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Topic 6 ALL Questions Pagenumber 1
Topic 6 ALL Questions Pagenumber 1
1. In the following examples name the force that is providing the centripetal force and draw it
on the diagram.
(a) A runner running round a circular track.
2. A 2kg mass travels in a circle of radius 50cm. If the time for one revolution is 2s calculate:
(a) The angular velocity of the mass
3. A ball rolls around the inside of a vertical cylinder as shown. Indentify the force that stops it
from falling down.
Formulae
ω=2π/T
F=mv2/r=mω2r
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Gravitational field
1. State Newton’s universal law of gravity.
4. Given that the mass of the moon is about 1/80 of the earth and its radius is ¼ estimate the
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon.
Formulae
F=GMm/r2
G=6.7x10-11 m3kg-1s-2
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QUESTIONS
Questions
1 A particle P is moving in a circle with uniform 5 The Singapore Flyer is a large Ferris wheel
speed. Draw a diagram to show the direction of of radius 85 m that rotates once every
the acceleration a and velocity v of the particle 30 minutes.
at one instant of time.
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6 CIR C UL A R MOT ION A N D GRAV ITATION
b) Later in the journey the driver needs to 11 Determine the distance from the centre of the
drive across a curved bridge with a radius of Earth to the point at which the gravitational field
curvature of 75 m. Estimate the maximum strength of the Earth equals that of the Moon.
speed if the bus is to remain in contact with
the road.
12 The ocean tides on the Earth are caused by the
tidal attraction of the Moon and the Sun on the
8 A velodrome used for bicycle races has a water in the oceans.
banking angle that varies continuously from 0°
a) Calculate the force that acts on 1 kg of
to 60°. Explain how the racing cyclists use this
water at the surface of the sea due its
variation in angle to their advantage in a race.
attraction by the
Data needed for these questions: (i) Moon
Radius of Earth = 6.4 Mm; (ii) Sun.
Mass of Earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg; b) Optional – difficult. Explain why there are
Mass of Moon = 7.3 × 1022 kg; two tides every day at many coastal points
Mass of Sun = 2.0 × 1030 kg; on the Earth.
Earth–Moon distance = 3.8 × 108 m;
[Hint: there are two parts to the answer,
Sun–Earth distance = 1.5 × 1011 m;
why a tide at all, and why two every day.]
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2
9 Deduce how the radius R of the circular orbit of 13 There are two types of communication
a planet around a star of mass ms relates to the satellite. One type of communication satellite
period T of the orbit. orbits over the poles at a distance from
the centre of the Earth of 7400 km; the
other type is geostationary with an orbital
10 A satellite orbits the Earth at constant speed as
radius of 36 000 km. Geostationary satellites
shown below.
stay above one point on the equator whereas
polar-orbit satellites have an orbital time of
100 minutes.
satellite Calculate:
a) the gravitational field strength at the
position of the polar-orbit satellite
Earth b) the angular speed of a satellite in
geostationary orbit
c) the centripetal force acting on a
geostationary satellite of mass 1.8 × 103 kg.
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Conceptual Questions
(These questions are not in an IB style but instead designed to check your understanding of the concept of this topic. You should
try your best to appropriately communicate your answer using prose)
1. Sometimes people say that water is removed from clothes in a spin-dryer by centrifugal force
throwing the water outward. What is wrong with this statement?
2. A girl is whirling a ball on a string around her head in a horizontal plane. She wants to let go at
precisely the right time so that the ball will hit a target on the other side of the yard. When should
she let go of the string?
3. A bucket of water can be whirled in a vertical circle without the water spilling out, even at the top
of the circle when the bucket is upside-down. Explain.
Calculation-based Questions
1. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, and the net force
exerted on the Earth. What exerts this force on the Earth? Assume that the Earth’s orbit is a circle
of radius 1.5x1011m. You may need to look other constants up on the Internet or data booklet.
[3 marks]
2. A horizontal force of 210N is exerted on a 2.0kg discus as it rotates uniformly in a horizontal circle
(at arm’s length) of radius 0.90m. Calculate the speed of the discus.
[2 marks]
3. Suppose the space shuttle in orbit 400km from the Earth’s surface, and circles the Earth about once
every 90 minutes. Find the centripetal acceleration of the space shuttle in its orbit. Express your
answer in terms of g, the gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface. You may need to look up
some other constants on the Internet.
[3 marks]
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4. A flat puck (mass M) is rotated in a circle on a frictionless air-hockey tabletop, and is held in its orbit
by a light cord connected to a dangling block (mass m) through a central hole as shown below.
Show that the speed of the puck is given by
𝑚𝑔𝑅
𝑣=#
𝑀
[2 marks]
5. A 0.45kg ball, attached to the end of a horizontal cord, is rotated in a circle of radius 1.3m on a
frictionless horizontal surface. If the cord will break when the tension in it exceeds 75N, what is the
maximum speed the ball can have?
[2 marks]
Conceptual Questions
(These questions are not in an IB style but instead designed to check your understanding of the concept of this topic. You should
try your best to appropriately communicate your answer using prose)
1. Does an apple exert a gravitational force on the Earth? If so, how large a force? Consider an apple
attached to the tree and also falling.
Calculation Based
3. Calculate the force of Earth’s gravity on a spacecraft 12,800km (2 Earth radii) above the Earth’s
surface if its mass is 1350kg. [2 marks]
4. At the surface of a certain planet, the gravitational acceleration g has a magnitude of 12m/s2. A
21.0kg brass ball is transported to this planet. What is:
a. The mass of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet. [1 mark]
b. The weigh of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet. [1 mark]
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5. A hypothetical planet has a radius 1.5 times that of the Earth, but has the same mass. What is the
acceleration due to gravity near the surface? (Hint: use the Internet or your data book to find the constants).
[2 marks]
6. In the diagram shown, two point particles are fixed on an x-axis separated by a distance d. Particle
A has mass mA and particle B has mass 3.00mA. A third particle C, of mass 75.0mA is to be placed on
the axis and near particles A and B. In terms of distance d, at what x-coordinate should C be placed
so that the net gravitational force on particle A from particles B and C is zero?
7. (a) What will an object weigh on the Moon’s surface if it weights 100N on the Earth’s surface? (b)
How many Earth radii must this same object be from the centre of the Earth if it is to weigh the
same as it does on the Moon?
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8. Two concentric spherical shells with uniformly distributed masses M1 and M2 are situated as
shown in the diagram. Find the magnitude of the net gravitational force on a particle of mass m,
due to the shells, when the particle is located at radial distance (a) a, (b) b and (c) c.
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Exam-style questions
1 A child is sitting at the edge of a merry-go-round. The arrow shows the velocity of the child. At the instant shown,
he releases a ball onto the ground.
child
Which is the path of the ball according to a stationary observer on the ground?
A B C D
2 In which of the following examples of circular motion is the centripetal acceleration experienced by the particle
the largest? In each case the arrows represent speed.
A B
C D
3 A horizontal disc rotates about a vertical axis through the centre of the disc.
Two particles X and Y are placed on the disc.
The particles do not move relative to the disc. Which is correct about the
X Y
angular speed and the linear speed v of X and Y?
v
A same same
B same different
C different same
D different different
5 A particle of mass m moves with speed v along a hill that may be assumed to be part of a circle of radius r.
v
What is the reaction force on the particle at the highest point on the hill?
mv 2 mv 2 mv 2
A mg B mg + C mg − D − mg
r r r
6 A particle moves with speed v in a circular orbit of radius r around a planet. The particle is now moved to another
circular orbit of radius 2r. The new orbital speed is:
v v
A B C v √2 D 2v
2 √2
7 The mass of a landing module on the Moon is 2000 kg. The gravitational field strength on the Moon is one-sixth
that on Earth. What is the weight of the landing module on Earth?
A 330 N B 2000 N C 12 000 N D 20 000 N
8 A planet has double the mass of Earth and half its radius. What is the gravitational field strength on the surface of
this planet?
A 10 N kg−1 B 20 N kg−1 C 40 N kg−1 D 80 N kg−1
9 A satellite orbits the Earth in a circular orbit. The only force on the satellite is the gravitational force from the
Earth. Which of the following is correct about the acceleration of the satellite?
A It is zero.
B It is constant in magnitude and direction.
C It is constant in magnitude but not in direction.
D It is not constant in magnitude or direction.
10 The two spherical bodies in the diagram have the same radius but the left mass has twice the mass of the other.
At which point could the net gravitational field of the two masses have the greatest magnitude?
2M M
A B C D
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11 A horizontal disc of radius 45 cm rotates about a vertical axis through its centre. The disc makes one full
revolution in 1.40 s. A particle of mass 0.054 kg is placed at a distance of 22 cm from the centre of the disc.
The particle does not move relative to the disc.
a On a copy of the diagram draw arrows to represent the velocity and acceleration of the particle. [2]
b Calculate the angular speed and the linear speed of the particle. [2]
c The coefficient of static friction between the disc and the particle is 0.82. Determine the largest distance
from the centre of the disc where the particle can be placed and still not move relative to the disc. [3]
d The particle is to remain at its original distance of 22 cm from the centre of the disc.
i Determine the maximum angular speed of the disc so that the particle does not move relative to
the disc. [2]
ii The disc now begins to rotate at an angular speed that is greater than the answer in d i. Describe
qualitatively what happens to the particle. [2]
12 A block of mass of 5.0 kg is attached to a string of length 2.0 m which is initially horizontal. The mass is then
released and swings as a pendulum. The diagram shows the mass falling to the position where the string is in the
vertical position.
a Calculate the speed of the block when the string is in the vertical position. [2]
b Deduce the acceleration of the block. [1]
c On a copy of the diagram, draw arrows to represent the forces on the block. [2]
d For when the string is in the vertical position:
i state and explain whether the block is in equilibrium [2]
ii calculate the tension in the string. [2]
a On a copy of the diagram draw arrows to represent the forces on the particle. [2]
b State and explain whether the particle is in equilibrium. [2]
c The linear speed of the particle is v and its angular speed is . Show that:
gL sin2
i v= [2]
cos
g
ii ω = [2]
L cos
d The length of the string is 45 cm and = 60°. Use the answer in c to evaluate:
i the linear speed [1]
ii the angular speed of the particle. [1]
Air resistance may no longer be neglected.
e Suggest the effect of air resistance on:
i the linear speed of the particle [1]
ii the angle the string makes with the vertical [1]
iii the angular speed of the particle. [1]
14 A marble rolls from the top of a big sphere, as shown in the diagram.
a Show that when the marble has moved so that the line joining it to the centre of the sphere is , its speed
is given by v = √2gR(1 − cos ). (Assume a very small speed at the top.) [3]
b Deduce that at that instant, the normal reaction force on the marble from the sphere is given by
N = mg(3 cos − 2). [3]
c Hence determine the angle at which the marble loses contact with the sphere. [1]
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15 Consider two spherical bodies of mass 16M and M as in the diagram.
16M M
There is a point P somewhere on the line joining the masses where the gravitational field strength is zero.
a Determine the distance of point P from the centre of the bigger mass in terms of d, the centre-to-centre
distance separating the two bodies. [3]
b Draw a graph to show the variation of the gravitational field strength g due to the two masses with the
distance x from the centre of the larger mass. [2]
c A small point mass m is placed at P.
i State the force on m. [1]
ii The small mass m is slightly displaced to the left of P. State and explain whether the net force on the
point mass will be directed to the left or to the right. [2]
d Describe qualitatively the motion of the point mass after it has been displaced to the left of P. [2]
a i On a copy of the diagram draw arrows to represent the velocity and acceleration of the satellite. [2]
ii Explain why the satellite has acceleration even though its speed is constant. [2]
b Show that the angular speed is related to the orbit radius r by r3 2 = GM. [3]
c Because of friction with the upper atmosphere, the satellite slowly moves into another circular orbit with
a smaller radius than the answer in b. Suggest the effect of this on the satellite’s:
i angular speed [1]
ii linear speed. [1]
d Titan and Enceladus are two of Saturn’s moons. Data about these moons are given in the table.
θ
5 A body of mass 1.00 kg is tied to a string and
10 A cylinder of radius 5.0 m rotates about its
rotates on a horizontal, frictionless table.
vertical axis. A girl stands inside the cylinder with
a The length of the string is 40.0 cm and the
her back touching the side of the cylinder. The
speed of revolution is 2.0 m s−1. Calculate the
floor is suddenly lowered but the girl stays ‘glued’
tension in the string.
to the wall. The coefficient of friction between
b The string breaks when the tension exceeds
the girl and the wall is 0.60.
20.0 N. Determine the largest speed the mass
a Draw a free body diagram of the forces on
can rotate at.
the girl.
c The breaking tension of the string is 20.0 N
b Determine the minimum number of
but you want the mass to rotate at 4.00 m s−1.
revolutions per minute for which the girl does
Determine the shortest length string that can
not slip down the wall.
be used.
r
v=?
1.0 m
0.50 m
a Calculate the minimum speed with which a
cart must enter the loop so that it does not fall
off at the highest point. 0.50 m 1.0 m
b Predict the speed at the top in this case.
12 The diagram shows a horizontal disc with a hole
through its centre. A string passes through the
hole and connects a mass m on top of the disc
to a bigger mass M that hangs below the disc. 14 In an amusement park ride a cart of mass 300 kg
Initially the smaller mass is rotating on the disc and carrying four passengers each of mass 60 kg
in a circle of radius r. Determine the speed of m is dropped from a vertical height of 120 m along
be such that the big mass stands still. a frictionless path that leads into a loop-the-loop
machine of radius 30 m. The cart then enters
a straight stretch from A to C where friction
m brings it to rest after a distance of 40 m.
A
B
h R
C
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? Test yourself
15 Calculate the gravitational force between: 22 The diagram shows point P is halfway between
a the Earth and the Moon the centres of two equal spherical masses that are
b the Sun and Jupiter separated by a distance of 2 × 109 m. Calculate
c a proton and an electron separated by 10−10 m. the gravitational field strength at point P and
16 A mass m is placed at the centre of a thin, hollow, state the direction of the gravitational field
spherical shell of mass M and radius r, shown in strength at point Q.
diagram a.
2 × 109 m
M M
r r P
m m 2r
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Topic 6 (New) [54 marks]
An electron moves in circular motion in a uniform magnetic field.
1b. Calculate, in N, the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron. [1 mark]