Activity 1 Potential Earthquake Hazards & their Effects

A. Research Work (International Events)

Learn from notable earthquakes that happened around the world by searching
through internet.

1. 2010 Chile earthquakes

On February 27, 2010, a severe earthquake occurred off the coast of south-
central Chile, causing widespread damage on land and initiating a tsunami that
devastated some coastal areas of the country. Together, the earthquake and
tsunami were responsible for more than 500 deaths.

2. 2011 March Eastern Japan

Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, also called Great Sendai Earthquake or
Great Tōhoku Earthquake, severe natural disaster that occurred in northeastern
Japan on March 11, 2011. The event began with a powerful earthquake off the
northeastern coast of Honshu, Japan’s main island, which caused widespread
damage on land and initiated a series of large tsunami waves that devastated
many coastal areas of the country, most notably in the Tōhoku region
(northeastern Honshu). The tsunami also instigated a major nuclear accident at a
power station along the coast. With 15,899 deaths, +2 (Overseas), 6,157 injured
and 2,529 people missing.

3. 2004 Banda Ace, Indonesia

A powerful undersea earthquake that struck off the coast of Sumatra island,
Indonesia, set off the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, also known as the Christmas
or Boxing Day tsunami, on Sunday morning, Dec. 26, 2004. The magnitude 9.1
quake ruptured a 900-mile stretch of fault line where the Indian and Australian
tectonic plates meet. It was a powerful megathrust quake, occurring where a
heavy ocean plate slips under a lighter continental plate. The quake caused the
ocean floor to suddenly rise by as much as 40 meters, triggering a massive
 tsunami. Within 20 minutes of the earthquake, the first of several 100-foot waves
hit the shoreline of Banda Aceh, killing more than 100,000 people and pounding
the city into rubble. Then, in succession, tsunami waves rolled over coastlines in
Thailand, India, and Sri Lanka, killing tens of thousands more. Eight hours later
and 5,000 miles from its Asian epicenter, the tsunami claimed its final casualties
on the coast of South Africa. In all, nearly 230,000 people were killed, making it
one of the deadliest disasters in modern history.

4. 2015 Nepal Earthquake

A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal on April 25, 2015, toppling multi-story
buildings in Kathmandu, the capital, and creating landslides and avalanches in
the Himalaya Mountains. Nearly 9,000 people died and more than 22,000
suffered injuries. It was the deadliest earthquake in the seismically active region
in 81 years. The quake was followed by hundreds of aftershocks, and only 17
days later, there was another major quake, a magnitude 7.3 temblor. Thirty-nine
of the nation’s 75 districts with a population of 8 million people — about a third of
the national population — were affected. Hundreds of thousands of people lost
everything and faced extreme poverty. More than 600,000 homes were
destroyed and more than 288,000 were damaged in the 14 worst-hit districts.
The quakes’ strongest impact was in remote rural areas, making the response
extremely challenging.
B. Research Work (Local Events)
1. July 16, 1990 Luzon Earthquake
The massive 7.7-magnitude earthquake that struck Luzon Island in the
Philippines on July 16, 1990, wreaked havoc across a sizable portion of Luzon,
the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating
effects. The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of
Manila in the Nueva Ecija province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for
nearly a full minute. Collapsing buildings were the main cause of damage and
death, although many people were injured stampedes of people fleeing multi-
story buildings. An estimated 2,412 lives were lost during that day. Thousands
were injured.

2. 1976 Moro Gulf Earth Earthquake

Eleven minutes after midnight on 17 August 1976, a violent earthquake severely
damaged Cotabato City. Just 10 minutes later, tidal waves spawned by the
earthquake ravaged 700 km of coastline bordering Moro Gulf. When the sea had
spent its fury, the survivors looked upon scenes of death and destruction. About
8,000 were dead or missing. About 10,000 were injured and about 90,000 were
homeless.

3. 2013 Bohol Earthquake

The 7.2 magnitude earthquake on 15 October 2013 was the strongest to hit the
Philippines' Bohol Island province in nearly 25 years, and occurred on a
previously unknown fault line. Municipalities in the northwest of Bohol were
hardest hit. The total number of affected people has been adjusted to 1.3 million
from an initial estimate of 3.2 million as 2 million people from Cebu were first
included, but later assessments identified that the island was not affected by the
earthquake. According to government assessments and figures from early
January, the earthquake damaged in total 79,217 houses out of which 13,402
were destroyed.
 4. 2012 Negros Earthquake
A magnitude 6.9 earthquake shook the islands of Negros, Cebu, and nearby
islands of Western Visayas region at 11:49 A.M. on February 6, 2012. The
earthquake was generated by a thrust fault movement with the epicenter located
in Tayasan, Negros Oriental. An Intensity VIII (very destructive) was felt in
Tayasan, Vallehermoso, Jimalalud, La Libertad, and Guihulngan, Negros
Oriental. A total of 51 dead and 112 injured while 62 were missing from the
landslide in Solongon, La Libertad and Planas, Guihulngan.

Guide Questions:
Answer the following questions (10 pts. each)
1. What are the facts and data that makes these earthquakes notable in the history
of the world? (summarize)
Their magnitude, intensity and the damage it made and left to the people and the
place were what made these earthquakes notable in the history of the world.

2. What are the hazards associated with the earthquakes based on the facts that
you have gathered in your readings?
The hazards from earthquakes include ground shaking, landslides and rockfalls,
and tsunamis.

3. What are the effects brought about by these earthquakes? Give at least five.
• Death
• Landslide
• Ground shaking
• Tsunamis
• Damage to homes and buildings
• Ground rapture
• Liquefaction