PLANT REPRODUCTION

FLOWERS and FOSSILS

Flowers and Fossils
 Rise and Fall of Dinosaurs
• Dinosaurs are found in the
fossil record starting about
230 million years ago.
• The last dinosaurs became
extinct about 65 million
years ago.
• Impact Hypothesis: A
10km-wide meteorite had
smashed into the Yucatan
peninsula in Mexico,
causing worldwide forest
fires, tsunamis several
kilometres high, and an
'impact winter'
 Rise and Fall of Dinosaurs
• Evidence prior to impact
that diversity of dinosaur
species was on the decline.
• Climate change?
• Rise of Angiosperms?
– Sometime in the Mid-
Cretaceous Period; between
144 to 65 Million Years Ago
– Corresponds with a decline of
the gymnosperms and rise of
animal groups
FLOWERS
 What are Flowers?

• Flowers are the sexual organs of a flowering

plant; holds the plant's reproductive organs

• The main basis of plant identification and

classification, hence its importance to taxonomy
and nomenclature
 Symmetrical Flowers

Zygomorphic Actinomorphic
(Bilaterally symmetrical) (Radially symmetrical)
Asymmetrical Flowers

Asymmetrical
What are Flowers?
stigma carpel
gynoecium
locule style Flower is perfect
pollen Flower is monoecious
ovule ovary
anther
filament stamen
androecium
petal
corolla
sepal perianth
receptacle
calyx Perianth is complete
pedicel
Floral Parts
Floral Parts
 Floral Parts
Wings
Part of the 2 upper petals

Banner:
Innermost and smallest petal

Keel:
Part of the 2 upper petals
Floral Parts

2 Flower Types: Disc and

Ray Flowers
According to Presence of Parts
1. Complete:
Calyx, Corolla, Gynoecium, and Androecium present
2. Incomplete:
When one/two of the four whorls is/are absent
3. Perfect/Bisexual/Hermaphrodite :
Both stamen and Pistil are present
4. Imperfect/Unisexual:
Either Pistil or stamen are present
5. Pistillate: Pistil is present; Stamen absent
6. Staminate: Stamen is present; Pistil is absent
Ovary Position
 Types of Inflorescence
Determinate Inflorescence
Inflorescence in which the oldest flower is found
at the terminal part of the main axis and the
general progression of blooming is upward

Indeterminate Inflorescence
Inflorescence in which the youngest flower is
terminal on the floral axis and the progression of
blooming is inward
Variation of Inflorescence

Catkin or Ament Corymb

Variation of Inflorescence

Cyathium
Variation of Inflorescence

Cyme
Variation of Inflorescence

Head/Capitulum/
Capitate/Disk

Spadix

Panicle
Variation of Inflorescence

Umbel

Spike Thyrse
FLOWERS
 Terminal corymb

Regular
Complete
Calyx, fused five
Corolla, fused five
Stamen, distinct five
Unicarpellate

Impala Lily
Adenium obesum
 Inflorescence in
cymes

Regular
Complete
Five distinct
sepals
Five distinct
petals
Five distinct
stamen fused
to carpel
Yellow Bell Unicarpellate
Allamanda cathartica
 Cyme
Regular
Complete
Five distinct
sepals
Five distinct
petal lobes
Five distinct
stamens
Pair of carpels

Periwinkle
Catharanthus roseus
 Cyme
Regular
Incomplete
Five distinct
tepals
Many sepals
No petals
Five distinct
pistils
2- 3 fused,
Globe Amaranth superior ovary
Gomphrena globusa
 Solitary

Regular
Incomplete
Calyx not present
Six distinct petals
attached to perianth
tube
4 + 1 + 1 stamens,
three sets with
differing lengths
Fairy Lily
Unicarpellate
Zephyranthes rosea
 Capitula or Head

Regular
Incomplete
Eight erect
involucral
bracts
Eight ray
flowers
Numerous
carpel
Cosmos
Cosmos caudatus
 Spadix

Irregular
Incomplete
No sepals
Peace lily 1 petal
Spathiphyllum sp. 4-6 distinct
stamens
2-3 carpels,
superior ovary
 Solitary on a Regular
peduncle Complete
Many fused
sepals
8-13 ray florets
Five fused
petals
Stamen, many
Numerous
carpels

Zinnia
Zinnia elegans
 Cyme
Regular
Complete
Five distinct sepals
Five connate petals
Five epipetalous
stamen
Two-part
syncarpous,
superior
Cardinal Climber
Ipomoea quamoclit
 Cyathium
synflorescense:
umbel
Regular
Incomplete
Small flower with
pair of bracts
No calyx
No corolla
Stamen, one
Three-parted
ovary

Crown of Thorns
Euphorbia milii
 Paniculate or corymbose

Irregular
Complete
Caduceus
bracts
Five distinct
sepals
Subequal
corolla
Ten distinct
stamens
Caballero
Caesalpinia pulcherrima 2 – 10 ovules
 Erect in one plane
Irregular
Incomplete
3-30 rosy red bracts and
conspicuous orange flowers in
spiral
Three showy sepals, two are
adpresed to corolla except at
free and the other is free
Tubular corolla with more or
less united petals
Birds-of-Paradise Five functional stamens, one
Heliconia psittacorum staminode
Three carpels
 Thyrsoid and the
cymes are
sessile
Irregular
Complete
4 or 5 fused
sepals
4 or 5 fused
petals
4 stamens adnate
to corolla
2 fused carpels,
superior ovary
Balbas-pusa
Orthosipon aristatus
 Solitary

Regular
Complete
Five fused sepals
Five distinct and
lobed petals
Stamen, many
Pentacarpelllate

Gumamela
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
 Cyme

Regular
Bougainvillea Incomplete
Bougainvillea spectabilis Calyx, distinct five
Corolla not present,
apetalous
Showy bracts
surrounding perfect
flower
Stamen, fused eight
Unicarpellate
 Spikes in a panicle,
flowers are spikelets
Irregular
Incomplete
Bracteate
No calyx
No corolla
Stamen, 2 + 2 distinct
(attached to corolla tube)
Unicarpellate, two
stigmas
Rice
Oryza sativa
 Cyme

Irregular
Complete
Calyx not present
Corolla, distinct 5
Stamen, distinct
4-5`
Unicarpellate

Star Cluster
Pentas lanceolata
 Cyme or
Umbel
Regular
Complete
Calyx, fused six
Corolla, many
Stamen, distinct
six
Unicarpellate

Rosal
Gardenia jasminoides
 Cyme

Regular
Complete
Calyx, fused four
Corolla, fused
four
Stamen, distinct
Unicarpellate

Dwarf Santan
Ixora coccinea
 Umbel
Regular
Complete
Five fused sepals
under each head
Five lobed corolla
in each floret
Stamen, 2 + 2
distinct (attached
to corolla tube)
Bicarpellate,
hypo, fused

Utot-utot
Lantana camara