BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL – DOHA – QATAR

SCIENCE NOTES
CH -12 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

 Reproduction- Process of production of young ones from the parents

is  called reproduction. 
Parts of a plant 

 Vegetative Parts - These are the parts of the plant that plays a major role
in  the life cycle of a plant such as preparation of food, transportation of food,
water and nutrients etc. For Example, roots, stems and leaves. 
 Reproductive Parts - These are the parts of a plant that play a major role
in the reproduction process in plants, For Example, flowers, fruits 
Modes of Reproduction in Plants 

Reproduction in plants is of two types: 

 Asexual Reproduction 鈥 The new plants are produced without using

the seeds. In this process, the leaves, stems and roots participate in
reproduction. 
 Sexual Reproduction 鈥 The new plants are produced with the help of
the seeds of a plant. In this process, the flowers of the plants participate
in reproduction. 
Different types of Asexual Reproduction: 

1. Vegetative Propagation 

Reproduction that takes place with the help of the vegetative

parts(roots,  stem, leaves, buds) of the plant is called vegetative
propagation. Only one  parent can produce the identical offspring in
vegetative propagation. 

 Vegetative Propagation by stem 

Potato has scars on it which represent the buds. These scars are
called  ‘eyes’. Each eye is capable of producing a new plant. 

Examples 鈥 Potato, rose, ginger etc.

 Vegetative Propagation by leaves 
 Bryophyllum leaves produce a number of buds through the margin. 
Each bud develops to form a new plant. The small plants detach
from  the leaf and grow as new plants. 

Examples: Bryophyllum, Begonia 

 Vegetative Propagation by roots-Examples: Sweet potato and dahlia
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation 
 The plants that are produced from vegetative propagation grow faster. 
 The plants that reproduce with vegetative reproduction have fruits and 
flowers ahead of time. 
 The offsprings that are produced will have the same characteristics as 
that of their parents. 
 More number of plants can be produced in less time. 

2. Budding in yeast 
 Yeast is a single celled organism (uni cellular) 
 It can propagate every few hours. 
 A small bulb-like projection produces from the yeast called bud. 鉂
The nucleus extends. 
 Nucleus divides. 
 The bud grows gradually and then gets detached from the parent yeast. 
 Sometimes a chain of buds is formed which leads to the production of a 
large number of yeasts altogether

2 
3. Fragmentation 
 Algae like Spirogyra reproduce by fragmentation. 
 They divide into many pieces or fragments. 
 As soon as the algae find enough water and nutrients, the fragments
grow into new individuals. 
 This process continues and algae multiply quickly in a short period
oftime. 
 Spore Formation 
 Some plants contain spores that float in the air and helps in asexual 
reproduction. 
 A spore has a hard protective cover which protects it from the
unfavourable environmental conditions like temperature and humidity. 
 As a result, the spores can travel long distances and survive for a
long  duration of time. 
 As soon as they find favourable conditions such as moisture and
nutrients, they germinate and form new plants. 
Example- Bread mould(Rhizopus), moss and ferns

3 

Sexual Reproduction in Plants 

The flowers of a plant are the reproductive 
organs.Flowers are of two types: 
1. Unisexual flowers: Flowers with only the male or the female
reproductive part are calledunisexual flower. 

Example: Watermelon, Cucumber, papaya 

2. Bisexual flowers: 
鉂 Flowers having both stamens and pistils are called bisexual
flowers. Example: Hibiscus, jasmine, Rose 
Parts of a flower 
The male reproductive part of a flower is called stamen.The
female reproductive part of a flower is called pistil or carpel. 
Stamen:-The stamen consists of anther and filament. Anther produces
pollen grains. These pollen grains produce male gametes. Filament attaches
the  stamen to the flower.

4 

The pistil consists of three parts: 

Stigma 鈥 It is a sticky surface where pollen grains get attached. Style 鈥
It is a tube-like structure which connects the stigma and the ovary. Ovary
鈥 It contains ovules in which the female gametes or eggs are formed 
Pollination- Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma s called 
pollination. It is of two types, self pollination and cross pollination. The
male and female gametes fuse and form a zygote. 
If pollen grains from a flower reach When pollen grains from a flower
the stigma of the same flower or reach the stigma of a flower of
another flower on the same plant, it another plant of same kind plant, it
is called self pollination. is called cross pollination.
Self pollination occurs only in  Cross pollination occurs in uni
bisexual flowers sexual or bisexual flowers
Pea, Rose  Lady’s finger, Brinjal, Tomato

Fertilization
5 
鉂 This process of union of male and female gametes is called
Fertilization. 鉂 A zygote is formed as the fusion between the male and
female gametes occurs. 
鉂 Then the zygote develops and turns in to an embryo. 

Process of fertilization 
When the pollen grain reaches the stigma of a flower, it starts growing out
into the pollen tube of the stigma. This tube continues to grow insidethe
style  till it reaches the ovule. Male cells are released into the ovule for the
fertilization with the female egg cell and thus the zygote is formed. After this
process of fertilization, the ovary develops into fruit and ovule into seeds. 

Formation of fruits and seeds 

 After the fertilization process, the ovary of the flowers grows and
develops into a fruit. 
The ovules develop and form the seeds of the 
fruits. 

The remaining parts of the flower fall off. 

The embryo is enclosed inside the seeds. 
Some fruits are fleshy and juicy such as mango, apple and orange. Some
fruits are hard like almonds and walnuts.

6 
Seed dispersal 
 The transportation of seeds from the parent plant to different places is
called seed dispersal. 
 Seed dispersal allows growth of the same kind of plants in
different regions. 
Advantages of seed dispersal 
 Competition for food, sunlight, water and minerals among the plants can
be avoided. 
 It allows the plants to grow in different habitats. 
 Plants can grow healthy as the resources are available enough. 

Seed dispersal by different agents 

Winds : Drumstick, Maple (Winged Seeds), Grasses (Light weight Seeds),
Aak (Hairy Seeds), 
Sunflower (Hairy Fruits) 
Water : Coconut (Seeds with spongy and fibrous coating so to float in water) 
Animals : Spiny seeds like Xanthium and Urena get attached to bodies
of animals 
Fruit bursts- castor, Balsam 
 ******************************

Notes- Chapter 12 Reproduction in plants

❖ Reproduction- Process of production of young ones from the parents is

calledreproduction.

Parts of a plant

❖ Vegetative Parts - These are the parts of the plant that plays a major rolein the life
cycle of a plant such as preparation of food, transportation of food, water and nutrients
etc. For Example, roots, stems and leaves.

❖ Reproductive Parts - These are the parts of a plant that play a major rolein the
reproduction process in plants, For Example, flowers, fruits

Modes of Reproduction in Plants

Reproduction in plants is of two types:

❖ Asexual Reproduction – The new plants are produced without using the seeds.
In this process, the leaves, stems and roots participate in reproduction.

❖ Sexual Reproduction – The new plants are produced with the help of the seeds of
a plant. In this process, the flowers of the plants participate in reproduction.

Different types of Asexual Reproduction:

1. Vegetative Propagation

Reproduction that takes place with the help of the vegetative parts(roots, stem,
leaves, buds) of the plant is called vegetative propagation. Only one parent can
produce the identical offspring in vegetative propagation.

❖ Vegetative Propagation by stem

Potato has scars on it which represent the buds. These scars are called ‘eyes’.
Each eye is capable of producing a new plant.

Examples – Potato, rose, ginger etc.

1
❖ Vegetative Propagation by leaves

Bryophyllum leaves produce a number of buds through the margin. Each bud
develops to form a new plant. The small plants detach from the leaf and grow as
new plants.
 Examples: Bryophyllum, Begonia
❖ Vegetative Propagation by roots-Examples: Sweet potato and dahlia
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation

❖ The plants that are produced from vegetative propagation grow faster.
❖ The plants that reproduce with vegetative reproduction have fruits and flowers
ahead of time.
❖ The offsprings that are produced will have the same characteristics as that of
their parents.

❖ More number of plants can be produced in less time.

2. Budding in yeast

❖ Yeast is a single celled organism (uni cellular)

❖ It can propagate every few hours.

❖ A small bulb-like projection produces from the yeast called bud. ❖ The
nucleus extends.

❖ Nucleus divides.

❖ The bud grows gradually and then gets detached from the parent yeast.
❖ Sometimes a chain of buds is formed which leads to the production of a large
number of yeasts altogether

3. Fragmentation

❖ Algae like Spirogyra reproduce by fragmentation.

❖ They divide into many pieces or fragments.

❖ As soon as the algae find enough water and nutrients, the fragments grow
into new individuals.
❖ This process continues and algae multiply quickly in a short period oftime.
 S

pore Formation
❖ Some plants contain spores that float in the air and helps in asexual
reproduction.

❖ A spore has a hard protective cover which protects it from the unfavourable
environmental conditions like temperature and humidity.

❖ As a result, the spores can travel long distances and survive for a long
duration of time.
❖ As soon as they find favourable conditions such as moisture and nutrients, they
germinate and form new plants.

Example- Bread mould(Rhizopus), moss and ferns

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

The flowers of a plant are the reproductive

organs.Flowers are of two types:
1. Unisexual flowers: Flowers with only the male or the female reproductive part are
calledunisexual flower.

Example: Watermelon, Cucumber, papaya

2. Bisexual flowers:
❖ Flowers having both stamens and pistils are called bisexual flowers.
Example: Hibiscus, jasmine, Rose

Parts of a flower

The male reproductive part of a flower is called stamen.The female

reproductive part of a flower is called pistil or carpel.

Stamen:-The stamen consists of anther and filament. Anther produces pollen grains.
These pollen grains produce male gametes. Filament attaches the stamen to the flower.

The pistil consists of three parts:

Stigma – It is a sticky surface where pollen grains get attached. Style – It is a tube-like
structure which connects the stigma and the ovary. Ovary – It contains ovules in
which the female gametes or eggs are formed
Pollination- Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma s called pollination. It is of
two types, self pollination and cross pollination. The male and female gametes fuse and
form a zygote.
If pollen grains from a flower reach the When pollen grains from a flower reach
stigma of the same flower or another the stigma of a flower of another plant of
flower on the same plant, it is called self same kind plant, it is called cross
pollination. pollination.

Self pollination occurs only in Cross pollination occurs in uni sexual or

bisexual flowers bisexual flowers

Pea, Rose Lady’s finger, Brinjal, Tomato

Fertilization

5
❖ This process of union of male and female gametes is called Fertilization. ❖ A zygote
is formed as the fusion between the male and female gametes occurs.
❖ Then the zygote develops and turns in to an embryo.

Process of fertilization

When the pollen grain reaches the stigma of a flower, it starts growing out into the pollen
tube of the stigma. This tube continues to grow insidethe style till it reaches the ovule.
Male cells are released into the ovule for the fertilization with the female egg cell and thus
the zygote is formed. After this process of fertilization, the ovary develops into fruit and
ovule into seeds.

Formation of fruits and seeds

After the fertilization process, the ovary of the flowers grows and develops into a fruit.

The ovules develop and form the seeds of the

fruits.
The remaining parts of the flower fall off.

The embryo is enclosed inside the seeds.

Some fruits are fleshy and juicy such as mango, apple and orange. Some fruits are hard
like almonds and walnuts.

6
Seed dispersal
❖ The transportation of seeds from the parent plant to different places is called
seed dispersal.

❖ Seed dispersal allows growth of the same kind of plants in different

regions.

Advantages of seed dispersal

❖ Competition for food, sunlight, water and minerals among the plants can be
avoided.

❖ It allows the plants to grow in different habitats.

❖ Plants can grow healthy as the resources are available enough.

Seed dispersal by different agents

Winds : Drumstick, Maple (Winged Seeds), Grasses (Light weight Seeds), Aak (Hairy
Seeds),

Sunflower (Hairy Fruits)

Water : Coconut (Seeds with spongy and fibrous coating so to float in water)
Animals : Spiny seeds like Xanthium and Urena get attached to bodies of animals
Fruit bursts- castor, Balsam

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