Self-Pollination: A pollination where the pollen transfer

takes place between the anther and stigma of the

same flower.

Cross-Pollination: A pollination where the pollen transfer takes place between

the anther and the stigma of different flowers of the same plant or different
plants of the same species
Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through budding, fragmentation,
vegetative propagation, and spore formation. No flowers are required for this
method. The plants produced by asexual reproduction thrive well in stable
environments.
Natural Method
 Natural methods of asexual reproduction include self-
propagation. The different ways in which a plant self
propagates are mentioned below:
• Plants such as ginger, onion, dahlia, potato, grow from the buds
present on the surface of the stem. A stem tuber has several
eyes on the surface. Under favourable conditions, these eyes
sprout producing leafy shoots.
• In sweet potato, new plants can grow from the adventitious
buds or stolons.
• In Byophyllum, the small buds o the margin of the leaves gets
detached and grows into an independent plant.
Budding

Budding is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein

a new plant is developed from an outgrowth known as
the bud. A bud is generally formed due to cell division
at one particular site.
For example, if you keep a potato for a long time, you
can notice a number of small outgrowths, which are
commonly referred to as ‘eyes’. Each of them can be
planted which will grow up like a clone of an original
potato plant.
 Vegetative Propagation

 It is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants, in which new plants are
produced from the vegetative parts of the plants, i.e. roots, stems or buds.
Vegetative propagation in plants can occur both by naturally or also can be
artificially induced by horticulturists.
 Stems – Runners are the stems which usually grow in a horizontal form above
the ground. They have the nodes where the buds are formed. These buds usually
grow into a new plant.
 Roots – A new plant is developed from modified roots called tubers. Example:
Sweet Potato
 Leaves – In some plants, detached leaves from the parent plant can be used to
grow a new plant. They exhibit growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the
edge of their leaves. Example: Bryophyllum
 Fragmentation

 This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new

plant is produced from a portion of the parent plant. Each
section or a part of the plants develop into a mature, fully
grown individual. Some plants possess specialized
structures for reproduction through fragmentation. This
type of reproduction happens naturally where the small
part of the plant fall off onto soil and then begin to grow up
into a new plant. This mode is often used by nurseries
and greenhouses to produce plants quickly.
Spore Formation
any plants and algae form spores in their life
cycle. A spore is an asexual reproductive body,
surrounded by a hard protective cover to
withstand unfavourable conditions such as high
temperature and low humidity. Under favourable
conditions, the spores germinate and grow into
new plants. Plants like moss and ferns use this
mode of reproduction.
 Artificial Methods

 Cutting
In this method, a part of a plant is cut along with the node and is buried in the soil.
The cutting is watered regularly.
this is the cheapest method of vegetative propagation in plants.
 Grafting
In this method, the parts of two different plants are joined together such that they
continue to grow as a single plant.
The rooted plant is known as the stock. The other plant is known as the graft.
 Layering
 It is the method in which a stem attached to a plant is lowered in the ground and
covered with soil. The stem grows roots while attached to the parent plant and
then detaches as an independent plant.
Micropropagation
This is the method of producing a large
number of plants from an explant under
laboratory conditions within a short time
interval. This facilitates the growth of rare
and endangered plant species that are
difficult to grow under natural conditions.
Tubers
Stolons
Runners
Corms
bulbs
rhizomes