Introduction To Information

Technology
Defining Data & Information
 What is data?
✓ Raw facts and figure called data.
✓ Unprocessed form of items called Data
✓ Data is information when dealing with the machine.

What is Information?
✓ Processed form of items called information.
✓ Information is any knowledge that comes to our attention.

That could be voice, image, text and video and others

What is Computer?
 A computer is a machine that can programmed to accept
the data, process data into useful information and store it
for later use
 Computer consist of two components
1: Hardware(Machine is known as)
2: Software(programs are called software)
 Difference Between Software& Hardware
 Software
 A Set of instructions what
to do
 A Software can’t be
executed with hardware.
 Can’t touch it.
 Remove errors if occur.
 The Software reinstalled if
problem occur.
 Hardware
 A Physical part of
computer.
 Without software no task
can be performed
 Can touch and see as well.
 Repair in case of problem
 Replace if problem
unsolved
Computer based Information Systems
System:
A system is a set of elements or components that
interact to accomplish goals.

Information System:

An information system is a set of interrelated components that

collect, manipulate, store data and disseminate information and
provide a feedback mechanism to monitor performance.
 Information Concepts

Process:
A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a
defined outcome.

Knowledge:
An awareness and understanding of a set of information
and ways that information can be made useful to support a
specific task or reach a decision
CBIS(computer Based information System)
➢ Hardware: It is Computer Equipment
➢ Software: Computer Programs
➢ Databases: It is an organized collections of facts
➢ Telecommunications:
Electronic transmission of signals for communication

▪ Networks: Distant electronic communication

▪ Internet: Interconnected Networks
▪ Intranet: Internal Corporate Network
▪ Extranet: Linked Intranets
CBIS(computer Based information System)
Telecommunications:
Electronic transmission of signals for communication

▪ Networks: Distant electronic communication between

different devices
▪ Internet: Interconnected Networks( network of all the
networks )
▪ Intranet: Internal Corporate Network
▪ Extranet: Linked Intranets
Business Information Systems
E-Commerce:
Any business transaction executed electronically

M-Commerce:
The transactions conducted anywhere, anytime

Management Information System:

A system used to provide routine information to
managers and decision makers

Decision Support System:

A system used to support problem-specific decision making
 Employees
Business
Information Systems Corporate Databases Corporate
Flow Structure databases of intranet
of external
internal data
Decision
data
support
systems

Transaction Management Executive

Business Databases Application
processing information support
of
transactions systems valid systems databases systems
transactions

Drill-down reports Expert

Exception reports systems
Demand reports
Operational Key-indicator reports
databases
Input and Scheduled
error list reports
 General Information Systems
Management
Decisions
(Environment)

Data Input Process Output Information

Control

Feedback
Components of I.T
 Computer
 Communication network
 Know-how

Computer is a machine which is use to sort out so many

problems. It helps us in communication sector, send and
receive the signals and transform information from one
place to another.
Classifications of the Computer
 Classification of Computers

1. Analog Computers
Analog computers are used to process continuous data. Analog computers
represent variables by physical quantities. Thus any computer which solve
problem by translating physical conditions such as flow, temperature, pressure,
angular position or voltage into related mechanical or electrical related circuits as
an analog for the physical phenomenon being investigated in general it is a
computer which uses an analog quantity and produces analog values as output.
Thus an analog computer measures continuously. Analog computers are very
much speedy. They produce their results very fast. But their results are
approximately correct. All the analog computers are special purpose computers.
2. Digital Computers

Digital computer represents physical quantities with the help of digits or

numbers. These numbers are used to perform Arithmetic calculations and also
make logical decision to reach a conclusion, depending on, the data they receive
from the user
Digital computer, any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by
processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including
magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code the two
digits 0 and 1. By counting, comparing, and manipulating these digits or their
combinations according to a set of instructions held in memory
3. Hybrid Computers
Various specifically designed computers are with both digital and analog
characteristics combining the advantages of analog and digital computers when
working as a system. Hybrid computers are being used extensively in process
control system where it is necessary to have a close representation with the
physical world.

The hybrid system provides the good precision that can be attained with analog
computers and the greater control that is possible with digital computers, plus the
ability to accept the input data in either form.
Types of Computer
Microcomputer
 A personal computer; designed
to meet the computer needs of
an individual.
 Provides access to a wide variety
of computing applications, such
as word processing, photo
editing, e-mail, and internet.
Desktop computer
 A desktop computer is
a personal
computer designed for regular
use at a single location on or
near a desk or table due to its
size and power requirements.
The most common configuration
has a case that houses the power
supply, motherboard (a printed
circuit board with
a microprocessor as the central
processing unit (CPU), memory.
Laptop Computer

 A portable, compact computer

that can run on an electrical
wall outlet or a battery unit.
 All components (keyboard,
mouse, etc.) are in one
compact unit.
 Usually more expensive than a
comparable desktop.
 Sometimes called a Notebook.
Workstation computer
 Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized
tasks.
 Can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed.
 Can also be an ordinary personal computer attached to a
LAN (local area network).
 It is a high performance computer system that is
basically designed for a single user and has advanced
graphics capabilities, large storage capacity, and a powerful
microprocessor (central processing unit).

Pleasant Grove High School M. Guymon

Spring 2003
Supercomputer
 A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near
the currently highest operational rate for computers.
Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for scientific and
engineering applications that must handle very large databases
or do a great amount of computation (or both).
 A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it
was constructed.
 Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other
computers.
 Typical uses
 Breaking codes
 Modeling weather systems

Pleasant Grove High School M. Guymon

Spring 2003
Mainframe

 Large expensive computer

capable of simultaneously
processing data for hundreds
or thousands of users.
 Used to store, manage, and
process large amounts of
data that need to be reliable,
secure, and centralized.
 Usually housed in a closet
sized cabinet.
 Mini Computers

Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in size and other
facilities such as speed, storage capacity and other services. They are
versatile that they can be fitted where ever they are needed. Their
speeds are rated between one and fifty million instructions per second
(MIPS). They have primary storage in hundred to three hundred
megabytes range with direct access storage device.