PLANT DIVERSITY

Plant Classification
Cryptogams Phanerogams
Has no seeds Has seeds

Chlorophytes Tracheophytes Gymnosperms Magnoliophytes

Algae Ferns and Horsetails Has no flowers Angiosperms
Has no true roots, Has roots, stems Has flowers
stems or leaves and leaves

Pinophytes Ginkgophytes
Bryophytes Conifers Ginkgo
Mosses and Needle-like leaves Wide leaves
Liverworts
Has some root
and leaf-like
structures
Cryptogams - is a plant or a plant-like organism
that reproduces by spores rather than flowers or
seeds.
Chlorophytes—Green Algae
Volvox colony ❖Has no true roots, stems or
leaves
❖Important food source for aquatic
organisms.
Cosmarium ❖They have both chlorophyll a and
b.
❖Convert sunlight to starch that is
stored as a food reserve.
Bryophytes—Liverworts, Hornworts
and Mosses
❖Plants occur in damp and shaded areas.
❖Has some root and leaf-like structures
❖Gametes are packaged in structures
called gametangia.
❖Bryophyte sperm is produced by the
male gametangia, called antheridia.
❖Bryophyte eggs are produced by the
female gametangia, called archegonia.
 Archegonium
Gametangia
Antheridium
 ❖Liverworts are very small plants
Liverworts (usually less than 1” in size)
❖Like other bryophytes,
liverworts do not have vascular
tissues to carry water.
❖This lack of vascular tissue
(plus the fact they have
flagellated sperm cells) results
in a dependence on water.
❖For this reason, bryophytes
must live in damp areas so they
don’t dry out.
Hornworts ❖Reproductive structures at
the tips release spores
❖The group's common name
"hornwort" refers to the tall
narrow sporophytes which
are embedded in the top of
the plant.
Mosses ❖ Flowerless small plants
that typically form
dense green clumps or
mats
❖ It stabilize and protect
soil against erosion
❖ Reproduce with single-
celled spores that
require water to grow
❖ Grow without soil
Tracheophytes—Ferns and Horsetails
❖Has roots, stems and leaves
❖Has vascular tissues that transport
materials.
❖Phloem - Sugar food superhighway,
transporting sugar and nutrients.
❖Xylem - water superhighway,
transporting water from the soil
throughout all parts of the plant
Ferns ❖A leafy green plant
that grows in shady
spots.
❖Spores lives on the
underside of the
leaves.
Horsetails
❖Nonflowering weed
❖The plant is a perennial (returns each year) with hollow
stems and shoots that look like asparagus at first.
Phanerogams – seed-producing plants, as
they have special reproductive organs that
produce seeds.
Gymnosperms – naked seeds
❖ They do not have an outer
covering or shell around their
seeds.
❖ They do not produce flowers.
❖ They do not produce fruits.
❖ They are pollinated by the
wind.
❖ Their reproductive structures
are cones.
Pinophytes -- Conifers
❖Most of them have leaves that are
long thin needles, and the plants
have a distinctly scented resinous
sap.
Firs
Redwoods Cedars
Pine
Pollen - sperm-bearing male gametophyte
❖Have a hard coat
that protects the
sperm cells during
the process of their
movement from the
male cone to the
female cone of
conifers.
Ginkgophytes -- Ginkgo
❖“Maidenhair tree”
❖ “Living fossil” – it is the oldest
living tree in the world and the
only surviving member of the
Ginkgo family.
❖Keep memory sharp and
improve blood circulation by
opening up blood vessels and
Ginkgo
making blood less sticky.
Biloba
Angiosperms – has flowers
The flower is a major evolutionary
advancement because:
❖It attracts pollinators such as insects
and birds
❖The ovules are protected inside the
ovary
❖The ovary develops into a fruit which
fosters the dispersal of seeds by wind,
insects, birds, mammals and other
animals.
How do plants reproduce?
 Asexual Reproduction
Natural ❖ Produces identical
Vegetative offspring from a
Reproduction single parent plant.
❖ Offspring are
clones of their
Artificial parents.
Propagation ❖ Eliminates genetic
Methods recombination.
Natural Vegetative Reproduction
❖Occurs when plants
grow and develop
naturally without any
human interference.
❖Occurs by means of
roots, underground
stems, subaerial stems,
leaves and bulbils.
Artificial Propagation Method
❖Grafting ❖Layering ❖Involve taking a piece
❖Cutting ❖Budding of one parent plant and
❖Tissue Culture causing it to regenerate
itself into a new plant.
❖Produce new plants
from vegetative parts of
the original plant, such
as the leaves, stems
and roots.
Cutting Propagation
❖Technique where a
root, stem, or leaf is
removed from a plant
and placed in optimum
conditions to allow
that plant part to
regenerate missing
organs.
Layering Propagation
❖Technique where the
2 Types of Layering new plant remains at
least partially attached
to the mother plant
while forming new
roots and can occur
naturally through
modified stem
structures.
Grafting Propagation
❖Technique that joins
plant parts from
different plants
together so they will
heal and grow as one
plant.
Tissue Culture ❖Method of making new
plants “in vitro” on a
nutrient media under
sterile conditions.
❖Allows for rapid
propagation, enabling
the production of
multiple plants from a
small piece of tissue in
a relatively short time.
Sexual Reproduction
❖ Angiosperm, or commonly known as flowering
plants, are widely distributed the world.
❖ Specifically, sexual
reproduction
happens in the
sexual organs of
flowering plants
which are contained
in their flowers.
 Botany
Branch of biology that studies plants.
Botanist
Scientists or biologists who studies
plants.
Study of trees and Study of mosses
woody plants. and simple plants.
Dendrology Bryology