ENRGY SYSTEM AND

ITS ANALYSIS
 ENRGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT.

 ENERGY AUDIT

 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

1
 INTODUCTION
 ENERGY STORAGE
 ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY SYSTEM
 APPLICATION OF ENERGY STORAGE SYATEM
 ENERGY DEMAND
 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 ENERGY STORAGE METHODS

2
 ENERGY STORAGE
 DEFINATION.
 HOW ITS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT ON
MODERN TECHNOLOGY.
 EXAMPLES.

 CONTRIBUTION TO MEET SOCIETY

NEEDS.

3
 ENERGY STORAGE

 Energy storage, sometimes referred to as

electricity storage, is as the name suggests,
the storage of energy. Energy storage works by capturing
electricity produced by both renewable and non-
renewable resources and storing it for discharge when
required.

 The electrical energy grid requires a balance between

supply and demand. At times of low demand, when there
is excess supply, it can be stored for use at times of high
demand, with low supply, thus adjusting to provide the
required balance between supply and demand.
  4
 Energy storage (S) is especially effective with renewable
generation, which is intermittent by its nature. Solar and
wind, for example, generate little amounts of power in
the absence of sunshine or wind. Energy storage is able
to smooth out the supply from these sources to provide a
more reliable supply that matches demand. This allows
organizations to maximise renewable generation,
therefore energy storage can play an integral role in a
business’ journey towards carbon neutrality.
5
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENERGY STORAGE
SYSTEMS

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM CAN CONTRIBUTE

1For more efficient
2Environment friendly energy use in building heating
and cooling
3Aerospace power
4Utility applications
6
ADVANTAGES OF ES (ENERGY STORAGE)
 Reduced energy cost.
 Reduced energy consumption

 improved indoor air quality.

 Increased flexibility of operation.

 Reduced initial and maintenance cost.

 Reduced equipment size.

 Efficient and effective utilization of equipment.

 Conservation of fossil fuels.

 Reduced pollutant emissions (CO2, CFCs) 7

 APPLICATION
Building heating and cooling.
Aerospace.
Automobile.
 Power
Utility applications
8
 ENERGY DEMAND
Definition
 How to meet the energy demand using the
followings.
• Utility (Battery)
• Industry (high temperature waste heat for
preheating)
• Cogeneration (Electricity and heat)
• Wind and run of river hydro
• Solar energy system (storing excess solar
9
energy received on sunny days)
 ENERGY DEMAND

 Energy demand is the term used to describe the

consumption of energy by human activity. It drives the
whole energy system, influencing the total amount of energy used; the
location of, and types of fuel used in, the energy supply system; and the
characteristics of the end use technologies that consume energy.

 Energy demand in commercial, industrial, public, residential and utility

sector varies on a daily, weekly and seasonal basis. Ideally these
demands are matched by varous energy conversion systems systems
that operates synergistically. Peak hours are the most difficult and
expensive to supply. Peak electrical demands are generally met by
conventional gas turbines or diesel generators which are reliant on
costly and relatively scarce oil or gas. ES provides an alternative
method of supplying peak energy demands. ES systems can improve
the operation of cogeneration, solar, wind and run-of-river hydro 10
facilities. Some of these ES applications are listed below:
Utility
Inexpensive base load electricity may be used to charge ES Systems during eveng/off-peak weekly/seasonal
periods. Electricity is then used during peak periods, reducing the reliance on conventional gas and oil
peaking generators

Industry
High temperature waste heat from various industrial processes can be stored for use in preheating and other
heating operations

Cogeneration
Since closely coupled production of heat and electricity by a cogeneration system rarely matches demand
exactly, excess electricity/heat can be stored for subsequent use.

Wind or run-of-river hydro

These systems can operate round the clock, charging ES system during low demand hours and later using
that electricity for peaking purpose. ES increases the capacity factor for these devices, usually enhancing
their economic value.

Solar Energy systems

Storing excess solar energy on sunny days and the same can be used on cloudy day and night. ES system 11
can increase the capacity factor of solar systems.
 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 Mechanical and hydraulic energy
storage system.
 Reversible chemical reaction (low temp
heat in chemical form and hydrogen storing in metal
hydratrides).
 Electro
chemical ES system.
 Thermal energy storage system

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MECHANICAL AND HYDROULIC
BREIF INTODUCTION ABOUT THE
FOLLOWINGS
 Compressed air.- store energy by
converting electricity into energy of
compression – tried in Europe and US
successfully- limited application
 Pumped storage (HYDRO).-electricity to
elevation (pumped storage in higher level)
 Fly wheel.- electricity to rotation 13
 REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL
REACTION
 Chemical energy storage systems include
batteries, flow batteries, and fuel cells.

 Storage of hydrogen in metal hydrides

(lanthanum, for instance). Test of this ideas
going on.

 Storing
of low temperature heat in chemical
form, but practical systems have not yet
emerged. 14
 ELECTRO CHEMICAL ES SYSTEM
Better turnaround efficiencies but very high cost.
Research is directed towards improving batteries,
particularly by lowering weight to storage
capacity ratios as needed in vehicle applications.
 Lead acid battery
 Sodium sulfur
 Lithium sulfide alternative.
 Redox flow cell-charging and discharging is
achieved through reduction and oxidation
reactions occurring in fluids stored in two
separate tanks. (iron redox system) 15
 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 Containers
 Underground aquifers and soils.
 Thermal energy can be stored as a molten salt and
is also mainly used for a large scale systems. 
 Lakes, bricks (Energy is stored as sensible heat,
some systems using bricks are operating in
Europe) and ingots.
 Materials, (electric energy can be stored in
super conducting magnetic materials although the
16
costs of such systems are high.)
 CURRENT RESEARCH IN THE FIELD
OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 Advanced ES system and conversion system with
phase transformation, chemical and electro chemical
reaction.
 Fundamental phenomena inside a single cell as well as
engineering integration of whole battery packs into
vehicles.
 Hi dielectric - constant polymers.

 High thermal conductivity composites for capacitors.

 Polymer electrode interface.

 Integrated polymer capacitors. 17

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

 Mechanical energy storage.

 Hydro storage (pumped storage).
 Chemical energy storage.
 Organic molecular storage.
 Biological storage.
 Magnetic storage.
 Thermal storage.

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 MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE

Hydro storage
Compressed air
Flywheel

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 MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE

Mechanical energy stored as kinetic

energy of linear or rotational motion
Simple to store rotational kinetic energy
Potters wheel- first form of ES used by
man
Mechanical energy can be stored in an
elevated object, as compression or strain
energy in an elastic material, or as the
compression energy in a gas. 20
 POTTERS WHEEL

 A potter's wheel is a piece of equipment with a flat

disc which spins round, on which a potter puts soft
clay in order to shape it into a pot.

 In pottery,
a potter's wheel is a machine used in the
shaping (known as throwing) of round ceramic
ware. The wheel may also be used during the
process of trimming the excess body from dried
ware, and for applying incised decoration or rings of
21
colour.
 HYDROSTORAGE (PUMPED STORAGE)

 Pumped hydroelectric storage facilities store energy

in the form of water in an upper reservoir, pumped
from another reservoir at a lower elevation. During
periods of high electricity demand, power is
generated by releasing the stored water through
turbines in the same manner as a conventional
hydropower station. During periods of low demand
(usually nights or weekends when electricity is also
lower cost), the upper reservoir is recharged by
using lower-cost electricity from the grid to pump
the water back to the upper reservoir.  22
 Reversible pump-turbine/motor-generator assemblies can act as
both pumps and turbines. Pumped storage stations are unlike
traditional hydroelectric stations in that they are a net consumer of
electricity, due to hydraulic and electrical losses incurred in
the cycle of pumping from lower to upper reservoirs. However,
these plants are typically highly efficient (round-trip efficiencies
reaching greater than 80%) and can prove very beneficial in terms
of balancing load within the overall power system. Pumped-
storage facilities can be very economical due to peak tand off-
peak price differentials and their potential to provide critical
ancillary grid services.
 Today, the 40 pumped- storage projects operating in the U.S.
provide more than 20 GW, or nearly 2 percent, of the capacity of
the electrical supply system (Energy Information Admin, 2007). 
 Five years ago, India committed to an ambitious transformational
target of 275 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy installations by 23
2027.
HYDROSTORAGE (PUMPED STORAGE)

1 Upper reservoir- Like a conventional hydro plant, dam

creates the reservoir. Water flows through hydroplant to
produce electricity. Using reversible turbie, the plant can pump
water back to the upper reservoir. This is done in off-peak
hours.Esentially, the second reservoir refills the upper
reservoir.
2 Lower reservoir.- Water existing in hydro power plant
flows into a lower reservoir rather than re-entering the river
and flowing downstream.
3 Reversible turbine pump.- Water flows to the upper
reservoir, this is done in off-peak hours. By pumping water
back to the upper reservoir, plant has more water to generate 24
electricity during periods of peak consumption.
HYDRO STORAGE

25
COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) plants are
largely equivalent to pumped-hydro power plants in
terms of their applications, output and
storage capacity. But, instead of pumping water from
a lower to an upper pond during periods of excess
power, in a CAES plant, ambient air is compressed
and stored under pressure in an underground cavern.
When electricity is required, the pressurized air is
heated and expanded in an expansion turbine driving
a generator for power production.

26
 COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE

In compressed – air ES system, air is compressed during

off-peak hours and stored in large underground
reservoirs, which may be naturally occuring cavers, salt
domes, abandoned mine shafts, depleted gas and oil
fields, or man-made caverns. During peak hours, the air
is released to drive a gas turbine generator
27
COMPRESSED AIR

28
 FLYWHEELS
 Flywheels have a broad variety of applications in mechanical systems.
In energy storage, the principle of the flywheel can be
used. Flywheels store energy in the form of the angular momentum of a
spinning mass, called a rotor.

 The flywheel, a wheel of relatively large mass that stores rotational kinetic
energy, has long been used to smooth out the shaft power output from
one/two cycle engines and to adjust for uneven loads. New uses of this cycle,
and of the other two mechanical storage techniques discussed in this section,
take advantage of the ability of the electric motor/generator operation to
reverse. Such a device can be designed to work both as a motor when driven
by electric power and as a generator when driven by mechanical power.
29
FLYWHEEL

30
 Electro chemical energy storage system

 Batteries chemically store energy (energy stored in

batteries is frequently referred as electrochemical
energy because chemical reactions in the battery are
caused by electrical energy) and release it as electric
energy on demand.
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ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
SYSTEM
Different types of batteries
 Lead acid battery

 Sodium sulfur

 Lithium sulfide alternative.

 Redox flow cell (iron redox system)

WHY BATTERIES
 Stable
 High energy and power densities
 Fuel cells
32
ORGANIC MOLECULAR STORAGE

33
MAGNETIC STORAGE

35
 large superconducting magnet 1000-
10000MWh (Central power station)
 Smaller magnet 10 kWh.
 Smaller capacity cost effective
 Better match for short term customer demands
 Cost saving of 25%.
 Can reduce low frequency oscillation to
enhance transmission capacity and boost
voltage stability. 36
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is just
one type of energy storage.
SMES is a direct electric energy storage technology that
is only in the early commercial phase in the energy
storage market. It is characterized as having high power,
high energy conversion efficiency and instantaneous
response times. With the emerging and rapidly growing
energy storage market being driven by renewable,
carbon emission targets, smart grids and electrification
of transport

37
 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

Why thermal energy required

 To satisfy the fluctuating loads.
 Energy storage can reduce the time or rate mismatch
between energy supply and energy demand.
 Energy storage improves performance of energy
systems by smoothing supply and increasing reliability.
 Clean and safe source of energy

38
 WHY THERMAL ENERGY REQUIRED

 Its density is low compared with the energy flux

densities found in conventional fossil energy
devices like coal or oil-fired furnaces.
 One of the important characteristics of a storage
system is the length of time during which energy
can be kept stored with acceptable losses.
 Storage systems which synchronize the
intermittent supply of solar radiation with the
usually constant demand of industrial thermal
processes 39
 APPLICATION OF THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE
 Building heating
 Industrial process application (solar)

 Power plant application

 District heating (These include pit storage,

pressurized and non-pressurized hot water
storage and Seasonal tank storage)

40
41
SOLAR POND (SENSIBLE HEAT)

42
TYPES OF THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM

 Cold storage.
 Fabric and slab energy storage.
 Solar energy storage.
 Packed rock beds.
 Low temperature CO2 storage system.
 Thermo chemical energy storage system.
 Sensible heat.
 Latent heat. 43
 COLD STORAGE
is associated storage receiving and accumulating cooling capacity output
from the refrigeration plant, and the release cooling capacity to the load at
some different time and rate.

44
 FABRIC AND SLAB ENERGY STORAGE.
 Fabric storage technologies, such as slab cooling passing
air over the slab surface and via hollow slabs for limiting
internal temperatures. Peak temperatures can be reduced
and, in combination with other passive measures such as
solar shading to provide comfortable conditions. Slab
heating and cooling using embedded pipe work under
floor heating and cooling by embedded pipe work
system can provide comfortable conditions in both
heating and cooling modes.

45
46
FABRIC AND SLAB ENERGY STORAGE.

47
PACKED BED STORAGE SYSTEM

48
SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE

49
LOW TEMPERATURE CO2 STORAGE
SYSTEM
 Used to store liquid carbon dioxide.
 Temperature is -45 degree Celsius.

 Pressure 24kg/cm2.
 Used for cryogenic application.

50
 THERMO CHEMICAL ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEM
 Alcohals, ketones ( high cost, complexity)
 Mixture of Sulphuric acid water, Sodium hydaxide and
water.
 Water is separated by heat and mixed and heat will be
generated.

51
LATENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM

52
 BENEFITS OF TES
 Increase generation capacity.
 Enable better operation of cogeneration
plant.
 Shift energy purchase to low cost periods
 Increase system reliability.
 Integration with other function.

53
 SITUATION FAVOR THE USE OF
THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM.
 Maximum cooling load is much greater than the
average load.
 Limited electric power is available at the site.

 Backup cooling capacity is desirable

 Loads are short of duration, infrequently,

cyclical in nature.
 Loads are not well matched to the availability of
the energy source.

54
 WHY STORE SOLAR ENERGY

Time dependant energy resources.

Loads does not match available
energy.
Cost consideration.
Short term or long term storage.

55
 STORAGE CAPACITY

The storage capacity of solar system depends on

o Availability of solar radiation
o The nature of thermal process.
o Physical and chemical properties

of the storage medium employed.

56
 STORAGE MEDIA

 Water storage.
 Air based thermal storage.
 Storage walls and floors, buried earth
thermal storage.

57
WATER STORAGE

58
STORAGE WALL

59