Electromechanical Energy Conversion EEE229/EEE223/GEE202

EE229/EEE223/GEE202 – Problem Sheet 5 – Solutions

(Induction motors)

1 (a)
The synchronous speed is given by:
60 × f
Ns =
p
where f is the supply frequency and p is the number of pole-pairs.
The slip is defined as:
Ns − Nr
s=
Ns
where Nr is the rotor speed.
60 × 50 3000 − 2880
(i) Ns = = 3000rpm s= = 0.04 pu = 4%
1 3000
60 × 60 1200 − 1150
(ii) Ns = = 1200rpm s= = 0.0417 pu = 4.17%
3 1200
60 × 50 1500 − 1440
(iii) Ns = = 1500rpm s= = 0.04 pu = 4%
2 1500
60 × 50 375 − 300
(iv) Ns = = 375rpm s= = 0.2 pu = 20%
8 375
(b)
The rotor speed is given by:
N r = (1 − s ) × N s
60 × 60
(i) N r = (1 − 0.03) × = 1746rpm
2
60 × 50
(ii) N r = (1 − 0.045 ) × = 477.5rpm
6
60 × 50
(iii) N r = (1 − 0.026 ) × = 2922rpm
1
60 × 60
(iv) N r = (1 − 0.015 ) × = 354.6rpm
10

2 The slip is the ratio of the rotor and stator frequency:

f r 3 .6
s= = = 0.06
fs 60
and (from question 1):
60 × f 60 × 60
Ns = = = 900 rpm and N r = (1 − s ) × N s = 0.94 × 900 = 846rpm
p 4

3 The slip is first calculated:

60 × f 60 × 50 N − N r 1500 − 1440
Ns = = =1500rpm and s = s = = 0.04
p 2 Ns 1500
The mechanical output power can be obtained from the product of the torque and rotor speed
in rad/s:
2π
Pout = T × ω = 80 × 1440 × = 12.064kW
60
However, the mechanical output power is related to the rotor resistance, rotor current and slip,
by:
Electromechanical Energy Conversion EEE229/EEE223/GEE202

Pout = I 2'2 R2'

(1 − s )
s
rearranging gives an expression for the rotor loss:

s 0.04
I 2' 2 R2' = Pout × = 12064 × = 503W
(1 − s ) 0.96
and hence the total power into the rotor is:
Ptot = Pout + Ploss = 12064 + 503 = 12.567kW
Alternatively:
R2' 502.7
Ptot = I 2'2 = = 12.567kW
s 0.04

4 Subtracting the stator loss from the total input power will give the power input to the rotor:
Prot = Pin − Pstat _ loss = 50 − 2 = 48kW
However, since:
R2'
Prot = I 2'2
s
then the rotor copper loss is calculated from:
I 2'2 R2' = s × Prot = 0.05 × 48 = 2.4kW
and hence the mechanical output power is:
Pout = Prot − Prot _ loss = 48 − 2.4 = 45.6kW
Now calculate the rotor speed:
60 × f 3000
N r = (1 − s ) × = 0.95 × = 1425 rpm
p 2
and the torque is obtained from:
Pout 45600
T= = = 305.6Nm
ω 2π
1425 ×
60
Taking into account the friction and windage losses reduces the useful output power, and
hence the efficiency is given by:
Pout _ new 45.6 − 1.2
η= × 100 = × 100 = 88.8%
Pin 50

5 Use the expression for torque derived from the approximate equivalent circuit:
R2'
2
V × ph
3p s
T= ×
2πf  R2' 
2

 R1 +  + 2πf L1 + L'2 ( ( )) 2

 s  
and substitute in the values noting that at starting s = 1:
415 2
× 4.2
3× 2 3
Tstart = × = 2.605Nm
[
2π × 60 (3 + 4.2 )2 + (2π × 60 × 0.1)2 ]
Now adding an additional 2Ω resistance per phase to the rotor:
415 2
× 6.2
3× 2 3
Tstart = × = 3.762 Nm
[
2π × 60 (3 + 6.2 )2 + (2π × 60 × 0.1)2 ]
Electromechanical Energy Conversion EEE229/EEE223/GEE202

6 (a)
The expression for the output torque is:
R2'
V ph2 ×
3p s
T= ×
2πf  R2' 
2

 R1 + ( (
 + 2πf L1 + L'2 )) 
2

 s  
substituting the values gives:-
6600 2 3.7
×
3×3 3 s
3000 = ×
2π × 50  3.7 
2
2

 4.5 +  + (2π × 50 × 0.06 ) 
 s  
multiplying and simplify:
1 1
1.949 × 10 − 3 = ×
 3 .7 
2
 s
 4 . 5 +  + 355.3
 s  
hence:
2

−3 3.7  1
1.949 × 10 ×  4.5 +  + 0.692 =
 s  s
0.9351 0.02668
0.731 − + =0
s s2
0.731s 2 − 0.9351s + 0.02668 = 0
solving the quadratic equation gives:
0.9351 ± 0.9351 2 − 4 × 0.731 × 0.02668 0.9351 ± 0.8924
s= = = 0.0299
2 × 0.731 1.462
Hence the operating speed is:
60 × f 60 × 50
N r = (1 − s ) × = 0.97 × = 970rpm
p 3
(b)
The addition of a load of 2000Nm means the total torque is now 5000Nm, hence:
6600 2 3.7
×
3×3 3 s
5000 = ×
2π × 50  3.7 
2
2

 4.5 +  + (2π × 50 × 0.06 ) 
 s  
multiplying and simplify:
1 1
3.2487 × 10 −3 = ×
 3 .7  
2
s
 4.5 +  + 355.3
 s  
hence:
2

−3 3.7  1
13.2487 × 10 ×  4.5 +  + 0.692 =
 s  s
0.8918 0.044475
0.7578 − + =0
s s2
0.7578 s 2 − 0.8918 s + 0.044475 = 0
solving the quadratic equation gives:
Electromechanical Energy Conversion EEE229/EEE223/GEE202

0.8918 ± 0.8918 2 − 4 × 0.7578 × 0.044475 0.8918 ± 0.8127

s= = = 0.0522
2 × 0.7578 1.5156
Hence the operating speed is:
60 × f 60 × 50
N r = (1 − s ) × = 0.9478 × = 948rpm
p 3
At starting s = 1 and the starting torque may be obtained from:
6600 2
× 3.7
3×3 3
Tstart = × = 3642Nm
[
2π × 50 (4.5 + 3.7 )2 + (2π × 50 × 0.06 )2 ]
but since the load is now 5000Nm the motor will not start.

7 First calculate the slip:

60 × f 60 × 50 N s − N r 1500 − 1455
Ns = = = 1500 rpm s= = = 0.03
p 2 Ns 1500
Using the approximate equivalent circuit the total impedance at this slip may be calculated:
2 2
 R'   0 .1 
(
Z =  R1 + 2  + X 1 + X 2' )
2
=  0 .2 + 2
 + 1.6 = 3.8787Ω
 s   0.03 
and the phase angle is given by:
1.6
φ = tan −1 = 24.4°
3.533
The current may be obtained from:
415
V ph 3
I 2' = = = 61.8A
Z 3.8787
The torque is given by:
3× p R' 3× 2 0 .1
T= × I 2'2 × 2 = × 61.8 2 × = 243.1Nm
2π × f s 2π × 50 0.03
The output power is simply the product of the torque and speed in rad/s:
2 ×π
Pout = T × ω = 243.1 × 1455 × = 37.04kW
60
The rotor copper losses are given by:
Ploss _ rot = 3 × I 2'2 R2' = 3 × 61.8 2 × 0.1 = 1.15kW
The stator copper losses are given by:
Ploss _ stat = 3 × I 2'2 R1 = 3 × 61.8 2 × 0.2 = 2.3kW
Hence the input power is the sum of the output power and the losses:
Pin = Pout + Ploss _ rot + Ploss _ stat = 37.04 + 1.15 + 2.3 = 40.5kW
The efficiency is given by:
Pout 37.04
η= × 100 = × 100 = 91.5%
Pin 40.5
and the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle:
p. f . = cos 24.4 = 0.91 (lagging)

8 If the slip is 0.03 then the rotor frequency is:

f r = s × f = 0.03 × 50 = 1.5Hz
Since the machine is required to run at half synchronous speed (f = 25Hz) the to achieve full
torque at this speed the machine needs to be supplied with:
Electromechanical Energy Conversion EEE229/EEE223/GEE202

f = 25 + 1.5 = 26.5Hz
Since the torque required is the same then the current remains unchanged at 61.8A.
The voltage required is given by:
2 2
 R2'   26.5 
'

V = I × Z = I ×  R1 +
2
'
2
 +  X 1 + X 2' ×
s   50 
(
 )

where:
f − f r 26.5 − 25
s= = = 0.0566
f 26.5
Hence:
2
 0.1  2
V = 61.8 ×  0.2 +  + 0.848 = 132.4V
 0.0566 
Vline = V ph × 3 = 132.4 × 3 = 230V
The voltage boost compared to proportional V/f control is:
26.5 26.5
Vboost _ line = Vline _ new − Vline _ old × = 230 − 415 × = 10.05V
50 50
The output power is calculated from:
Pout = 3 × I 2' 2 ×
(1 − s ) × R ' = 3 × 61.8 2 ×
0.9434
× 0.1 = 19.1kW
2
s 0.0566
alternatively:
2 ×π
Pout = T × ω = 243.1 × 750 × = 19.1kW
60
The input power is equal to the output power plus the losses:
( )
Pin = Pout + 3 × I 2'2 × R1 + R2' = 19100 + 3 × 61.8 2 × 0.3 = 22.54kW
alternatively:
26.5
1.6 ×
φ = tan −1 50 = 23.3° and p.f = 0.918
0.1
0.2 +
0.0566
Pin = 3Vline × I line × p. f . = 3 × 229.3 × 61.8 × 0.918 = 22.54kW
Hence the efficiency may be calculated:
Pout 19.1
η= × 100 = × 100 = 84.7%
Pin 22.54