ENERGY STORAGE

TECHNOLOGIES :
FUTURE OF UTILITIES

By,
Amal P Kumar
Renjitha Unnithan
(College of Engineering, Chengannur)
INTRODUCTION

 The future of the way we make, transmit and use power rests
heavily on the shoulders of energy storage technology.
 Reliable energy storage solutions becomes a necessity when the sun
isn’t shining or the wind isn’t blowing.
 Since the discovery of electricity, scientists have sought methods to
store that energy when it’s needed on-demand.
 Constant adjustment to the grid is required to maintain stability, and
efficient storage will play a significant role in that critical balancing
act, providing more flexibility and reliability to the system.

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WHAT IS ENERGY STORAGE?

 The set of methods and technologies used to store various forms of

energy.
 Energy storage absorbs and then releases power so it can be
generated at one time and used at another.

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WHY WE NEED ENERGY STORAGE?

 High generation cost during peak demand periods.

 Need for continuous and flexible supply.

 Long distance between generation and consumption.

 Congestion in power grids.

 Transmission by cable.

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Fig : 1 Problems in renewable energy installation and possible solutions
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ROLE OF ENERGY STORAGE IN
MODERN INDIAN GRID

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CLASSIFICATION
Electrical energy storage systems

Mechanical Electrochemical Electrical

Pumped hydro – PHS Secondary batteries Double layer capacitor

(Lead acid/NiCd/NaS)
Compressed air – CAES Flow batteries Superconducting
(Redox flow/Hybrid flow) magnetic coil
Flywheel

Chemical Thermal

Hydrogen Sensible heat storage

(Fuel cell, electrolyser) (Molten salt)

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COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY

 Energy Storage Technology which uses compressed air.

 Energy generated during off-peak period can be used to meet demand
during peak load periods.
 Made up of several components, which includes:
1) Compressors
2) Expanders
3) Air Reservoir
4) Combustor
5) Motor
 Large storage reservoir is needed, usually stored underground.
BENEFITS

 Highly reliable with a long lifetime (20 to 40 years).

 Cost effective – 400$ to 800$ per kW.

 Low environmental impact.

 High power rating – 50 to 300MW.

 Efficiency – 70 to 89%.

 Respond quickly to load changes.

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BASIC OPERATION
 2 processes : 1) Charging Process
2) Discharging Process

CHARGING PROCESS
 During low power demand, the surplus electricity drives a reversible
motor-generator unit to run a chain of compressors for injecting air into
storage vessel.

 Large scale systems: Underground salt cavern.

 Energy stored as high pressure air.

 Small scale systems : Overground air tank 12

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DISCHARGING PROCESS

 Demand > Generation, stored air is released and heated by a heat

source.

 Compressed air energy is captured by the turbines.

 Waste heat can be recycled by a recuperator.

 Electricity generated can be sent to the grid.

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 Compression of air creates heat; the air is warmer after
compression.

 Expansion removes heat. If no extra heat is added, the

air will be much colder after expansion. If the heat
generated during compression can be stored and used
during expansion, the efficiency of the storage improves
considerably.

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ADIABATIC STORAGE

 Adiabatic storage continues to keep the heat produced by

compression and returns it to the air as it is expanded to generate
power.

 The theoretical efficiency of adiabatic storage approaches 100%

with perfect insulation, but in practice round trip efficiency is
expected to be 70%.

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COMPRESSORS & EXPANDERS

 Compression can be done with electrically powered turbo-

compressors.

 Expansion with turbo expanders or air engines driving electrical

generators to produce electricity.

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STORAGE
 Constant Volume Storage
 This storage system uses a chamber with specific boundaries to
store large amounts of air.
 Solution mined caverns, aboveground vessels, aquifers,
automotive applications.

 Constant Pressure Storage

 In this case the storage vessel is kept at a constant pressure, while
the gas is contained in a variable volume vessel.
 The storage vessel is positioned hundreds of meters underwater
and the hydrostatic pressure of the water column above the
storage vessel allows maintaining the pressure at the desired level.
 Underwater pressure vessels, Hybrid Pumped Hydro -
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Compressed Air Storage.
CAES plant in Huntorf

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ADELE
•The first adiabatic CAES project

 What may turn out to be a key step in the development of bulk

energy storage technology was taken in January with the signing of
a co-operation agreement between some key players, notably GE
and RWE.

 The agreement envisages development and construction (in

Germany) of a large facility employing the concept of adiabatic
compressed air energy storage – a world first.

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STORELECTRIC LTD

 100% renewable energy pilot plant in Cheshire, UK.

 Storelectric points out that its pilot plant plus first full-scale plant
has been recognized as a "project of common interest“.

 The Storelectric proposal for the UK is storage of compressed air in

underground salt caverns. Renewable energy is utilized at low cost
low demand times to operate compressors to fill the underground
caverns with compressed air.

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CONCLUSION

 In the electricity market, global and continuing goals are CO2

reduction and more efficient and reliable electricity supply and use.

 Energy storage technologies are rapidly gaining adoption for variety

of grid applications in recent years.

 Regulatory intervention & Business Model innovation is expected to

drive large scale adoption of energy storage in next 2-3 years.

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THANK YOU
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