TLE 101 – Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan with Entrepreneurship

Unit 7

Methods of Plant
Propagation
Plant Propagation
It is the process of …

… creating new plants

… multiplying the number of a species,

perpetuating a species or maintaining
youthfulness of a plant

… increasing the number of plants of a

particular species or cultivar

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 Two Types of Propagation

Sexual
➢ involves the union of pollen
from a male flower part
with the egg of a female
ovary to produce a seed
Asexual
➢ involves taking a part of
one parent plant and
causing it to regenerate
itself into a new plant

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 Sexual Propagation
Seeds - can be collected late in the growing season after plants have
flowered and their seeds have matured.

Parts of a Seed

Embryo – the young plant itself

Endosperm – a food reserve

Seed coat – protects the seed

 Sexual Propagation
Hybrid Seeds - a cross between two species
- plants have more vigor, uniformity and better production,
sometimes resistance to specific disease
Open-pollinated seeds – seeds that were planted, pollinated by the wind
and insects, and allowed to mature and go to seed

Heirloom – very old varieties that were treasured, given

names and that have been saved and replanted for a
minimum of 50 years

Bioengineered – seed from genetically manipulated plants

- genes were taken out of many living things and
injected into another plant
 Sexual Propagation
Proper Storing of seeds
Most seeds remain viable for more than one year but germination
percentage decreases with age.

The length of time a seed can be stored and remain

viable depends on the type of seed and storage

Proper storage condition: cool, dry, and dark

 Asexual Propagation
Major Methods of Asexual Propagation

Cuttings – rooting a
severed piece of parent Layering – rooting a
plant part of the parent and
then severing it

Offsets – removing new

shoots that form a
plant’s base
Separation - dividing
bulbs or corms
Division – dividing
rooted crowns
Grafting – joining piece
of shoot and dormant
buds from one plant to
a different rootstock
Budding – joining a bud
from one plant to a
different rootstock
 Asexual Propagation
CUTTINGS ➢ vegetative plant part severed from the parent plant that ultimately will
form a whole new plant

a. Stem cutting – the types of stem cutting depends on the location of the cut.

tip medial cane

 Asexual Propagation
CUTTINGS
b. Leaf cuttings – are used mostly for few indoor plants

Whole leaf with Whole leaf

petiole without petiole Leaf section
Split vein
 Asexual Propagation
CUTTINGS
c. Root cuttings – usually taken from 2-3 year old plants
during dormant season, when they have a large
carbohydrate supply
 Asexual Propagation
LAYERING ➢ a portion of an aerial stem grows root while still attached to
the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant

Ways of encouraging layering:

▪ girdling the stem where it is bent

▪ wounding one side of the stem
▪ bending the stem very sharply
 Asexual Propagation
LAYERING
a. Tip Layering b. Simple Layering
Dig a hole 3 to 4 inches Bend the stem to the
deep then insert the shoot ground and cover part of it
tip and cover it with soil. with soil; the sharp bend
The tip will grow induces rooting
downward first, then bend
sharply and grow upward.
Roots form at the bend,
and the recurved tip
becomes a new plant.
 Asexual Propagation
LAYERING

c. Compound Layering
- this method
works flexible stems.
Bend the stem
to the rooting medium as
for simple layering but
alternately cover and
expose stem sections .

d. Mound (Stool)Layering
Cut the plant back to
one inch above the ground in the
dormant season. Mound soil over
emerging shots to enhance rooting
 Asexual Propagation
LAYERING

e. Air Layering
- used to propagate some indoor plants with
thick stems, or to rejuvenate them when they become
leggy
Slit the stem just below a node then pry
open the slit with a toothpick. Surround the wound
with a wet moss then wrap it with plastic or foil and
tie in place. When roots pervade the moss, cut the
plant off below the newly formed root ball.
 Asexual Propagation
LAYERING

f. Plant stolon or runners

– new plants grow along the stem of the
original one
 Asexual Propagation
OFFSETS ➢ plants with a rosette stem often reproduce by forming new shoots, or
offshoots, at their base or in leaf axils. Sever the new shoots from the
parent plant after they develop their own root system
 Asexual Propagation
SEPARATION ➢ a form of propagation used with plants that produce bulbs or corms

Corms
Bulbs
 Asexual Propagation
GRAFTING ➢ this technique s are used to propagate cultivars that do not root well
as cuttings, or whose own root systems are inadequate
➢ it is the process by which part of the parent tree to be reproduced
(scion) is joined with a rooted plant (rootstock)
➢ Grafting and budding are methods of asexual plant propagation
that join parts from two different plants so they will grow as one
Cleft Grafting
- used to change the cultivar or top growth
of a shoot or young tree, usually a seedlings
 Asexual Propagation
GRAFTING
Bark Grafting - used to change the cultivar or top growth of a
shoot or young tree, usually a seedlings
 Asexual Propagation
GRAFTING

Whip or Tongue Grafting – this type of

graft is strong, heals quickly, and provide
excellent cambial contact
 Asexual Propagation
BUDDING ➢ the union of rootstock with a scion containing one bud and a small
piece of bark. It also is faster and forms a stronger union than grafting

Patch Budding
 Asexual Propagation
BUDDING ➢ the union of rootstock with a scion containing one bud and a small
piece of bark. It also is faster and forms a stronger union than grafting

Chip Budding
 Asexual Propagation
BUDDING ➢ the union of rootstock with a scion containing one bud and a small
piece of bark. It also is faster and forms a stronger union than grafting

T- Budding
Propagation
of
Fruit-Bearing
Trees
Propagation of SWEET LEMON by Air-Layering

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering
Tools and Material Needed:

a. sharp knife
b. thick cotton thread
c. clean plastic sheet
d. hack saw blade or pruning shears

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
 Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering

Step 1: Select the right

branch

- about one year old

and half an inch thick

- the branch should

be healthy and free from
any pest attacks

- the best time to do

air-layering is when the
plant starts growing new
leaves

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering

Step 2: Make deep cuts

- make two clean cuts

around the branch about
one inch apart with a
sharp knife.

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
 Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering
Step 3: Peel off the bark

- peel off the bark between those two cuts

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering

Step 4: Wrap with a

ball of soil

- make a ball of soil

mixed with tree moss or
soil mixed with sand
and wood ash around
the area where the bark
has been peeled off.

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
 Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering
Step 5: Wrap with a plastic sheet Step 6: Tie the ends
- wrap the soil using a plastic - tie the ends tightly with cotton
sheet of the right size. thread, so that no water or air can enter.

After about eight to ten weeks (sometimes

more), rooting will take place

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
 Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering
Step 7: See the roots through the
plastic sheet Step 8: Remove the wrapping

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
 Propagation of Sweet Lemon by Air-Layering
Step 10: Plant the rooted branch
Step 9: Prune the rooted branch
- plant the rooted branch in a pot or
- cut the branch just below the rooted
in the ground.
portion with pruning shears or with a hack
saw blade without damaging the root ball.

The sweet lemon tree may start bearing

fruits about a year after planting.

Source: https://www.instructables.com/Propagation-of-Fruit-Bearing-Trees-by-Air-Layering/
Propagation of MANGO
Propagation of MANGO by Grafting

Selection of rootstock
- it is important to have rootstocks of
similar characteristics to ensure a
uniform plantation
- the size and age of the rootstock can
vary considerably if it is vigorous
--about 6-12 months old; 40-50 cm
tall; up to 1 cm wide
- do not graft rootstocks that are not
vigorous.

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting
Preparation of scion material
- the best scion material is obtained
from the tips of mature shoots with
prominent buds (tip wood)
immediately before flushing
- ensure all scion wood is free from
pests and diseases
- tip wood can be prepared on the
parent tree 7-10 days before they are
cut for grafting
-- prepare the tip wood by
cutting off the leaves but leaving the
- the scion is cut from the mother tree when
petioles (leaf stems) attached
required and needs to be 6-8cm long and as close
--the petioles will fall off
as possible in diameter to that of the rootstock
easily when the scion is ready
- scions can be stored for up to seven days wrapped
in a moist towelette or newspaper in a zip-lock
plastic bag in a cool, dark place
Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting
Wedge Grafting
- the easiest graft to perform with a 90-100% success rate

Materials Needed:

- grafting/budding tape
(12mm wide)
- zip lock plastic bags
- razor/sharp knife/scalpel

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting

Step 1

Select a scion that is the

same width or slightly narrower
than the width of the rootstock.

The scion needs to be semi-

hard, so that when slight
pressure is applied it bends
slightly.
--if the tip is too soft it will
not cut easily and will dry out
quickly

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
Propagation of MANGO by Grafting

Step 2

Cut the end of the scion into a wedge.

Use as few cuts as possible, only one or two

on each side of the scion.

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting
Step 3. Cut off the top of the rootstock and then cut a 2cm slit down the middle.

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting
Step 4

Push the scion wedge into the slit on top

of the rootstock.
Try and line up the cambium on at least
one side.
Then join on at least one side should feel
smooth where the edge of the scion and
rootstock meet.
It does not matter if there is a slight
indentation on the opposite side.
The cambium layer can be seen as a dark
green ring just inside the bark.
The ring can be seen when looking at the
cut end of the scion and the rootstock once
the top has been removed ready for
grafting.

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting

Step 6. Place a
Step 5. Wrap graft with grafting tape zip lock bag over
the graft with two
leaves inside the
bag and seal on
each side

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Propagation of MANGO by Grafting
Step 7. About two Step 8. The
weeks after grafting, grafting tape can
the terminal bud will be removed after
start swelling. 8-10 weeks once
the graft union
As leaves appear has healed, or
the bag can be longer if
removed. necessary

Scion is shooting
21 days after
grafting. Graft tape should be
removed immediately
after any restriction of
the plant stem is seen.
Suckers from the
rootstock, below the
graft, must be removed
as they appear
Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Points to Observe When Grafting

• maintain good hygiene throughout

• use healthy, vigorous rootstocks

• use healthy scion or bud wood with active buds

• keep unused bud wood wrapped in plastic and

stored in an esky or refrigerator

• use fresh scion wood if possible

• always cover the fresh graft with a plastic bag

to create a warm, humid environment

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
 Points to Observe When Grafting
• if grafting in full sunlight, cover the plastic bag
with a brown paper bag to prevent excessive heat
build-up

• do not over-water stocks after grafting

• keep the grafting knife clean and sharp, and do

single cuts only when grafting

• always match the cambium layers on one side

during the tying process - don't worry if both sides
do not match

• use young grafting wood if possible.

Source: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mangoes/propagating-mangoes
Thank You!

Questions? You can find me at:

Messenger : Jennifer Iracta Guevarra
Email : jeniractaguevarra@gmail.com

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