Asexual

reproduction

Class10th
 Methods of asexual
reproduction:

 Binary fission
 Fragmentation.
 Budding.
 Spore formation. .
 Multiple fission.
 Vegetative propagation.
Binary fission:

 Division into two
daughter organism.
 Common in bacteria,
paramecium, amoeba,
planaria and
echinoderms( sea star).
 binary fission in
planaria and star fish:
Binary fission in bacteria Binary fission in amoeba


 Fragmentation:

 Certain worm grow to
full size
 body breakup into 8 to
9 fragments.
 Each fragment grow
and develop into new
planaria.
Vegetative propagation

 Bulb
 Corm
 Rhizome
 Tuber
 Bulb

Underground stem Consist of
modified leaves which Store nutrients.
 Corm:

 Short and swollen underground
stem containing store food.
 Dry scaly leaves.
 Corms are very similar to bulbs but
lack the layered scales that
characterize true bulbs.
 Buds are present at the top of
corm.
 From a bud shoot grow and
form a new plant.
 Dasheen,colocaci, garlic
reproduce by corm.
 Rhizome

 Horizontal underground stem
with scale leaves.
 Enlarged portion called nodes
are present on rhizome.
 Buds produced at nodes also
on upper surface of rhizome
give rise to shoot.
 Lower surface of rhizome
produce adventitious root.
 Ginger,water lilies reproduce
by rhizome.

 Stem tuber:

 Enlarged portion of
underground stem.
 Aggregation of ting
buds in the form of eye.
 Each bud grow into
shoot when provided
with suitable conditions
to grow.
 Potato and yams
 Rhizome vs stem tuber:

 Stem tuber and rhizome are both modified
underground but grow in slightly different way,
tuber can grow all direction but rhizome grow
horizontally.
 Sucker:

 Lateral stem close to
ground.
 A sucker grow
underground form
some distance and then
turn up, producing a
new plant.
 Mint and
chrysanthemum
reproduce in this way.
 Leaves:

 Not common but seen
in some plants such as
BRYOPHYLLUM
 Plant has fleshy leaves
and adventitious buds
at the margins.
 When leaves falls on
ground, bud grow into
new plant.
 Artificial vegetative
propagation

 Artificial vegetative propagation is a type of plant
reproduction that involves human intervention.
 The most common types of artificial vegetative
reproductive techniques include cutting, grafting and
tissue culturing. 
 Cutting

 A part of a plant, typically a
stem,root or leaf, is cut off
and planted.
 Adventitious roots develop
from the cuttings and a new
plant forms.
 Sweet potato (enlarged
root)farmer place it in moist
soil it produce many
planlets. These are removed
and planted.
 Roses, ivy ,grapevine, sugar
cane.
 Grafting

 In grafting, two plant species are
used; part of the stem “scion” of
the desirable plant is grafted onto
a rooted plant called the “stock”
 The vascular systems of the two
plants grow and fuse, forming a
graft.
 After a period of time, the scion
starts producing shoots, and
eventually starts bearing flowers
and fruits.
 Rose , peach, plum and seed
less fruit (grapes).

 Tissue culture(form of cloning)

 Cloning:
 Tissue Are taken from
plant,put in suitable medium.
 Cells in tissue start dividing
by mitosis to form calluses.
 Calluses transfer to another
medium contain hormone for
stem,leaf and root growth.
 Small plant developed by
calluses planted into pots
then into fields.
 Vegetative propagation

 Advantages:  Disadvantages:
 Off springs are genetically  No genetic variations.
identical.
 Specific diseases can
 No need of any
attack and this can
mechanism of pollination.
result in the destruction
 Increase number of plant
of entire crop.
at rapid rate.
 Plant bearing seedless
fruit can be grown only by
this method
 14.6
Sexual Reproduction
in animals

14.6.1 define fertilisation

 Fertilization: The process of combining the male
gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum.
14.6.2 differentiate between external
and internal fertilisation



 

Sexual reproduction in plants

14.3.2 Structure of
flowering plant



 
Pollination and its
types
 Pollination


 Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains

from the male anther of a flower to the female
stigma
Types of pollination


Structure of monocot
and dicot seed

Structure of dicot seed


 
 Difference Between Hypocotyl and Epicotyl
 Definition
 The hypocotyl refers to the part of the stem of an embryo
plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons
and directly above the root while the epicotyl refers to the
region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon.
Types of germination



Spermatogenesis and
oogenesis in rabbits

