Sexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction vs Asexual Reproduction

Involves male and Only one parent is involved
female parts (gametes: (no gametes)
egg cell + sperm cells)

Involves the flowers Does not involve the

flowering part of the plant

Involves formation of Does not involve formation

flowers, fruits & seeds
Pollination or fertilization
Produces genetically
different offspring
Can spread more quickly
over a large area
Always result in
production of seeds
of flowers, fruits & seeds
Fragmentation
Produces genetically
identical offspring
Can only grow close to the
parent plant
Can produce bulbs, runners
& tubers
Classification of Flowers:
• Complete and Incomplete
‣ Complete possess all 3 appendages
‣ Incomplete lack one or more appendages
• Perfect and Imperfect
‣ Perfect has both carpel and stamen
‣ Imperfect has either carpel/stamen, not both
All complete flowers are perfect Ovules

All imperfect flowers are incomplete • Located inside ovary

Plants are more likely to Plants are more likely to Not all incomplete flowers are imperfect • Funiculus attaches ovule to placenta
survive new threats survive new threats
• Structures of ovules: MINE CS
Ovary Positions: ‣ Micropylar end opening allows pollen to enter the ovule

Flowers and Pollination grow and multiply

• Hypogenous superior ovary ‣ Integuments protective layer surrounding the ovule

Structures of a Flower: • Perigenous hypanthium surround ovary ‣ Nucellus inner structure of ovule, develop into endosperm

• Pedicel (Peduncle) - flower stalk

• Epigenous inferior ovary ‣ Embryo Sac
• Receptacle (Torus) - hold flower part
‣ Produces the egg cells for fertilization

• Appendages
‣ Develops into seed

‣ Chalazal Ends opposite of micropylar end where nucleus is

‣ Perianths (sepals + petals)
joined by integuments

• Sepals (Calyx) protects flower when in bud ‣ Synergids produce signals that guides the pollen
• Petals (Corolla) attracts pollinating insects
‣ Stamens (male part)
• Anther lobes containing pollen sacs
• Filament stalk holding anther
‣ Carpels (female part)
• Stigma receives pollen

• Style supports stigma

• Ovary has ovules storing female gametes

Pollination transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma Kinds of Inflorescences: 7. Corymb – the main axis is
• Self-Pollination same/another flower of the same plant 1. Spike – elongated axis; flowers comparatively short. The lower
• Cross-Pollination flowers fr different plants are sessile or without a flowers have longer stalks than
• Wind Pollination stalk.
the upper ones so that all the
• Animal Pollination Ex. Pansit-pansitan flowers are brought more or less
(Peperomia pellucida) at the same level. Ex. Caballero
2. Spadix – spike with fleshy (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)

Pollen grains axis, enclosed by large, 8. Umbel - primary axis is

• Contains Microgametophytes (produce male often brightly colored shortened and bears at its
gametes) of seed plants
bract called SPATHE
tip a group of flowers which
• Have hard coat (protects the sperm during their Ex. Calla lily (Zantedeschia have pedicels of more or
movement from stemen to pistil)
aethiopica), Anthurium less equal lengths, which
• Germinates and produce pollen tubes (transfer (Anthurium andraeanum)
they appear to spread out
sperm to ovule) 3. Catkin – a spike with a long from a common point. Ex.
and pendulous axis; bears Sapinit (Hibiscus surattensis)

Fertilization aka zyngamy, fusion of gametes

unisexual flowers only.
9. CAPITULUM or HEAD – main axis is suppressed,
Ex. Buntot-pusa (Acalypha becoming almost flat. The flowers are also without any
hispida) stalk that they become crowded together o the flat
4. Raceme – elongated axis; surface of the receptacle. The capitulum is composed of
bears a numbers of flowers ray flowers along the margin and disk flowers crowded
which are all stalked, the lower at the center of the flower.
flowers having longer stalks Ex. Sunflower (Helianthus
than the upper Ex. Cassia annuus), zinnia (Zinnia
(Cassia fistula)
elegans), gerbera (Gerbera
Inflorescences
5. Panicle – main axis of the spp.), daisy (Bellis perennis)

• Groups of several flowers that:

flower is branched and the

• may all open at the same time

lateral branches bear the

• will follow an orderly progression to maturation
Other:
stalked flower. Ex. Rice
(Oryza sativa), Malunggay CYATHIUM – consists of a
• Pedicels – little stalk attached to each peduncle of
an inflorescences
(Moringa oleifera)
cup-shaped involucres formed by fused heads Ex.
6. Cyme main axis ends in a flower that opens before the Euphorbia spp.

flowers below or on its side open. Further growth takes VERTICILLASTER – with a cluster of sessile flowers
place with the growth of one or in the axil of a leaf forming a false whorl at the node.
more laterals. The flowers may Ex. Coleus spp.

be with or without stalks. Ex. HYPANTHODIUM – fleshy receptacle forms a hollow

Baby’s breath
cavity which is more or less pear-shaped and has a
narrow opening. Flowers are borne on the inner wall of
the cavity. Ex. Ficus nitida

Seed structure: Fruits the mature ovary

• EMBRYO – immature plant from which a new plant will

grow

• Radicle – embryonic root •

• Cotelydon – seed leaf •

• Epicotyl/Plumule – shoot apex above the attachment

of cotelydon

• Hypocotyl – connects the radicle to cotelydon

• ENDOSPERM – nutritive tissue that feeds the embryo

• SEED COAT – outer covering of the seed

Germination resumption of growth of a seed/spore

Factors:

‣ Viable
‣ Dormancy (broken by scarification)
‣ Water & oxygen

‣ Light or its absence

GERMINATION:

Types of Fruits:

• Simple Fruits developed from a single carpel or fused Simple: Dry: Indehiscent
ovaries of one flower
• SAMARA one-seeded fruit with wing-like outgrowths of the ovary (MAPLES, ALDER, ASH)

• Compound Fruits • NUT develops from a compound pistil, Pericarp is hard at maturity (Walnut)\
‣ Aggregate • CARYOPSIS simple & small containing only one seed

‣ Multiple Seed coat is fused to the fruit wall

Grass family: WHEAT, CORN, OATS

Simple: Fleshy
Simple Fruits:
• ACHENE Seed & fruit remains distinct

• BERRY – all layers are soft

Fruit wall is thin & papery (SUNFLOWER

• Fleshy
• Tomato • Grape • Blueberries

‣ Berry • Cranberries • Bananas • Guava

‣ Pome • POME – leathery or papery endocarp

Compound Fruits
‣ Hesperidium • Apple, Per
• Aggregate developed from a single flower with separate carpels

‣ Drupe • HESPERIDIUM – leathery exocarp • Citrus fruits ‣ Raspberries, Blackberries, Magnolia

‣ Pepo (fam Rutaceae)
• Multiple developed from carpels of many flowers that grows close on a common floral stalk

• Dry
• DRUPE (stone fruit) – hard (schlerematous) ‣ • Pineapples, Figs, Mulberries
‣ Dehiscent endocarp

‣ Follicle
• Peach • Cherry • Avocado •

‣ Legume
• Olive • Almonds • Mango • Plum • Apricot •

‣ Silique
• PEPO – exocarp is a tough hard rind •

‣ Schizocarp
• Gourd (fam Cucurbitaceae)

‣ Capsule
• Pumpkin • Squash • Watermelon • Cantalope

‣ Indehiscent
‣ Caryopsis
Simple: Dry
‣ Achene
• DEHISCENT – split opens along sutures

‣ Samara
• INDEHISCENT – do not split open

‣ Nut

Simple: Dry: Dehiscent

• FOLLICLE – split opens along one sutures (Columbine & Milkweed)
• LEGUME – split open along two sutures (Beans & Peas)
• SILIQUE – characteristic of Brassicaceae family (Mustard)
• SCHIZOCARP – compound ovaries break into individual carpels (mesicarps) (Parsley)

• CAPSULE – split open along multiple sutures

• Hyperium – along the lines of fusion

• Iris – between the lines of fusion

• Primerose – splits into top & bottom half

• Poppy – opening by small pores