General Biology 2

PLANT CLASSIFICATION - This lack of vascular tissue (plus the fact they
have flagellated sperm cells) results in a
CRYPTOGAMS
dependence on water.
- is a plant or a plant-like organism that
- For this reason, bryophytes must live in damp
reproduces by spores rather than flowers or
areas so they don’t dry out.
seeds.
- The vascular tissues are the one responsible to
- Has no seeds
give them the nutrients they need.
- Spore: can be considered as their seed of life.
Hornworts
Sporangia are the tiny circles responsible for
spores production. - Reproductive structures at the tips release
spores
Types of Cryptogams
- The group's common name "hornwort" refers to
↪ Chlorophytes—Green Algae
the tall narrow sporophytes which are embedded
- Has no true roots, stems or leaves in the top of the plant.

- Important food source for aquatic organisms. Mosses

- They have both chlorophyll a and b. - Flowerless small plants that typically form dense
green clumps or mats
- Convert sunlight to starch that is stored as a
food reserve. - It stabilizes and protect soil against erosion

- Cholorophyll a is the principal pigment and - Reproduce with single-celled spores that require
cholorophyll b is the accessory pigment and helps water to grow
in collecting solar energy.
- Grow without soil
- Volvox or Volvox Colony (Green Seaweed) and
- In Japan, they take care mosses in their homes.
Cosmarium (found in stagnant water and can
cause contamination if there’s a build up):
important food source of aquatic organisms.
↪ Tracheophytes—Ferns and Horsetails

- Has roots, stems and leaves

↪ Bryophytes—Liverworts, Hornworts
and Mosses
- Plants occur in damp and shaded areas.
- Has vascular tissues that transport materials.
- Phloem - Sugar food superhighway, transporting
sugar and nutrients.

- Has some root and leaf-like structures (Phyllids)
- Gametes are packaged in structures called
gametangia.
- Bryophyte sperm is produced by the male
gametangia, called antheridia.
- Xylem - water superhighway, transporting water
from the soil throughout all parts of the plant.
- Some tracheophytes reproduce with seeds and
some reproduce with spores
Ferns

- Bryophyte eggs are produced by the female - A leafy green plant that grows in shady spots.
gametangia, called archegonia.
- Spores lives on the underside of the leaves.
Liverwort
Horsetails
- Liverworts are very small plants (usually less
- Nonflowering weed
than 1” in size)

- Like other bryophytes, liverworts do not have

vascular tissues to carry water.
- The plant is a perennial (returns each year) with
hollow stems and shoots that look like asparagus
at first.
PHANEROGAMS
- seed-producing plants, as they have special
reproductive organs that produce seeds.
Types of Phanerogams
↪ Gymnosperms - naked seeds
- They do not have an outer covering or shell
around their seeds.
- They do not produce flowers.
- They do not produce fruits.
- They are pollinated by the wind.
- Their reproductive structures are cones.
- non-bearing plants
↪ Pinophytes -- Conifers
- Most of them have leaves that are long thin
needles, and the plants have a distinctly scented
resinous sap.
Ex. Redwoods, Pine, Cedars, Firs
Pollen - sperm-bearing male gametophyte
- Have a hard coat that protects the sperm cells
during the process of their movement from the
male cone to the female cone of conifers.
- male looks like it is closed while in female it is
opened.
↪ Ginkgophytes – Ginkgo
- “Maidenhair tree”
- “Living fossil” – it is the oldest living tree in the
world and the only surviving member of the
Ginkgo family.
- Keep memory sharp and improve blood
circulation by opening up blood vessels and
making blood less sticky.
Ex. Ginko Biloba (endangered)
↪ Angiosperms – has flowers
- The flower is a major evolutionary advancement
because:
 It attracts pollinators such as insects and
birds
 The ovules are protected inside the ovary
 The ovary develops into a fruit which fosters
the dispersal of seeds by wind, insects, birds,
mammals and other animals.
HOW DO PLANTS REPRODUCE?
↪ Asexual Reproduction
- Produces identical offspring from a single parent
plant.
- Offspring are clones of their parents.
- Eliminates genetic recombination.
1. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
- Occurs when plants grow and develop naturally
without any human interference.
- Occurs by means of roots, underground stems,
subaerial stems, leaves and bulbils.
2. Artificial Propagation Method
- Involve taking a piece of one parent plant and
causing it to regenerate itself into a new plant.
- Produce new plants from vegetative parts of the
original plant, such as the leaves, stems and
roots.
- with human interference
 Cutting Propagation

- Technique where a root, stem, or leaf is

removed from a plant and placed in optimum
conditions to allow that plant part to regenerate
missing organs.

 Layering Propagation

- Technique where the new plant remains at least

partially attached to the mother plant while
forming new roots and can occur naturally
through modified stem structures.
- 2 types of Layering – Simple layering and
Mound (stool) layering.
↪Botany - Branch of biology that studies plants.
↪Botanist - Scientists or biologists who studies
plants.

↪Dendrology - Study of trees and woody

plants.

↪Bryology - Study of mosses and siple plants.

 Grafting Propagation

- Technique that joins plant parts from different

plants together so they will heal and grow as one
plant.

 Tissue Culture

- Method of making new plants “in vitro” on a

nutrient media under sterile conditions.

- Allows for rapid propagation, enabling the

production of multiple plants from a small piece
of tissue in a relatively short time.

- Will be grown in a test tube or culture plate

before transferring to the soil.

↪Sexual Reproduction

- Angiosperm, or commonly known as

flowering plants, are widely distributed the
world

- Specifically, sexual reproduction happens in the

sexual organs of flowering plants which are
contained in their flowers.