3485
can be seen that this wire exhibits a bamboo like domain
0 2(0e)
Mr/Ms= 0 25
Hc= 69 mOe
(a)
(4
Fig. 2 Hysteresis loops(a) and domain patterns of as-
quenched @) and polished(c) Co based wires.
length of these domains is very sensitive to applied longitu-
dinal fields that are less than the threshold for re-entrant re-
versal. The tilt is inside the shell and does not correspond to
the tilt of maze domain patterns observed on the wire surface
as seen in Fig.la. As we can see in the Fig.lc, the observed
longitudinal component of the magnetization reverses along
the wire in the shell even through the magnetization
direction might well be at an angle to the wire axis and more
parallel to the domain walls. It was observed that the
magnetization direction of the shell domains reversed
depending on the magnetization in the core domain. It
appears that the magnetization in the shell domains also
contribute to remanence. Magnetization in the shell domain
which creates the magnetization component transverse to the
wire axis to explain the magnetoresistance and AE effect
observed in a longitudinal field[4, 51.
Figure 2 shows the hysteresis loops (60Hz) and domain
patterns of the as-quenched and partially polished Co based
amorphous wire with negative magnetostriction. Both the
as-cast wire and partially polished wire show the same
hysteresis loop, as seen in Fig.2a, with a low field loop
typical of that seen for re-entrant reversal. The domain
pattern on the as-quenched wire surface is seen. in Fig.2b. It
(a) Fe wire(45 u m)
(4
Fig. 3 Domain patterns and hysteresis loops of chemically
etched Fe based and Co based wires.
with the spacing of about 40pm similar to that observed
using the Bitter technique[2]. The Kerr image c o n f i s that
magnetizations in the adjacent domains point in opposite
circular directions. The polished wire, seen in Fig.2c,
exhibits a domain pattern typical of uniaxial anisotropy with
the axis normal to the wire axis. Triangular closure domains
can be seen extending in from the wire edges. It can be seen
that the polished surface exhibits no core domain as was seen
on the polished Fe wire.
Figure 3 shows the domain patterns and hysteresis loops
of chemically etched Fe and Co based wires with 45 and
65pm in diameter, respectively. As seen in Fig.3b and
Fig.3d, the etched wires still exhibit loops characteristics of
re-entrant reversal. The high field loops, however, show that
the etched wire, especially the Fe based one, has a much
lower anisotropy in the shell. Whereas saturation can
usually be achieved at about 400e in the as-cast wire, the
etched wire needed only 50e. The remanence ratio increased
to 0.5 as compare to the as-quenched wire. It can be seen in
Fig.3a and F i g . 3 ~that the etching causes a drastic change in
the domain configuration. The Fe wire exhibits the bamboo
domain pattern similar to the Co wire. In the Co based wire,
the bamboo domain pattern seems to be confined to the thin
surface and are made discontinuous due to the polishing.
Triangular closure domains extend from the edges of polished
surface. Under the surface layer, it looks as if the wire is
saturated in the opposite(dark) direction.
DISCUSSION
The residual stress of quenched materials in a form of
large rod was investigated[6]. The measured residual stress
distribution of the 44" diameter quenched rod is
shown in Fig.4. The quenched rod stores stress in the
longitudinal, circumferential and radial directions as can be
seen. The longitudinal or axial stress is the most dominant
as can be seen in Fig.4a. The circumferential stress
changes sign somewhere in the interior of the rod as can be
seen in Fig.4b. The radial stress changes direction at the
diameter as can be seen in F i g . 4 ~ . Based on this stress
distribution, a model for the stress distribution for the
amorphous wire can be constructed by assuming that it is
appropriate to such a large size difference. Since the
amorphous wire is a glass that does not exhibit a sharp
solidification point, the quenching situation is quite similar.
Figure 5 is a schematic of the residual stress distribution
in the outer shell and inside core of the wire and the expected
direction of easy axis of the anisotropy for the Fe based and
Co based wires. The three components of stress taken from
Fig.4 are shown in FigSa. This stress distribution applies
lo both wires. The resultant anisotropy for the Fe based
h
n ^ ^
ceiiler
cenler cenler
Fig. 4 Residual stress distribution in a water-quenched
rod [6].
3486

positive magnetostrictive wire is shown in Fig.5b. Tensile indicating about half as much longitudinal stress as circum-
stress creates an easy axis along the stress axis whereas ferential. Deeper into the wire, the radial stress takes over
compressional stress creates an easy plane normal to the creating a circumferential anisotropy or longitudinal
stress axis. For an easy plane, those anisotropy directions depending upon the Qmagnetizing fields. When the Fe based
consistent with the geometry are chosen on the assumption wire is etched, the outer shell with the strong longitudinal
that the sample will minimize magnetostatic energy. The stress is removed leaving the transition region. As shown in
longitudinal stress, (SI), in the shell creates an easy plane Fig.3, the etched wire surface exhibits bamboo domain
normal to the stress where it is compressional and an easy pattern similar to that observed on the Co wire. A pitch
axis where it is tensile. In the easy plane, the most reason- angle of 40"indicates that in this region, the circumferential
able directions are in both radial and circumferential direG stress is about equal to the radial stress consistent with the
tions labeled AI in Fig.5b. In the tensile region, the longi- domain pattern for the transition region seen in Fig. 1. The
tudinal stress creates an easy axis labeled AI. In a similar etched Co based wire seems to have circumferential domains
way, the circumferential stress, (Sc) creates an easy plane magnetized in shells consistent with the expected circum-
near the surface where it is compressional and an easy axis ferential anisotropy caused by the radial and longitudinal
where it is tensile labeled Ac and the radial stress, (Sr), cre stress.
ates an easy axis, labeled Ar. All stresses in the shell induce
an easy axis in the radial direction. For the Co based nega CONCLUSION
tive magnetostriction wire, a tensional stress creates an easy Using a Kerr microscope, the domain structure of Fe and
plane normal to the stress and a compressional stress creates Co wires was investigated. The domain patterns were con-
an easy axis along the stress axis. The compressive longitu- sistent with a residual stress distribution appropriate to the
dinal stress, (SI), in the shell creates an easy axis and the quenching of large iron rod. Results are summarized as fol-
tensile stress creates an easy plane with anisotropy labeled lows. The Fe wire consists of three regions: a shell, a core
AI in Fig 5c. In a similar manor, the various anisotropy and a transition region between them. The shell region has
axes can be found. As seen in Fig.%, the distribution is high longitudinal and circumferential stress consistent with
more uniform than in the positive magnetostrictive case. the stress domain pattern seen on the wire surface of Fe
The actual anisotropy will depend on the relative values of based wire and the helical (bamboo) domain pattern seen on
the stress in each region. the surface of the Co based wire. In the transition region,
The anisotropy in the outer shell of the Fe based wire is the longitudinal stress goes through zero so that the resultant
expected to be strongly in the radial direction which is circumferential and radial stress creates an anisotropy at an
consistent with the domain patterns seen in Fig.1. Nearer angle to the wire axis. Finger domains observed in a pol-
the center there is a transition region where the longitudinal ished sectional and helical domains on the surface of the Fe
stress goes through zero but where the compressive based wire c o n f m this model. Unfortunately, the domain
circumferential stress is significant along with the radial patterns of the Co based wire are less definitive. Finally, the
stress. In this region, the anisotropy is at an angle to the core has a strong longitudinal stress creating a strong longi-
wire axis consistent with the finger domains seen in Fig.1. tudinal anisotropy to support the observed domain patterns
Finally, the longitudinal stress becomes dominant in the and the large Barkhausen effect in the Fe based wire. In the
core providing a strong easy axis along the axis of the wire. Co bases wire, the less clear anisotropy is helped by the
The model does not work as well for the Co based wire. At demagnetizing field.
the surface, the radial stress is zero so the longitudinal and
circumferential stress combine to make a helical anisotropy. REFERENCES
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