif, preventif, kuratif,
15
dan rehabilitatif)
The Problems Of Herbal Preparation

Unstability of products due to microbial contamination

Unpractical preparation due to voluminous products

.

Easy to prepare but procedure of the usage is not simple

Safety and efficacy still in question for modified products especially

powder in sachettes

16
 The Case of Temulawak

“the simplest
way of herbal
preparation not
always give the
best efficacy”

17
 KETEPATAN SEDIAAN (TEMULAWAK)

A : Rebusan Temulawak kering

B : Ekstrak etanolik Temulawak

C : Perasan Temulawak segar

A B C
This data taken From Prof. Suwidjyo Pramono
(Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University) material
Hasil KLT Temulawak Dari Beberapa Proses Preparasi

A : Rebusan Temulawak kering

B : Ekstrak etanolik Temulawak

C : Perasan Temulawak segar

A B C
This data taken From Prof. Suwidjyo Pramono
(Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University) material
Conventional pharmaceutical Suggested models for CAM research
development

Screening of chemical substances Biological mechanism

Component efficacy
Biological mechanisms

Comparative effectiveness
Phase I CT
Safety status
Phase II CT

Context, paradigms, philosophical understanding,

Phase III CT and utilization

Clinical Practice
Clinical Practice (Traditional Healer / CAM practioners
 TERIMAKASIH
Tugas dikerjakan dan diserahkan pada halaman SPADA