CHAPTER 9:KINGDOM

PALNTAE
PRESENTED BY: DR MARYAM MUKHTAR
INTRODUCTION
 Eukaryotic
 Autotrophic

 Multicellular

 Nonmotile

 Cell wall made up of cellulose

 360,000 species
CLASSIFICATION

Bryophyte (Non
Vascular)
Classification
Tracheophyta
(Vascular)
DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
 First colonized on land
 Evolved from algae (damp and moist habitat)

 Land Adaptation: Poorly adapted to land

 Plant Body: no xylum and pheloem—Transportation

occur by diffusion and osmosis
 Have thin circle (plant surface absorb water)

 Amphibians of plants

 Non-Vascular

 Fruit less

 Flowerless

 Alternation of generation (Gametophyte and Sporophyte)

 GAMETOPHYTE: DOMINANT, INDEPENDENT; FREE
LIVING (N)
SPOROPHYTE: DEPEND ON GAMETOPHYTE (2N)

In water and
Archegonia attracted chemotactically
Protected by antheradia
Covering

Sporangium

(Stem, Leaves
and Rhizoids) Homosporous

Full development takes place inside female archegonium and sporophyte attach for nurishment and protction
Important: for genetic variation (survival and adaptation)
ADAPTATION TO LAND
DIVISION TRACHEOPHYTES
 Vascular plants
 Successful group of land plants (adapt and flowering)

 Following vegetative and reproductive evolution

1. Root, Stem and Leaves

2. Presence of Vascular System

3. Protected sporangium lead to see evolution

4. Pollen tube

5. Flower and Fruit

6. Heteromorphic alternation of geneartion

EVOLUTION OF LEAF
 Early vascular plants: no leaf,
small, dichotomous branch, eract
arial parts, rhizome
 Cooksonia is same (naked stem
without leaves)---develop leaves as
small scales (no vascular bundles
 Lycopods were first with true
leaves and stem (Microphyll: small
with single vein)
 Fern and Seed Plants (Megaphylls:
large have dividing vein and
Plantation (arrangement
Overtopping (unequal
of unequal
development of
branches)
dichotonomic in single
plane)
Fusion of vascular
Fusion/Webbing (sheet
strands (15-20 million
years)
of parenchyma tissues)

lamina)
 Megaphyll first develop from
dicotomous branching system—
350 years ago
EVOLUTION OF SEED HABITAT
 Seed plants predominate
over non-seed plants
 Most significant is the
development of seed
about 390 million years
ago
 First seed-Devonian time-
365 million years ago
CLASS GYMNOSPERM
 Successful world wide
 1/3 of forest

 Heterosporous

 Seeds and no fruits

 Megasporophylls

 Regular heteromorphic alternation of generation

 Independent sporophyte

 Female gametophyte retain inside ovule

 Microspores an megaspores
CLASS ANGIOSPERM (235000-360000SP)
Adult saprophyte: differentiate into
root, stem, leaves
Produce Flowers
Male gametophyte

 Enclosed seeded
 Fertile leaves
Flower is modified
bear ovules— shoot with pediclae,
Carpel: ovary
thallamus, floral leaves
infolded— (sepals, petals, stamen
and carpel)
style stigma
Ovule:
integument + 2 male
ovaries—change •Non R.P: Sepals and
petals
Tissue with gametes
nucleus
to fruit with •R.P: Stamen and
Carpels 7 mega spore
•Sepals and petals
seeds protect stamen and
and 1 is egg

carpels
 Heterotopous •After fertilization it
lay off

 Autotrophic

 Highly evolved
1 male gamete fuse to form
oospores--embryo
 Flower, fruits, 2nd gamete fuse to form
endosperm nucleus
seeds
SEED FORMATION
 Integument of ovule develop
to fruit
 Seed rest and under favorable
conditions-germinate
 Double Fertilization

1 male gamete—fuse egg—

diploid zygote
2 male gamete—fuse with
fusion nucleus—triploid
endosperm cell—food storing
endosperm cell
 Help plant in economize food
resources
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERM
 2 sub classes
 Monocotyledonae—
monocots or
monocotyledenous plant
 Dicoteledonae—dicots or
dicoteledoneous plant
THANKS