THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

OF FLOWERING PLANTS
显花植物的生殖器官
 Fruit Seed Root Stem Leaf

雄蕊
Carpel/ Pistil 雌蕊
柱头
花药
花柱
花丝
子房

花瓣
萼片

胚珠
Peduncle 花柄
花托
 THE STRUCTURE OF FLOWER
• Calyx 花萼: the sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl
that encloses the petals and forms a protective layer around
a flower bud由数片萼片组成，保护花蕾的作用
• Corolla 花冠: all of the petals of a flower, protect the inner
parts of flower and are usually brightly coloured highly
attractive to insects which act as agents for pollination 有多
片花瓣组成，具保护花内部构造及吸引昆虫传粉
• Perianth 花被: the outer part of a flower, consisting of the
calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)花萼与花瓣的总称
 THE STRUCTURE OF FLOWER

Stamen 雄蕊→the male fertilizing organ of a flower,

typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a
filament 花的雄性器官，由花丝与花药组成
• Stamen consists of:
• (1) anther花药: produce pollen grains 产生花粉粒
• (2) filament 花丝: support the anther支持花药
 THE STRUCTURE OF FLOWER

Carpel/ pistil雌蕊 → the female reproductive organ of

flower, consists of stigma, style & ovary 花的雌性器官
• stigma柱头：receive pollen grain during pollination
接受花粉粒
• style 花柱：support stigma支持柱头
• ovary子房: forms the fruit after fertilization; contains the
ovule 受精后形成果实;内有胚珠
 Protection;
attract insects

Produce pollens Receive pollens

Support stigma
Support anther
Contain ovule for
fertilization

Develop into
seed after Protect
fertilisation flower bud
Place where others
flower parts grow
 TYPES OF FLOWER

Complete flower 完全花→ a flower consists of 4 main floral

parts (sepals, petals, stamen, carpels)
• Example: Hibiscus 木槿花（大红花），morning glory牵牛花
 TYPES OF FLOWER

Incomplete flower不完全花→ missing 1 or more

complete flower parts 缺少花器中任何一部分的花
1. Achlamydeous flower 无被花：perianth is absent
• Example: maize 玉蜀黍, Poinsettia一品红
 TYPES OF FLOWER

2. monochlamydeous flower 单被花 : possess a single

layer of perianth only

jackfruit Bougainvillea
菠萝蜜花 九重葛
 TYPES OF FLOWER

3. Unisexual flower 单性花 : possess only stamen or pistil

• Example: coconut, watermelon, cucumber, bitter gourd

Female flower of papaya male flower of papaya

 anther
stigma

Female flower male flower

of coconut of coconut
Female flower Male flower
of corn of corn
 TYPES OF FLOWER

4. neutral flower 中性花 ：Without stamen and pistil

 TYPES OF FLOWER

4. neutral flower 中性花 ：Without stamen and pistil

向日葵外围的射状小花
(ray florets)
 TYPES OF FLOWER

regular flower整齐花: a flower which can be divided into

two equal halves along more than one longitudinal plane
passing through the center of the flower用任何通过中心点
的线皆能将其分成两等份的花
TYPES OF FLOWER

Example:
• 大红花 hibiscus
• 牵牛花 morning glory
• 水莲雾 Syzygium samarangense
• 夹竹桃 Oleander Capsicum 辣椒
• 柑类
• 瓜类
• 榴莲
• 番石榴

hibiscus
 TYPES OF FLOWER

Irregular flower不整齐花: a flower which can only be

halved along one longitudinal plane passing through the
center of the flower只能用单一条通过中心点的线将其分成两
等份的花
• 碟豆Clitoria，凤仙花balsam plant，胡姬orchid，凤凰木flame of
forest
 TYPES OF FLOWER

Irregular flower不整齐花

凤凰木flame of forest
Regular Flower and Irregular Flower

Regular flower Irregular flower

 POLLINATION 传粉作用

• The transfer of mature pollen grains from anther to

stigma 成熟花粉粒从雄蕊的花药传到雌蕊的柱头
 POLLINATION

2 types of pollination:
1. Cross- pollination 异花传粉
• Pollen grains of a flower are transferred to the stigma
of another flower of a different plant 花粉从一棵植物
传到另一棵植物花朵的柱头
 POLLINATION

Cross- pollination 异花传粉

 POLLINATION

2. Self- pollination 自花传粉

• Pollen grains of anthers are transferred to the stigma
of the same flower or another flower of the same
plant. 发生在同一朵花（两性花），或同一棵植物上的
花之间。
 POLLINATION

Advantages of cross-pollination:
1. Seeds produced give rise to healthy plants
2. Offspring possess characters from both parents
3. New and better varieties can be produced and
thus can have better survival chances
 POLLINATION

Plants avoid self-pollination in the following ways:

• produce bisexual flower (双性花), pistils and stamens
are ripen at different time.
• produce bisexual flower, anther (花药) and stigma
(柱头) are far apart (距离遥远).
• produce unisexual flowers (单性花).
AGENTS OF POLLINATION传粉的媒介

1. Insect-pollinated flower 虫媒花

• normally has bright colour and beautiful flower to
attract insects
• Example: mango, balsam plant, hibiscus
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION

2. wind- pollinated flower 风媒花

• Flowers pollinated by wind
• Example: Mimosa pudica含羞草, maize, rice,
Imperata白茅
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION

3. water- pollinated flower 水媒花

• Flowers pollinated by water
• Example: Vallisneria 鳗草/苦草, Hydrilla软水草, Elodea
伊乐藻
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION

• Some vertebrate pollinators:

Bat-pollinated flower
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION
Bird-pollinated flower:
Hummingbird 蜂鸟
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION
rat-pollinated flower:
Honey possum蜂蜜负鼠
 SEXUAL DECEPTION POLLINATION 性欺骗授粉

orchid

male insects are sexually attracted to the flower by a floral scent that imitates
the olfactory cue or sex pheromone used by the pollinator species to attract a
mate. Pollination occurs when pollinators attempt copulation (or so-called
pseudocopulation) with the flower.
 COMPARISON OF WIND-POLLINATED FLOWER
AND INSECT-POLLINATED FLOWER
INSECT- POLLINATED WIND- POLLINATED

Large, bright colour, FLOWERS Small, dull-coloured颜色暗

scented 有气味→ attract 淡, scentless 无气味
insects
Present → attract insects NECTAR 蜜腺 Absent

Large, sticky , heavy, POLLEN GRAINS花粉 Small, dry, smooth,

light → easy to be carried
by wind,

May not be pendulous STAMEN 雄蕊 Long, slender filament

不下垂 细长花丝

Lie within corolla 在花冠内 STIGMA 雌蕊 Protrude outside the

corolla延伸到花冠外

Small & sticky→ pollens STRUCTURE OF STIGMA Feathery 羽状→ catch

deposit accurately by 柱头的构造 pollens easily
insects
 ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION
人工传粉/授粉
• occurs when humans intervene with the natural
pollination process用人工方法把植物花粉传送到柱头上以
提高繁殖率的技术措施
• humans carry pollen, or plant sperm, from one flower to
another, allowing the pollen to fertilize the ovaries and
create seeds that will develop into fruits and new plants

Hand pollination人工点授法 Mechanical method喷粉法

 FERTILISATION 受精作用

• It means fusion of
male cell with the
female cell (egg)雄生
殖细胞与雌生殖细胞的结
合
• Male gamete (pollen
grains) →pollen tube
→penetrate stigma →
penetrate wall of
ovary → penetrate
embryo sac 胚囊→
fuses with female
gamete (egg in ovule)
DOUBLE FERTILISATION 双受精作用

胚乳

传粉作用 → 受精作用 (雄配子和雌配子结合形成合子) →形成果实和种子

花粉粒 → 柱头 → 花柱 → 子房 →胚珠 →卵细胞
 FERTILISATION 受精作用

胚乳

胚乳-被子植物在双受精过程中精子与极核融合后形成的滋养组织
 FERTILISATION

Development of flower into fruit after fertilisation:

• Ovary 子房→ fruit 果实
• Ovary wall 子房壁 → fruit wall 果皮
• Ovule胚珠 →seed 种子
• Ovule stalk 珠柄→ seed stalk 种柄
FERTILISATION
 Development of
fruit and seed
Stigma
Style

Petal Ovary wall

Pericarp
Stamen Ovule

Withers 凋谢 Peduncle

Seed

Fruit stalk
FERTILISATION
FERTILISATION
 Flower Seed Root Stem Leaf

FRUIT STRUCTURE 果实的构造

Fruit stalk
Pericarp
(peduncle)
果皮
Endocarp
内果皮
Mesocarp
中果皮
Exocarp
外果皮 Remain of style
 FRUIT

• After fertilization, the ovary of the flower usually develops

into the fruit; ovule develops into seeds
• The main parts of a fruit include the exocarp (skin), the
mesocarp (middle part), and the endocarp (inner part);
these three parts make up the pericarp
 FRUIT

• Loculi (loculus)室 → fruit chamber(s)

 Fruit chamber
(loculi/loculus)

Testa

Cotyledon Embryo
 FRUIT

Fruits may be true or false:

1. True Fruits 真果→ is a mature or ripened ovary,
developed after fertilization由子房发育而成
• Mango, Maize, Grape, coconut, orange, papaya, durian,
mangosteen, rambutan, ciku.
True fruit (真果): fruit developed only from the
ovary of a flower.
 FRUIT
2. False Fruits/ Accessory fruit 假果→ is derived from the
floral parts other than ovary除了子房，还包括其他花器
共同发育而成
• peduncle in cashew-nut, thalamus in apple, pear, gourd and
cucumber
• fused perianth in mulberry (桑椹) and calyx in Dillenia (五桠果)
• Jack fruit and pineapple are also false fruits as they develop
from the entire inflorescence
• False fruits are also called spurious or accessory fruits (附果)
FALSE FRUITS/ ACCESSORY FRUIT 假果
 TYPES OF FRUIT
Fruits are usually classified into three groups:
1. simple (单果)→develops from a single ovary of a
single flower 由一朵花的单一子房发育而成
2. aggregate (集生果)→ develops from a number of
ovaries of a single flower由一朵花内的许多子房发育
而成
3. multiple (聚花果)→ formed by all the flowers of a
whole inflorescence grouped together一个花序上
许多花所共同结成的果实
Base on the flower structure:

One flower One flower All the flowers

One ovary >2 ovaries from an
inflorescence
(花序)
AGGREGATE FRUIT
MULTIPLE FRUIT
TYPES OF FRUIT
 FUNCTIONS OF FRUIT 果实的功能

• protect the seeds 保护种子

• aid in the dispersal of the seed 协助散播种子
• Supply nutrients to the developing seeds提供营养予发
育中的种子
 DISPERSAL OF FRUITS & SEEDS
果实与种子的散播
The primary function of fruits and seeds is to disperse
offspring so that young plants can grow away from
parental and sibling competition or colonize new
habitats.
1. Dispersal by Animals 动物媒介
2. Dispersal by Wind 风媒介
3. Dispersal by Water 水媒介
4. Mechanical Dispersal/ Explosive Mechanism 自动
爆裂/ 自动弹力
 DISPERSAL OF FRUITS & SEEDS
Dispersal by Animals:
• Edible fruits, specially
those that are brightly
coloured, are devoured by
various animals and, in
many cases, their seeds
pass through animal
cocklebur苍耳
alimentary canals without
any injury
• Sometimes, fruits and seeds
are provided with
appendages (hooks, spines,
barbs or stiff hairs) or sticky
secretions which facilitate
their mechanical dispersal
by animals
 DISPERSAL OF FRUITS & SEEDS

Dispersal by wind: Dandelion

蒲公英
• seeds have to be light so that
their buoyancy (浮力) may
enable them to float on air
over long distances
• Very small, dry and dusty seeds
• are provided with appendages
(Pappus冠毛, Coma种毛, Hairy Angsana
outgrowths) which act like 青龙木
parachutes in helping them to
float in air
• Wings are developed on fruits Shorea娑罗树
and seeds rendering them
African tulip
buoyant
 DISPERSAL OF FRUITS & SEEDS
Dispersal by Water:
• fruits must be provided with a coat which is simultaneously
waterproof, salt-resistant and buoyant
• Fruits which float such as those of the water lily and the
coconut palm are carried by water
• Mangroves in the swamp regions are another example
 DISPERSAL OF FRUITS & SEEDS
Mechanical Dispersal/ Explosive Mechanism :
• When the fruits dry up they burst open & eject the seeds
away from the parent plant
• Example: legume, rubber fruits, Acacia, balsam
 种子
尽管各种植物种子的形状、大小、颜色各不相同，但是它们的结构
有相同之处。

➢ 种子是由受精后的胚
珠发育而成的
➢ 不同植物所产生的种
子，在形状、大小、
色泽和花纹都有较大
的差别
➢ 种子结构基本上一致：
种皮、胚（胚芽、胚
根、子叶、胚轴）、
胚乳组成
 Flower Fruit Root Stem Leaf

Structure of seed (external features)

Cotyledon 子叶
（store food)
Hilum 种脐
(attaches to the fruit wall)

Micropyle 珠孔
(absorb water)
Testa 种皮
(protect seed)
Structure of seed
(longitudinal features)

Hypocotyl 胚轴
Plumule 胚芽 (develop into regions
(develop into leaves between root and stem)
and stem) Radicle 胚根
(develop into root)

Cotyledon 子叶 Testa 种皮
(store food) （protect the seed)

Embryo胚
 embryo

endosperm

（store food)

（store food)
 你能说出种子各部分的结构有什么功能吗？
种脐(hilum)上的 生有幼叶的部分，
珠孔(micropyle) 将来发育成茎和叶。
是种子用来吸收水
连接胚芽和胚
分和空气的通道。
根的部分，将
来发育成连接
根和茎的部位。

细条状，将来发育成根。
种皮（testa）
坚韧，保护种 两片，肥厚，
子的内部结构。 贮藏营养物质。
 观察玉米种子的形态结构
两者紧密结合，保护
种子的内部结构。 一片，不肥厚。可从
胚乳中吸收营养供胚
胚乳 发育需要。
（endosperm）
是胚以外的部 生有幼叶的部分，将
分，贮藏有淀 来发育成茎和叶。
粉等营养物质。

分布在与胚芽相对应的 连接胚芽和胚根的部分，将
一端，将来发育成根。 来发育成连接根和茎的部位。
 Exocarp

Mesocarp

Endocarp

Embryo
Seed Testa
Endosperm (solid)
 是
果
实
吗
？

椰子的种子在哪里？
 不是

是
是
果
实
不是
吗
？ 是

是
不是
椰子的种子在哪里？
你吃过这些果实吗？
你发现这些果实里有什么？

种子

能产生种子的植物---种子植物
我们平时所吃的食物中，你知道哪些来自植物的种子
吗？

荷花的种子——莲子 裸子植物银杏的种子——白果

油料作物——油棕果 棉花种子——籽棉，棉花是种子上的纤维

人类对植物种子的利用
根据胚中的子叶数目，可将被子植物分为单子叶植物和双子
叶植物。
单子叶植物：如玉米、小麦、水稻、高粱、甘蔗等。

双子叶植物：如菜豆、棉、黄瓜、花生、柑等。
 种子的萌发GERMINATION OF
SEEDS

种子萌发所需的养料贮存在子叶或胚乳中。

种子越饱满，贮存的营养物质越多，幼苗生长就越健壮

所以播种时要尽量选用饱满的种子。
 种子里的营养物质

➢日常生活中所用的花生油、棕油、玉米油等都是用
种子榨取提炼的
➢高蛋白的豆浆、豆制品也是用种子作原料制成的
➢食用的淀粉、冬粉等也有不少是以种子为原料的
➢这些都说明种子内储存着丰富的养料
➢不同种子储存的养料存在较大的差别
➢有的种子含有较多的淀粉，有的种子含有丰富的
蛋白质，有的种子储存有较多的油脂。
 种子的萌发GERMINATION OF
SEEDS
• 在合适的环境中，种子会萌发。那么，种子萌发需要怎样的
环境条件？
• 种子是怎样萌发的，又是怎样长成幼苗的呢？
 种子的萌发

种子萌发的自身
1.胚必须是结构完整的
（必要）条件 2.在种子的寿限之内
3.胚必须具有生命力、
成活的
种子的萌发 种子萌发的外界 1.足够的水分
条件 2.适宜的温度
3.充足的氧气
 种子萌发的过程

1. 种子在萌发以前,必须吸足水分，使种皮变软或胀破
2. 此时子叶或胚乳里贮藏的营养物质逐渐溶解在水中，输送给
胚根、胚轴和胚芽。
3. 这三部分的细胞得到营养物质后，就开始分裂和生长。
 SEED GERMINATION EXPERIMENTS
• Independent variable is the variable you purposely
manipulate (change) → manipulated variable操纵性
变数
• example – the amount of light
• Only one independent variable per experiment: in this
experiment you would keep all the seed in the dark)
• Dependent variable is the variable being observed
that changes in response to the independent variable
• Responding variables反应性变数 ,example – seed
germination
• Controlled variables are the variables that are not
changed → Constant variables 固定性变数
• example – type of soil, type of bean, container, amount of
water → all groups must contain the same factors
 CONDITION FOR GERMINATION

• Adequate supply of oxygen充足的氧气:

有氧 无氧

萌芽 没有萌芽
 CONDITION FOR GERMINATION

• Suitable amount of water足够的水分:

 CONDITION FOR GERMINATION

• Suitable temperature适宜的温度:

0oC 25oC 70oC 100oC

没有萌芽 萌芽 没有萌芽 没有萌芽

 种子的萌发

水分是种子萌发的条件吗？
（种子的萌发是否需要水）
A和C
种子萌发
种子不萌发 种子的萌发需要氧气
每组种子的数量太少

种子自身（种子萌发的内部条件
A
 Types of germination
Hypogeal germination 内生萌发

Epigeal germination 外生萌发

 TYPES OF GERMINATION萌发的种类

1. Hypogeal germination内生萌发
• The cotyledons remain in the ground 当种
子萌芽时，由于胚轴生长缓慢，子叶保留在土
面下
• Example: broad bean豌豆, maize玉蜀黍,
vicia蚕豆, groundnuts花生

2. Epigeal germination外生萌发
• Cotyledons come above the soil当种子萌
芽时，由于胚轴生长迅速，把子叶托出土面
• Example: castor seed蓖麻种子, French
bean四季豆
Classified of seed:
1. Monocotyledon – eg. Corn, coconut
2. Dicotyledon –
(a) endospermous seed 有胚乳种子
eg. Castor seed 蓖麻种子
(b) non-endospermous seed 无胚乳种子
eg. Green bean, broad bean, groundnut

Condition for the germination of seed:

1. Water
2. Oxygen
3. Temperature (normally 5 - 40°C)
 种子的休眠

有些植物的种子成熟后，虽在合适的条件下仍不萌发，
需要经过一段时间后才会萌发，这种现象称为种子的休
眠（dormancy）。
✓ 能避开干燥或寒冷等各种不利的因素
✓ 种子休眠是植物对自然环境变化的一种适应
✓ 有些作物如水稻、小麦等的种子，没有休眠或休眠
时间极短，因此，这些种子如遇到连续阴雨高温的
天气，就会在穗上发芽。
 种子的寿命

✓与动物一样，种子也有一定的寿命
✓例如，在一般条件下小麦、水稻、玉米的种子只能
存活2 ~ 3 年
✓白菜、蚕豆、南瓜的种子能存活4 ~ 6 年
✓在低温和干燥的条件下保存种子，寿命可以延长
✓在高温和潮湿的条件下，寿命就会缩短
人工种子

✓ 采用高科技手段，将植
物细胞在试管中培育成
胚状体
✓ 用含有营养物质和其他
必要成分的凝胶物
✓ 条件适宜→萌发成幼苗
✓ 优点：
1. 不受季节限制
2. 更好的营养供应
3. 抵抗疾病的能力
比较苹果、豌豆和松树的种子，你发现它们有什
么不同？

鳞片
果皮
松树的球果和种子
苹果的果实和种子

种子

豌豆的果实和种子